M8V6 BLKBRD 04-30-21

Gas Technician III
Learning Package
Module 8 – Introduction to
Piping & Tubing
Contents
Learning Outcomes: ....................................................................................................................... 3
Piping, Tubing, Hose, Fittings, and the B149.1:20 Code ................................................................ 4
Piping Materials, Fittings, and Standards: ................................................................................... 13
Piping Tools and Equipment: ....................................................................................................... 15
Pipe Hangers and Supports: ......................................................................................................... 19
Copper Tubing/ Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing..................................................................... 22
Tubing Tools ................................................................................................................................. 23
Pressure Testing:.......................................................................................................................... 26
Pressure Testing Instruments: ..................................................................................................... 28
Purging: ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Pipe Sizing Single Appliance ......................................................................................................... 31
Pipe Sizing Multiple Appliances ................................................................................................... 33
Pipe Sizing Quiz ............................................................................................................................ 35
Water, Vent, and Underground Gas Service Piping:.................................................................... 38
Taps & Dies: ................................................................................................................................. 40
Module 8 – Review Quiz .............................................................................................................. 41
For use with Instructor facilitated © 2021. Gas Technician III Learning Package by Clarke Petty Version 6.0
G3 Blackboard Online course only
2
 Piping, tubing, hose, and fittings used with natural
Learning
gas and propane must be installed and tested in
Outcomes:
accordance with the B149.1:20 Natural Gas and
Propane Installation Code Book.
After completion of this module you will be able to:
Interpret the Code as it applies to piping and tubing systems.
Identify and select piping, tubing, and fittings.
Understand the requirements for the installation of polyethylene pipe and fittings.
Identify piping and tubing tools and equipment.
Identify uses of pipe hangers and supports.
Understand pressure-testing requirements of piping and tubing systems.
Understand purging requirements of piping and tubing systems.
Identify different types of water, vent, and underground gas service piping and
tubing material.
Identify pressure-testing instrumentation.
Size piping and tubing systems.
3
Piping, Tubing, Hose, Fittings, and the B149.1:20 Code
The answers to the following questions can be found in "Clause 6 - Gas piping
systems” of the B149.1:20 Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code.
1. Before piping, tubing, and fittings previously used with gas installations
can be reused, certain conditions and procedures must be met. If
piping, tubing, and fitting are removed from a natural gas or propane
gas installation; they cannot be reused unless which of the following Figure 8-1
precautions are followed? B-149.1:20 Code
a. extra pipe dope or equivalent is used on used fittings
b. piping, tubing, and fittings shall not be reused

Figure 8-2 Steel Pipe
c. piping, tubing, and fittings must be thoroughly cleaned, Fittings
inspected, and ascertained to be equivalent to new
material
d. piping, tubing, and fittings may not be used unless they are less
than 5 years old
2. Which of the following cannot be used in a piping system? Figure 8-3 Brass
Flare Fittings
a. close nipple
b. street elbow
c. street tee
d. all of the above
3. You must ensure that you use only approved piping materials and fittings that are
suitable for their intended application. With natural gas or propane, what must a fitting
used with steel pipe be made of?
a. brass
b. either malleable iron, or steel
c. steel
d. cast iron
4
4. Piping in a gas piping system using natural gas or propane vapour phase with operating
pressures up to and including 125 psig (860 kPa) shall be at least what schedule for NPS
2-1/2 to 10?
a. 80
b. 60
c. 40
d. 20
5. What must type L or G copper tubing that is used underground, be externally coated
with?
a. polycarbon
b. extruded polyethylene or PVC resin at the time of manufacture
c. PVC interior coating
d. polyethylene resin at the time of installation
6. Tubing shall be which of the followings?
a. seamless steel
b. corrugated stainless steel tubing (CSST)
c. seamless copper
d. any of the above
7. Every hose and hose fitting shall have a minimum working pressure of which of the
following?
a. 250 psig (1725 kPa)
b. 350 psig (2400 kPa)
Figure 8-4 Gas Hose
c. 125 psig (860 kPa)
and shall comply with CSA 8.1 or CSA 8.3.
8. With the exception of Clause 6.2.18, where can plastic pipe be
used?
a. industrial establishments - branch lines indoors
b. indoor residences built after March, 1999
Figure 8-5 Plastic
c. outdoor underground service Outdoor Gas Pipe
5
9. What type of readily accessible manual shut-off valve must be provided where the piping
is larger than NPS 1?
a. ball
b. eccentric
c. lubricated plug
d. any of the above
10. Piping, tubing, and hose must be sized properly to ensure that there will be adequate gas
pressure at the appliances being served. Gas pressure losses, due to fittings and pipe
friction can create a drop in pressure between the gas supply inlet (meter/regulator) and
the particular appliance. According to Table 6.1 what is the maximum allowable pressure
drop for a natural gas/propane piping and tubing system having a supply pressure of
between 7" w.c. and 14" w.c. (1.75 kPa – 3.5 kPa)?
a. 1.5” w.c. (0.375 kPa)
b. 1.0” w.c. (0.25 kPa)
c. 0.5” w.c. (0.125 kPa) Figure 8-6 Gauge

