CWTS 1 REVIEWER – FINALS

MODULE 8: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

• What is GAD?
Gender and Development (GAD) refers to “the development perspective and process that are participatory and
empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-
determination and actualization of human potentials.
• Gender roles are the behaviors, attitudes, and actions that society regards as appropriate or inappropriate for a
man, woman, boy, or girl based on cultural norms and traditions.
• The Social Relations Approach (SRA) examines gender inequality from an institutional standpoint
• History of Gender and Development
➢ President Corazon Aquino approved and signed Executive No. 348, also known as the "Philippine
Development Plan for Women for 1989 to 1992," on February 17, 1989.
➢ The Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995-2025 was approved and adopted by former
President Fidel V. Ramos on September 8, 1995, as Executive No. 273
➢ On August 14, 2009, R.A. 9710, or the Magna Carta of Women, was passed to eliminate discrimination
by recognizing, protecting, fulfilling, and promoting the rights of Filipino women.
• Sex and Gender
➢ Sex - refers to the biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive
organs, chromosomes, and hormones. (Male or Female)
➢ Gender - refers to the socially constructed characteristics of women and men – such as norms, roles and
relationships of and between groups of women and men
• SOGIE
➢ Gender Identity - an individual's internal and unique experience with gender.
➢ Gender Expression - refers to how a person expresses their gender in public.
➢ Sexual Orientation - pertains to who you are attracted to and want to be involved with
• Constitutional Basis of GAD
➢ Art. II, Sec. 14, 1987 Constitution - “The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall
ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.”
➢ Art. XIII, Sec. 14, 1987 Constitution - “The State shall protect working women by providing safe and
healthful working conditions, taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and
opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service
of the nation.”
➢ RA 6725 -An Act Strengthening the Prohibition on Discrimination Against Women with Respect to Terms
and Conditions of Employment
➢ RA 7877 - Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995
➢ RA 6949 - An Act to Declare March Eight of Every Year as A Working Special Holiday to Be Known as
National Women's Day
➢ RA 6972 - Barangay - Level Total Development and Protection of Children Act.
➢ RA 7322 - An Act Increasing Maternity Benefits in Favor of Women Workers in The Private Sector
➢ RA 7655 - An Act Increasing the Minimum Wage of Househelpers
➢ RA 7192 - Women in Development and Nation Building Act.
➢ RA 9710 - The Magna Carta of Women
➢ RA 8I71 - An Act Providing For The Repatriation of Filipino Women Who Have Lost Their Philippine
Citizenship by Marriage to Aliens and Of Natural-Born Filipinos
➢ RA 8353 - The Anti-Rape Law of 1997
➢ RA 10361 – Domestic Workers Act (An Act Instituting Policies for The Protection and Welfare of Domestic
Workers)
➢ RA 9262 - Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004
➢ RA 11313 - Safe Spaces Act (Bawal Bastos Law)
➢ RA 11596 - An Act Prohibiting the Practice of Child Marriage

