PROBABILISTIC SAMPLING
Stratified Sampling: When the population can
be divided into distinct subgroups (strata) that
differ in important "characteristics”, and the
researcher wants to ensure representation from
each stratum.
Investigating the relationship between
academic resiliency of high school students
and socioeconomic status in a town. The
population is divided into strata based on
socioeconomic status (low, middle, high).
Random Sampling: When each member of the
population has an equal chance of being
selected, and the researcher wants to avoid
bias. Random sampling is often used when the
population is homogenous, and the goal is
generalizability.
Assessing the deodorant preferences of
citizens in a country. To ensure unbiased results,
random sampling is used to select users from the
entire population, giving each individual an
equal chance of being included.
Systematic Sampling: When there's a list of the
population, and the researcher wants to select
a fixed interval (e.g., every 10th person) to
obtain a representative sample.
Analyzing stress levels of drivers during a
rush hour in a city. Using systematic sampling,
every nth driver passing the toll gate is given a
self-report stress test (e.g., every 20th customer)
for feedback.
Cluster Sampling: When the population is
naturally divided into clusters, and the
researcher randomly selects entire clusters for
inclusion in the study. This is useful when logistical
considerations make it difficult to sample
individuals directly.
Analyzing the perception to the
modernization of PUJ in the country. Randomly
select few cities as clusters, then collect data
from all individuals within those chosen cities to
draw conclusions about the entire nation.
NON-PROBABILISTIC SAMPLING
Snowball Sampling: When the researcher is
studying a rare or hard-to-reach population,
and it's challenging to identify and access
participants directly. This method involves
starting with a few participants and asking them
to refer others.
Exploring the experiences of individuals
with a rare medical condition. Since the
population is small and difficult to identify
directly, the researcher starts with a few known
individuals and asks them to refer others with the
same medical condition.
Convenience Sampling: When the researcher
needs a quick and easy way to gather data
and is willing to accept a less representative
sample. Convenience sampling is often used in
exploratory research or when time and
resources are limited.
Analyzing social media usage patterns
among mall goers. The researcher selects
participants based on convenience, such as
those easily accessible on mall. While this may
not be fully representative, it allows for quick
data collection.
Judgmental Sampling: When the researcher
uses their judgment to select participants who
are considered most relevant or typical for the
study. This method is subjective and relies on the
researcher's expertise.
Investigating leadership styles in a
multinational corporation. The researcher uses
their judgment to select “key executives”
believed to be influential in shaping
organizational leadership.
Quota Sampling: When the researcher wants to
ensure representation from different subgroups
in the sample, but doesn't use random
selection. Quotas are set for each
Examining consumer preferences for a
new product in different age groups. Quotas
are set for each age group (e.g., 18-24, 25-34,
35-44), and participants are selected to meet
these quotas.