Measuring Gas
Pressure
d. 0.25” w.c. (0.0625kPa)
11. The gas pressure required for each appliance shall be determined from either the…
a. the local gas supplier
b. appliance rating plate
c. the last stage regulator
or the appliance manufacturer when the required pressure is not shown on the
appliance.
12. Concealed piping or tubing which contains fittings or joints shall not be run where...
a. concealed piping must be welded
b. the fittings or joints can be inspected and tested following concealment
c. the fittings or joints cannot be inspected and tested in their final position prior to
being concealed
6
13. What is the maximum space allowed between pipe supports for horizontally installed 1
inch NPS pipe?
a. 8 feet (2.5m)
b. 10 feet (3m)
Figure 8-7 Pipe Supports
c. 20 feet (6m)
d. 15 feet (5m)
14. Can underground piping or tubing pass below a foundation, wall, or under a building?
a. yes
b. no
15. Can a quick-disconnect device be substituted for a manual shut-off valve?
a. yes
b. no
16. Joints in steel piping shall be threaded, flanged, or welded. However, there are special
requirements for joining piping 2 1/2 inches NPS and larger. What are these special
requirements?
a. Teflon tape must be applied
b. the piping must have welded pipe joints
c. pipe dope and Teflon tape are required on all joints

Figure 8-8 Welding
Pipe over 2 1/2 “
d. all joints must be brazed
17. When using pipe dope or sealant tape to seal threaded joints, you must ensure the
sealants are approved for natural gas or propane use. Teflon tape
and rubber gaskets can breakdown and are not approved for use
with natural gas and propane. When used, sealants shall be
certified and applied to which part of the joints being sealed?
a. the male threads of a metal pipe Figure 8-9 Applying Pipe

Dope to Gas Pipe
b. the female threads of the fitting being attached
c. the inside threads of the components being attached
7
18. Which of the following must be provided at any point where piping or tubing passes
through an outside wall below ground level?
a. a plastic sleeve
b. a watertight seal
c. a steel pipe sleeve
19. What is required If a branch piping outlet is installed in the main supply piping before it
is known what size of piping is required to be connected to it?
a. the outlet shall be a minimum of 2 inches NPS
b. the outlet shall be one pipe size smaller than the supply
Figure 8- 10 Gas Pipe
c. the outlet shall be of the same size as the piping which Branch Line
supplies it
d. the outlet shall be one pipe size larger than the supply
20. The depth of the drip or dirt pocket shall be either which of the following lengths, or
equal to the internal diameter of the piping it serves, whichever is the greater?
a. 3 inches (75 mm)
b. 2 inches (51 mm)
c. 4 inches (102 mm)
Figure 8-11 Drip or

Dirt Pocket
8
21. Are bushings allowed to be nested together?
a. yes Figure 8-12 Nested

Bushings
b. no
22. To which of the following Standards must seamless steel tubing comply with?
a. ASTM Standard A 179/A 179M
b. CSA Standard W117.2
c. CAN/CGA-8.1
23. Can you conceal a union or a combination of fittings designed and intended to act as a
swing joint?
a. no
b. yes
24. Piping and tubing must be located neither less than….
a. 15 inches (400 mm)
b. 20 inches (600 mm)
c. 12 inches (300 mm)
d. 18 inches (450 mm)
...underground nor less than 24 inches (600 mm) under a commercial driveway or parking
lot, except when it rises above ground at the point of supply to either a building or an
outdoor appliance.
25. What precautions are required where outdoor or indoor piping and tubing will be
exposed to atmospheres that are corrosive to the piping or tubing?
a. they shall be protected by either painting or coating
b. they shall be protected by applying black tape
c. they shall be protected by either black tape or coating
d. they must be made of non-corrosive pipe material
9
26. Tubing run inside hollow walls or partitions within 1.75 inches (43 mm) of the surface
shall be protected against physical damage and puncture at the joists, studs and plates,
by the use of which of the following?
a. No. 14 GSG (1.39 mm) plates or sleeves
b. No. 16 GSG (1.59 mm) plates or sleeves

Figure 8-13 Protecting
c. No. 10 GSG (2.20 mm) plates or sleeves Tubing Within Walls
d. any of the above methods is acceptable
27. How should piping or tubing be identified in every care or detention occupancy,
commercial, industrial, and assembly building?
a. the entire system shall be painted yellow
b. the system shall be provided yellow