CWTS 1 - Civic Welfare Training Service 1 – Finals Reviewer Prepared by: L. Reyes Jr.
MODULE 9: Entrepreneurship
• What is Entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship incorporates these and many other business ventures that aim to turn an idea into a profitable
enterprise.
• Entrepreneur is someone who owns and operates a business.
A. Core Competencies:
➢ Conceptual Skills - the skill to assess a situation and determine how to divide it into manageable pieces.
➢ Human Skills – the skill to comprehend, modify, lead, and control the actions of other people and
groups.
➢ Technical Skills - the skills required to effectively perform a specific type or line of work or occupation.
B. Personal Traits:
➢ Locus of control - refers to how much control a person feels in their behavior
➢ High Energy Level - they believe that the business will be successful and are willing to put their resources
at risk to profit or help others
➢ The Need to Achieve - they have a solid need to succeed, so they are motivated to excel and choose
situations where success is most likely.
➢ Tolerance for Ambiguity - refers to the psychological traits that prevent a person from being bothered by
clutter and uncertainty.
➢ Awareness of the Passing of Time – a sense of urgency.
➢ Self-confidence - confident in their ability to deal with anything in the future, such as complex and
unexpected problems that can be dealt with as soon as they arise.
• Resources Needed in Entrepreneurship Ecosystem
➢ Store location - the location of the business depends on your chosen business.
➢ Capitalization – the financial resources of entrepreneurs, such as loans, grants, and tax incentives
➢ Machinery/ equipment/ fixtures - Technological innovation
➢ Physical resources - refer to the tangible assets needed to run a business
➢ Human resources - refers to the people who work for a business.
Module 11: Combating Pollution and Climate Change
• What is Pollution – Pollution is the process of making land, water, air, or any other part of the environment unfit
for human consumption. Pollution also refers to adding pollutants that harm the environment into the natural
environment.
• Types of Pollution
➢ Air pollution - The release of harmful contaminants, including toxic gases, particulates, biological
molecules, chemicals, etc., into the environment
➢ Water pollution - Any contamination of water with chemicals or other hazardous substances detrimental
to human, animal, or plant health.
➢ Soil Pollution - refers to land degradation due to chemicals or other man-made substances in the soil.
➢ Light pollution - the excessive or inappropriate use of outdoor artificial light- affects human health and
wildlife behavior
➢ Noise pollution - Any unwanted or disturbing sound that affects the health and well-being of humans
and other organisms.
➢ Visual pollution - refers to things that obstruct or detract from natural and man-made landscapes.
➢ Plastic Pollution - The addition of plastic waste to the landscape and waterways. It is caused by
manufactured plastics that are not correctly disposed of.
➢ Thermal Pollution - The addition of heat to a cool environment, and it is caused by water or air used as
cooling fluids in power plants and manufacturing that becomes heated in the process.
➢ Radioactive Pollution - radioactive contamination/ pollution mostly comes from the nuclear power
industry, either in the form of radioactive waste being dumped or improperly disposed of and then
making its way into bodies of water or from the accidental release of radioactive substances when a
nuclear reactor is damaged.
➢ E-waste - The UN defines e-waste as any discarded product with a battery or plug and features toxic and
hazardous substances that can pose severe risks to human and environmental health.
CWTS 1 - Civic Welfare Training Service 1 – Finals Reviewer Prepared by: L. Reyes Jr.
 • What is littering? – refers to the improper disposal of waste products. Littering causes pollution, a major
environmental threat, and has increasingly become a cause for concern in many countries.
• What is Climate Change? - refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.
• Major Environmental Laws in the Philippines
➢ REPUBLIC ACT 9003 - ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
➢ REPUBLIC ACT 9275 - PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004
➢ REPUBLIC ACT 8749 - PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
➢ REPUBLIC ACT 6969 - TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990
Module 12: Outbreak, Endemic, Epidemic and Pandemic
• Outbreak – An outbreak is the occurrence of disease cases in excess of what would normally be expected in a
defined community, geographical area, or season. It is when an illness happens in unexpectedly high numbers.
• Endemic - derived from Greek en meaning in and demos meaning people. Endemic diseases are persistently
prevalent but isolated to a particular location. Thus, the rate of spread and its spread is predictable.
• Epidemic - derived from Greek epi, meaning upon or above, and demos meaning people. An epidemic is when an
infectious disease spreads quickly to more people than experts would expect. It usually affects a larger area than
an outbreak.
• Pandemic - derived from Greek pan meaning all and demos meaning people. A pandemic is a disease outbreak
that spreads across countries or continents. It affects more people and takes more lives than an epidemic.
• Causes of Disease Outbreak
➢ Weather Conditions
➢ Chemical or Radioactive material exposure
➢ Aftermath of a natural disaster
➢ Environmental Elements
• Some Notable Past Pandemic
➢ The Black Death was a bubonic plague that struck Afro-Eurasians from 1346 to 1353. It killed 75 – 200
million people.
➢ Spanish Flu - caused by the H1N1 virus. It killed 20 – 40 million people.
➢ COVID-19 – caused by coronavirus outbreak first noted in Wuhan, China in December 2019. This
pandemic killed more than 6.33 million people.
Module 13: Substance Use Education
• Mapping the Drug Use Situation
R.A. 9165, also known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, explicitly forbids the use of
dangerous drugs. Depending on the severity of the crime, those caught importing, selling, manufacturing, or
using illegal drugs and their derivatives may be fined and imprisoned for a minimum of 12 years and a maximum
of life imprisonment.
• According to the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) by 2015, The most commonly used drugs in the
country are:
▪ Shabu – 95.47%
▪ Marijuana – 4.29%
▪ Cocaine, Ecstasy, etc. – 0.24%
• What is a drug? - The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) defines drugs as “any substance that
prevents or cures diseases, or enhances physical or mental welfare.” They are “any chemical agent that alters
tissues or organisms' biochemical or physiological processes.”
• Reasons why people take drugs:
➢ Curiosity
➢ Peer Pressure
➢ Pleasure from the aftereffects
➢ Relieve pain or stress
➢ Escape
➢ Performance booster or enhancer
➢ Self-medication