Figure 8-14 Gas Piping/Tubing
banding Identification
c. the system shall be marked "propane" or “gas” as applicable, in yellow
d. any of the above identification methods is acceptable
28. Except as permitted in Clause 7.23.3, can a hose be connected to a vented appliance?
a. yes
b. no
29. Which of the following manual shut-off valves are considered to be acceptable?
a. plug, ball, or eccentric type
b. safety shut off type
c. diaphragm type
Figure 8-15 Ball Valve
10
30. A corrugated metal connector may be used to connect a range, refrigerator, clothes
dryer, or built-in counter appliance to piping or tubing provided the connector does not
exceed which of the following lengths?
a. 5 feet (1.52 m)
b. 8 feet (2.5 m)
c. 3 feet (1 m) Figure 8-16 Flexible Connector
d. 6 feet (2 m)
31. Can piping or tubing be concealed in a location where corrosive chemicals are used?
a. yes
b. no
32. Underground tubing systems shall be joined or connected by which of the following
methods?
a. brazing
b. approved mechanical compression
c. approved flared fittings
d. any of the above
After the installation of gas piping, tubing, hose and fittings, you must ensure there are no
leaks. Consequently, before an appliance is connected, a piping and tubing system which
contains fittings or joints must be pressure tested using either air, or an inert gas such as
carbon dioxide, in accordance with the methods, pressures, and times indicated in Table 6.3
11
33. Referring to Table 6.3 - "Pressure Test Requirements” what is the required minimum
test pressure, and the test duration for a piping system less than 200 feet (60m) in
length, having a working pressure of less than 2.0 psig (14 kPa)?
a. 15 psig (100kPa) for 60 minutes
b. 15 psig (100kPa) for 15 minutes
c. 10 psig (67kPa) for 15 minutes
Figure 8-17 Air Compressor for Testing Gas

Pipe
34. When a piping or tubing system is to be purged outdoors, the point of discharge shall be
located how many feet from either a building a building opening?
a. at least 25 feet (7.6 m)
b. at least 15 feet (4.5 m)
c. at least 5 feet (1.5 m)
d. at least 10 feet (3 m)
12
Piping  Pipe sizes are based on the inside diameter of the
Materials, pipe. Black pipe comes in the following common sizes:
Fittings, and 1/8", 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 3/4", 1", 1 1/4", 1 1/2", 2", 2
Standards: 1/2", 3", 4" up to 12". Figure 8-19 shows common pipe
fittings used in the trade.
Figure 8-18 Pipe Size Based On Inside Diameter
Figure 8-19 Common Pipe Fittings
A - 45 0 Elbow F - Cross
B - Reducing Tee G – 90 0 Elbow
C - Plug H - Reducing Coupling
D - Union I - Nipple
E – Cap
13
The B149.1:20 Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code specifies that piping must comply
with ASTM Standard A53/A 53M or A106. (Clause 6.2.1) Table 8-1 (below) shows outside
diameter, wall thickness, schedule, and nominal weight of piping manufactured to this
specification.
Example of Manufacturer's Specifications to ASTM A53
Outside Wall Nominal Weight

Pipe Schedule
Diameter Thickness
Size No.
in in Plain Threads &
End Couplings
1/2 0.840 0.109 40 lb/ft
0.85 lb/ft
0.85
0.147 80 1.09 1.09
3/4 1.050 0.113 40 1.13 1.13
0.154 80 1.47 1.48
1 1.315 0.133 40 1.68 1.68
0.179 80 2.17 2.18
1 1/4 1.660 0.140 40 2.27 2.28
0.191 80 3.00 3.02
1 1/2 1.900 0.145 40 2.72 2.73
0.200 80 3.63 3.66
2 2.375 0.154 40 3.65 3.68
0.218 80 5.02 5.07
2 1/2 2.875 0.203 40 5.79 5.82
3 3.500 0.216 40 7.58 7.62
4 4.500 0.237 40 10.79 10.89
6 6.625 0.188 ''' 12.92

0.250 ''' 17.02
0.280 40 18.97
Table 8-1 Example ASTM A53
14
Piping Tools  The most common types of tools and equipment
and used in the trade when working with pipe include:
Equipment: pipe cutters, pipe threaders, pipe reamers, and pipe
vices.
Pipe Cutters
Most pipe cutters have two rollers and one cutting wheel. (Figure
8-20). There are pipe cutters available that have three and four
cutting wheels to make cutting easier while working in restricted
Figure 8-20
areas. Pipe Cutter
You begin using a pipe cutter by turning the handle counterclockwise until the opening
between the cutting wheel and rollers is large enough to accommodate the pipe being
cut.
Figure 8-21 Pipe Cutter

Cutting Steel Pipe
The pipe should be clearly marked at the spot where the cut is to take place, preferably
with soapstone. The cutting wheel is then lined up with the mark on the pipe. The
handle of the cutter is tightened until the cutting wheel begins to bite into the pipe.
Next, the cutter is revolved around the pipe. The handle is gradually tightened with
each turn until the pipe is cut completely through. Try not to cut through the pipe too
quickly as this will result in an excessive ridge on the inside of the pipe.
15
Pipe Vises
Pipe must always be secured using a proper pipe vise when cutting, reaming or
threading. This helps to prevent damage to the pipe, surrounding equipment, and
injury to yourself.
Figure 8-22 Electric Pipe Vise
Figure 8-23 Tri-Stand

Pipe Vise
Pipe Reamers
Pipe ends must be reamed after cutting and before the pipe is threaded.
A spiral reamer is placed into the end of the pipe and turned clockwise with slight
pressure applied. Ensure that you do not ream too much or too little. The reamer
should only remove the ridge caused by cutting.
Figure 8-25 Reaming Pipe End

Figure 8-24 Pipe
Reamer
16
Pipe Threader – Drop Head Type.
A drop head threader consists of a cutting die, die head, and a handle. There is a
knob on the die head, which is used when inserting, removing, or reversing the
cutting action of the die. The knob is pulled back to allow the die to be “dropped”
into the head. The releasing knob locks the die in place.
An arrow on the die head shows the cutting direction of the die. Check to make
sure the arrow is facing the correct way before cutting.
You begin using the pipe threader by placing it over the end of the pipe. Using the
heel of one hand; apply pressure to push the die firmly into the pipe end. With
pressure applied, push downward on the handle with the opposite hand.
Once cutting has started, apply cutting oil on the teeth of the die. Continue
applying oil throughout the cutting process.
Figure 8-26 Drop Head Pipe

Threader
Figure 8-27 Die, Die Head
and Handle
17
To remove a die from a pipe, pull the knob on the die head completely out, then turn it
around 180°. The pipe threader can then be turned counterclockwise until it
unthreads the die from the pipe.
Use a wire brush or cloth to clean up the threads. Check the threads carefully for
damage. Properly cut and tapered threads will result in a tight, leak proof joint
The length and number of threads on a pipe depends on the diameter of the pipe. Pipe
with inside diameters of 1/2" and 3/4" (12.7 mm and 19 mm) have
approximately 14 threads per inch (25 mm). The average length of
the thread is approximately 3/4" (19 mm).
Figure 8-28 Length of Pipe
Thread for ¾” Pipe
18
 Piping and tubing must be properly supported.
Pipe Hangers
Table 6.2 of the B149.1:20 Natural Gas and Propane
and Supports:
Installation Code indicates the minimum acceptable
spacing allowed between the supports according to the
size of pipe being supported.
The following are commonly used pipe hangers and supports.
Clevis hangers are used to support horizontal runs of

pipe. They also allow for vertical
adjustments to be made after
the piping is in place with the use
of threaded hanger rods and Figure 8-30 Pipe Supported by
Figure 8-29 Clevis Hangers
Clevis Hangers
nuts.
Roller support hangers are similar to clevis hangers in that they are also used to
support horizontal runs of pipe. However, roller supports are
used where thermal expansion of the pipe may cause pipe
movement.
Figure 8-31 Roller Support Hangers
Self-nailing pipe hangers are used to support smaller sized horizontal pipe runs. Plastic
coated hangers are available
for use with copper.
Figure 8-33 Pipe Supported by Self-

Nailing Hangers
Figure 8-32 Self-Nailing Hangers
19
Screw clamps hold piping tightly against a flat surface. They are not recommended for
supporting hanging pipe. They are also available in copper for securing
copper piping and tubing.
Figure 8-34 Clamps
Vertical support clamps are used for the support or steadying of vertical pipe runs.
These clamps are often used to secure piping between the floors of larger buildings.
Figure 8-35 Vertical Pipe

Supports
Figure 8-36 Piping Supported by

Vertical Pipe Supports
C-Type clamps can attach directly to structural beams or
joists to suspend pipe support rods.
Figure 8-37 C Clamps
U-Bolts are threaded at both ends allowing them to be securely tightened around
piping.
Figure 8-38 U-Bolt
20
Strut Channel and Clamps secure piping in a vertical or horizontal position. The strut is
first secured against the wall with screws. The clamp then goes around the pipe and
locks into the channel. A nut and bolt at the opposite end of the clamp securely
tightens the clamp around the pipe.
Figure 8-40 Pipe Supported by Strut

Figure 8-39 Strut Channel and
Channel
Clamp
Perforated strapping supports smaller sized piping and tubing. The strapping easily
wraps around piping and tubing where it can then be cut to length. It is available in
steel and copper.
Figure 8-41 Perforated