CWTS 1 - Civic Welfare Training Service 1 – Finals Reviewer Prepared by: L. Reyes Jr.
 • Types of drugs
➢ Depressants - Your senses may be impacted and altered, causing you to perceive things differently when
you see, hear, taste, or smell them. (alcohol, cannabis, ketamine)
➢ Hallucinogens - Change your perception of reality and how you see, hear, taste, smell, and feel things.
Have hallucinations or see or hear things that are not real
➢ Stimulants - Speed up the body’s transmission of messages to the brain, which may cause your heart to
beat more quickly, blood pressure to rise, and body temperature to soar. (ex. Shabu, cocaine, caffeine,
and ecstasy)
➢ Analgesics - Also known as painkillers, they alleviate the symptoms of pain. Unfortunately, some people
take more than the recommended dose to get high or harm themselves.
➢ Inhalants - Substances inhaled through the nose or mouth. They are quickly absorbed into the
bloodstream, providing the user with an immediate high.
➢ Opioids - Also known as opiates or narcotics, they are a type of painkiller that can be derived from poppy
plants (heroin) or synthesized.
➢ Party Drugs - A combination of stimulants and hallucinogens, young people frequently use them to
enhance their party, festival, or concert experience.
➢ Performance-enhancing drugs - Substances used by people to improve their physical appearance or
athletic ability.
➢ Prescription drugs - They are doctor-prescribed medications, also known as pharmaceuticals. It can
cause both short- and long-term harm if not used correctly.
➢ Psychoactive drugs - Influence how you think, feel, and behave. They primarily affect the central nervous
system, altering brain functions and temporarily altering consciousness.
➢ Synthetic drugs - Also referred to as legal high, they are drugs that have been created to mimic the
effects of illegal drugs.
• Key Concepts: Substance Use
➢ Bad Trip – also called a bad reaction, occurs when a person uses drugs and is most commonly associated
with hallucinogens
➢ Drug Addiction – also called substance use disorder (SUD), is a chronic and lifelong disease that damages
the brain
➢ Drug Overdose – occurs when a person consumes an excessive amount of a substance, whether legal or
illegal drugs.
➢ Drug Test – detects the use of illicit drugs or the misuse of prescription medication through urine, blood,
saliva, hair, or sweat samples.
➢ Drug Treatment – Assist the individual in overcoming compulsive drug seeking and use.
➢ Polydrug Use – the simultaneous use of several drugs
➢ Psychosis – People who experience hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia.
➢ Serotonin Syndrome – Occurs when the brain is overloaded with a neurotransmitter called serotonin.
Symptoms include coma, seizures, shaking, confusion, rigid muscles, rapid heartbeat, and overheating
➢ Withdrawal Effects – Symptoms of this are feelings of anxiety, depression, restlessness, irritability, and
aggression.
Module 14: Participatory Rural Appraisal
• Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), also known as Participatory Learning for Action (PLA), is a methodological
and assessment method that empowers rural community members to analyze their situations, develop a
common perspective on natural resource management at the rural level, and create the information base
required for participatory planning and action, with outsiders contributing facilitation skills as well as external
information and opinions.
• Robert Chambers (1992) defines PRA as an approach and method for learning about rural life and conditions
from, with and by rural people.
• RRA vs PRA
➢ Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) is a methodology for extractive research that consists of systematic, semi-
structured activities carried out on-site by a multidisciplinary team to acquire new information about
rural life and rural resources as quickly and efficiently as possible.
CWTS 1 - Civic Welfare Training Service 1 – Finals Reviewer Prepared by: L. Reyes Jr.
 ➢ Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), is a growing set of approaches and methods that allow rural people
to share, improve, and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, as well as plan, act, monitor, and
evaluate. The role of the external observer is that of a catalyst, a facilitator of processes within a
community willing to change their situation.
• Principles of PRA
➢ PRA tries to make up for biases by using a variety of perspectives, methods and tools, information
sources, people from various backgrounds and locations, and team members' experiences;
➢ PRA promotes flexible and interactive learning that is rapid and progressive
➢ PRA is gender sensitive
➢ PRA promotes learning from, with, and by local people, eliciting and employing their symbols, criteria,
categories, and indicators, as well as discovering, comprehending, and appreciating local knowledge;
➢ PRA employs focused learning to make absolute measurements and provide exact numbers, but relative
proportions, trends, scores, or ranking are frequently sufficient for decision-making and activity
planning:
➢ PRA seeks diversity and differences in people who frequently have different perspectives on the same
situation
➢ PRA values positive attitudes and cultivates positive relationships with the locals.
• Roles Of Participatory Rural Appraisal Team Members
➢ PRA Facilitator - The PRA facilitator is the person who leads a focus group, draws a map, or uses any
other PRA tool.
➢ Note-Taker - The note-taker is the person who records all important information and relevant
observations about local community PRA activities.
➢ PRA Leader - PRA team leader provides guidance, instruction, direction, and leadership to the team to
achieve the activity's objectives.

CWTS 1 - Civic Welfare Training Service 1 – Finals Reviewer Prepared by: L. Reyes Jr.