Strapping
21
 The most common types of copper tubing used with
Copper Tubing natural gas and propane are: “G”, “K”, and “L”. Type K has
the heaviest wall thickness. Copper tubing can be hard or
Corrugated
Stainless Steel flexible. The difference between hard and flexible copper is
Tubing: in its temper. Hard copper is called drawn temper, and

flexible copper is called annealed temper.
Note: In our trade, copper tubing size is identified by the outside diameter (O.D.) of
the tubing.
Copper tubing capacity tables in the B149.1:20 Natural Gas and Propane Installation
Code indicate maximum capacity of tubing based on the outside diameter of the
tubing.
Table 8-2 shows outside diameter, inside diameter, and wall

thickness, generally associated with type K copper tubing.
Figure 8-42 Copper

Tubing
Nominal dimensions, inches

Size “ Outside Inside Wall
diameter diameter thickness
1/ .375 .305 .035
4
3/ .500 .402 .049

8
1/ .625 .527 .049

2
5/ .750 .652 .049

8
3/ .875 .745 .065

4
Table 8-2 Type K Specifications
22
Copper Tubing Tools
Tube cutters cut thin-wall tubing of brass, copper, iron, or steel. They have a
stationary cutting wheel and an adjustable slide containing two rollers. The
operation of tube cutters is similar to pipe cutters.
Figure 8-43 Tube Cutter
If tubing is bent into a tight curve without being supported, it kinks and collapses. Soft
copper tubing can be bent by hand or over your knee as long as it is supported. A
spring tube bender supports tubing externally, allowing the tubing to be easily bent
without kinking.
Figure 8-44 Spring Type Tube Bender
Lever tube benders are used for heavy wall steel tubing, stainless steel tube, and hard
copper. They produce distortion free bends up to 180 degrees.
Figure 8-45 Lever Type Tube Benders
23
A flaring tool is used to flare the end of tubing for
compression fittings.
Compression fittings are used to join lengths of

copper, brass or aluminum tubing.
Figure 8-46 Brass Flare Fittings
Flaring tools are screw-type or hammer-type. The

screw-type of flaring tool has a split die block that is clamped with wing nuts around
the tubing.
There are different sized holes in the block to

accommodate various tubing sizes.
Once the tubing is clamped into the block and its end
flush with the surface, a cone-shaped ram is screwed down
flaring the tubing to a 45-degree bell shape.
Remember to slip the compression fitting over the

Figure 8-47 Flaring Tool tubing before placing it into flaring tool. Good workmanship
is essential in making a proper gas tight flare.
The tubing ends must be cut perfectly square, and internal burrs and external ridges
removed.
Hammer-type flaring tools are hammered into the end of tubing to produce the flare.
They have a stop so flares won't be over or undersized.
Figure 8-48 Hammer

Type Flaring Tool
24
Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing (CSST)
Approved Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing (CSST) such as Gastite® is also used to supply
natural gas or LP gas to appliances.
This is a continuous flexible type of gas piping system. A

Technician generally takes a manufacturer’s training
program before becoming qualified to install this type of
Figure 8-49 Corrugated
system. Stainless Steel Tubing
The tubing is connected with special brass fittings designed specifically for the
particular manufacturer’s system.
The tubing is pulled through the building in a similar way to electrical wiring and
differs greatly from rigid piping installation.
Figure 8-50 Corrugated

Stainless Steel Tubing
25
 After the installation of a gas piping system, the gas
Pressure lines must be tested, before and after the appliances
Testing: are connected, to ensure that there are no leaks.
Testing before the appliances are connected:
The gas line must be isolated and tested with air or inert gas (carbon dioxide or
nitrogen) according to the pressures and duration
indicated in Table 6.3 "Pressure test requirements” of the
B149.1:20 Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code.
All components that have a pressure rating below

the test pressure must be isolated from the gas line being
tested to prevent damage and future hazardous
Figure 8-51 Pressure Testing
Appliance Disconnected conditions.
Testing after the appliances are connected:
This test is done under the normal working gas pressure of the system with all
appliances, meters, and associated components connected. A manometer or gauge is
placed in the supply line and the gas is turned on.
Once the system is pressurized with gas at the normal

working pressure, the shut-off
valve at the meter is turned
off.
Figure 8-53 Main Gas Shut Off

Valve.
Figure 8-52 Pressure Testing

Appliance Connected Normal
Working Pressure
26
The gas pressure must then hold with no movement
indicated on the manometer or gauge. Figure 8-54 Gas Meter Test Dial
Remember to also check that there is no movement on the gas meter test dial after
allowing gas into the piping system.
If a leak is indicated by these tests, a liquid soap solution or

other appropriate leak detection system can be used to
pinpoint the leak. Figure 8-55 Checking Joints With
Soap Solution for Leaks
After the pressure test, a tag stating the following information is attached to the
piping/tubing system or appliance in a readily accessible location protected from the
environment:
(i) Address of test
(ii) Contractor's name
(iii) Contractor's registration number
(iv) Date of test
(v) Test pressure
(vi) Test duration
(vii) Total pipe length Figure 8-56 Pressure

Test Tag
(viii) Pipe size
(ix) Gas Technician I or II name
(x) Gas Technician I or II certificate number and classification
(xi) Statement: "DO NOT REMOVE”
27
Pressure  A U-tube manometer generally measures pressures from
Testing 0" to 16" of water column (w.c.) while in a vertical position.
Instruments: Some manometers can also read pressures below 0" w.c.
while in an inclined position. They are useful when
measuring boiler firebox and stack pressures.
With a standard water filled U-tube manometer, the water column forced down on the
pressure side is equal to the water column lifted on the atmospheric side.
You read the amount of water column displaced on the pressure

side and add it to the amount displaced on the atmospheric side to
obtain the actual pressure.
Manometer A (Figure 8-57) shows the manometer at atmospheric

pressure reading 0" w.c. Manometer B shows 3" w.c. on the pressure
side and 3" w.c. on the atmospheric side.
Figure 8-57 Water-Filled U-

If we add the amount of water displaced on the pressure side to
Tube Manometer
the amount displaced on the atmospheric side, we would obtain 6" w.c.
(3" w.c. + 3" w.c. = 6"w.c.) The actual pressure indicated by manometer B would
therefore be 6" w.c.
There are U-tube manometers available that use a special red fluid
of a specific gravity to allow you to read pressures directly from
one side of the manometer. (Figure 8-58).
A direct reading water filled manometer is also available.
Figure 8-58 Direct

Reading U-Tube
Manometer Filled
28
Electronic manometers display a digital readout of pressures.
Pressure gauges are commonly used to measure gas pressure. They are available in
specific pressure measuring ranges. Make sure the range of
the gauge you are using is suitable for the application.
For example, a gauge that is meant to measure pressures up to

300 lbs, would not be suitable for measuring low gas pressures
of 7-14" w.c. (1/4-1/2 psig). Figure 8-59 Electronic
Manometer
Figure 8-60 Electronic

Pressure Gauge
A gauge with a measuring range from 0-30" w.c. would be better suited for measuring
gas pressures of 7-14" w.c.
Figure 8-61 Standard

Pressure Gauge
29
 After a gas piping system has been pressure
tested, the air or inert gas used for the test must be
Purging:
properly removed from the piping system. This is
known as purging.
During purging, gas is introduced into the system. The pressure of the gas being
introduced into the piping system forces out the air or inert gas used for the test.
Where multiple appliances are involved, the gas line should first be purged at the
furthest appliance and then at each branch line individually, starting at the branch line
closest to the farthest appliance.
Clause 6.23 of the B149.1:20 Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code specifies the
requirements concerning Purging of gas piping systems after leak testing.
Clause 6.23.1 states that A gas piping system shall be purged to the outdoors using
approved engineering practices or in accordance with Clauses 6.23.2 through 6.23.4
where it meets either of the following:
a) the gas pressure in the gas piping system is greater than 2 psig (14 kPa); or
b) the gas piping system being purged contains one or more sections of pipe,
tubing, or gas hose meeting the size and length described in Table 6.4.
Clause 6.23.4 states that the open end of a gas piping system being purged shall be
discharged directly to an outdoor location and must comply with all the indicated
conditions within this clause including that during purging operations, the open point of
discharge shall be continuously attended by a qualified person.
30
Pipe Sizing Single Appliance
To determine the required pipe size for a single appliance you need to:
a. Determine the gas demand or maximum input of the appliance in Btuh. This can be
obtained from the appliance input rating plate (We will use 175,000 Btu/h for this
example).
b. Determine the distance, or length of

run, from the gas meter to the
appliance. (We will use 100 feet for this
example).
c. Determine the allowable pressure

drop.
i. The allowable pressure drop

depends on the gas supply
pressure. In this example we are Figure 8-62 Determining Pipe Size
using schedule 40 pipe, supplying natural gas at a supply pressure of 7" w.c.
ii. According to Table 6.1 of the B149.1:20 Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code,
the maximum allowable pressure drop for piping and tubing systems with a
supply pressure of 7" w.c. to 14" w.c., is 1 in w.c. (Therefore the allowable
pressure drop for this example is 1.0 " w.c.)
Note:
7" w.c. = ¼ psig
14" w.c. = ½ psig
28" w.c. = 1.0 psig
31
d. Determine the required pipe size from the correct capacity table in the B.149.1.15
Code.
For our example, we would reference Table A.2 (1), which is the capacity table associated
with pressures between 7" w.c. up to 14" for natural gas using schedule 40 pipe with an
allowable pressure drop of 1.0"
w.c.
We would look at the "length of

pipe" column (2) of Table A.2
and follow it down to 100, (3),
which is the total length of run
in our example.
We would then read across to

find a figure at or over 175,000
Btu/h, which is the input of our
furnace in this example. In this
case, the figure would be 257
Btu/h. (4)
We would then read up to the

top of the "pipe size" column to
find that the required pipe size
would be 1 inch. (5)
Figure 8-62 Pipe Sizing Capacity Table A-2
32
Pipe Sizing Multiple Appliances
To determine the required pipe or tubing size for a multiple appliance system you need to:
1. Determine the total gas demand of all of the appliances in Btuh. In this
example it would be 275,000 Btuh.
2. Determine the longest length of run. Generally this would be from the
meter to the furthest appliance. In this example the furthest appliance is E. The distance from
the meter to appliance E is 50 feet.
★ Note that this length of run is used to size the entire system.
3. Determine the allowable pressure drop (1" w.c. for this example).
4. Determine the required minimum size of pipe or tubing for each section and each outlet of
the piping system using 50 feet as the length of pipe.
Figure 8-63 Multiple Appliance Piping System
33
In this example, for a natural gas system using schedule 40 pipe and an allowable
pressure drop of 1" w.c., we would again reference Table A.2 in Annex A of the
B149.1:20 Natural Gas and Propane
Installation Code.
We would determine the

required minimum size of pipe for
each section and each outlet of the
piping system using 50 feet as the
length of pipe for all sections.
For example, using the 50 ft

line of Table A.2, the pipe sizes for
our example would be:
Figure 8-64 Determining Pipe Sizes From A.2 Table
Section D-E for 60,000 Btuh requires a NPS ½ inch.
Section D-F for 25,000 Btuh requires a NPS ½ inch.
Section C-G for 150,000 Btuh requires a NPS 3/4 inch.
Section B-H for 40,000 Btuh requires a NPS ½ inch.
Section C-D for 85,000 Btuh requires a NPS ½ inch.
Section B-C for 235,000 Btuh requires a NPS 1 inch.
Section A-B for 275,000 Btuh requires a NPS 1 inch
34
Pipe Sizing Quiz
The piping diagram below is associated with a natural gas system operating at 7” w.c. using
schedule 40 pipe. Using the diagram below, answer the questions that follow.
1. What is the longest length of run associated with this system?

a. 115 feet
b. 100 feet
c. 90 feet
d. 105 feet
2. What is the total input of all the appliances?
a. 675,000 Btuh
b. 475,000 Btuh
c. 975,000 Btuh
d. 925,000 Btuh
35
3. What is the minimum input that section "C" must be capable of supplying?
a. 525,000 Btuh
b. 775,000 Btuh
c. 400,000 Btuh
d. 975,000 Btuh
4. What size pipe is required for section "C"?
a. 1 ¼” NPS
b. 1” NPS
c. 1 ½” NPS
d. ¾” NPS
5. What size pipe is required for section "F"?
a. ½” NPS
b. 1 ½” NPS
c. 1” NPS
d. 1 ¼” NPS
6. What is the minimum input that section "A" must be capable of supplying?
a. 375,000 Btuh
b. 975,000 Btuh
c. 175,000 Btuh
d. 250,000 Btuh
36
7. What size pipe is required for section "A"?
a. 1” NPS
b. 2 “NPS
c. 1 ½” NPS
d. 2 ½” NPS
8. What size pipe is required for section "G"?
a. 1 ½” NPS
b. 1” NPS
c. 1 ¼” NPS
9. What size pipe is required for section "B"?
a. 1 ½” NPS
b. 1” NPS
c. 1 ¼” NPS
d. 2” NPS
10. What size pipe is required for section "E"?
a. 1 ½” NPS
b. 1” NPS
c. 1 ¼” NPS
d. 2” NPS
37
Water, Vent,  Materials used for water, vent, and underground
and gas service piping include acrylonitrile-butadiene-
Underground styrene (ABS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated
Gas Service
polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and polyethylene (PE).
Piping:
It is important to note that gas-fired appliance

vents constructed using plastic piping must be
certified to ULC S636 Standard.
Figure 8-65 System 636TM Used for Venting

ABS pipes and fittings are used to install vent Condensing Furnace
piping systems, sanitary drainage, and storm water drainage systems. ABS piping is
available in 11/4" to 6" (31 mm to 152 mm) sizes and in 10' or 20' (3m or 6m) lengths.
PVC pipe is used for the same types of installations as ABS pipe. It is important to
realize that ABS and PVC each have their own joining solvent and these solvents are
not interchangeable.
PVC is white in colour, unlike ABS which is black. Sizes and lengths of ABS and PVC pipe
are similar.
Figure 8-66 ABS Pipe Figure 8-67 PVC Piping
38
CPVC pipe is off-white or cream coloured. Its application is for installations where
temperatures are as high as 180°F and where pressures are as high as 100 (psi). CPVC
pipes and fittings are also joined by solvent welding.
Figure 8-69 CPVC Pipe
Figure 8-70 CPVC Pipe

Figure 8-68 CPVC Pipe Used for Solvent
Condensate Drain
PE plastic pipe is used for underground gas service. It usually connects to steel above
ground, for house service, utilizing a special steel-to-polyethylene transition fitting. PE
pipe used for underground gas service must have a 14 AWG tracer wire attached to the
pipe to enable the pipe to easily be located, if necessary, by detectors (B149.1:20
Clause 6.15.14).
Figure 8-72 Polyethylene Pipe

Figure 8-71 Polyethylene Pipe with Tracer Wire
for Underground Service
39
 Taps are used for cutting threads in holes. Dies are used
Taps & Dies: for threading rods. They are commonly used to restore
damaged threads.
Taps and dies will have National Course (NC) or National Fine (NF) stamped on them,
along with their diameter, and the number of threads per inch.
Figure 8-73 Tap and Handle
For example, a tap that is 5/16 -18 NC will cut coarse threads for a 5/16" bolt at 18
threads per inch. Metric taps are similarly designated, but their diameter and number
of threads are given in millimeters.
Figure 8-74 Die and Handle
40
Module 8 – Review Quiz
1. Identify this fitting.
a. 900 elbow
b. 450 elbow
c. plug
d. union
a. 900 elbow
b. 450 elbow
c. union
d. nipple
a. 90 0 Elbow
b. 450 elbow
c. reducing coupling
d. union
a. union
b. reducing coupling
c. 900 elbow
d. 450 elbow
41
5. Identify this fitting
a. 450 elbow
b. threaded rod
c. short nipple
d. coupling
a. plug
c. cap
d. short nipple
a. plug
c. cap
d. union
8. Identify this tool.
a. flaring tool
b. pipe burring reamer
c. drop-head hand pipe threader
d. tube cutter
a. flaring tool
b. pipe deburring reamer
d. tube cutter
42
a. flaring tool
d. tube cutter
a. flaring tool
d. tube cutter
12. Identify this instrument.
a. U-tube manometer
b. standard pressure gauge
c. electronic pressure gauge
d. electronic manometer
13. Identify this instrument.
a. U-tube manometer
b. standard pressure gauge
c. electronic pressure gauge
d. electronic manometer
14. Identify these tools.
a. a tap and handle
b. a reamer and threader
c. a drill bit and handle
43
15. After a gas line has been pressure tested, the air or inert gas used for testing must be
removed from the piping system. What is the name of this procedure?
a. draining
b. purging
c. leak testing
d. depressurizing
16. What must be done after the installation of a gas piping system?
a. the gas must be immediately turned on
b. the appliance must be started
c. the gas lines must be pressure tested
17. Gas lines must be isolated and pressure tested with air or inert gas. Which of the
following gases would be considered inert?
a. methane and propane
b. carbon dioxide and nitrogen
c. carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide
18. Black pipe comes in many common sizes such as 1/8", 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 3/4", 1", 1
1/4", 1 1/2", 2", 2 1/2", 3", 4" etc. What do these sizes refer to?
a. the inside diameter of the pipe
b. the outside diameter of the pipe
c. the thickness of the pipe
d. the number of threads per inch
19. In our trade, which of the following identifies copper tubing size?
a. the tubing’s inside diameter
b. the tubing’s outside diameter
44
20. Capacity tables in the B149.1:20 Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code indicate
maximum capacity in BTU/h
for which of the following?
a. inside diameter of schedule 40 steel pipe and outside diameter of tubing
b. outside diameter of schedule 40 steel pipe and inside diameter of tubing.
21. The pipe sizing tables in the B149.1:20 Natural Gas and Propane Installation Code
allow for a sufficient number of fittings for typical installations. However, in some
cases where the job requires excess fittings, adjustments may be needed.
Table A16 or B11 in the B149.1 Code, indicates the resistance of bends, fittings, and
valves expressed in equivalent length of straight pipe. Referring to this table, what
would be the equivalent length of pipe for a 2 inch 90 degree elbow?
a. 5.17 feet
b. 10.3 feet
c. 4.02 feet
d. 2.41 feet
22. What are clevis hangers are used for?
a. to support horizontal runs of pipe
b. to support vertical runs of pipe
23. Gas pressure losses, due to fittings and pipe friction can create a drop in pressure
between the gas supply inlet (meter/regulator) and the particular appliance.
What is the maximum allowable pressure drop for a natural gas piping and tubing
system having a supply pressure of between 7" w.c. and 14" w.c. (1.75 kPa – 3.5
kPa)?
a. 1.5” w.c. (0.375 kPa)
b. 1.0” w.c. (0.25 kPa)
c. 0.5” w.c. (0.125 kPa)
d. 0.25” w.c. (0.0625kPa)
45
24. Can a piping or tubing system or a hose that supplies an appliance having an input up
to and including 400 000 Btuh (120 kW) be purged with the gas ignited at a readily
accessible burner?
a. yes
b. no
25. Before pressure testing piping or tubing, what must be done with all components
that have a pressure rating below the test pressure?
a. they must be gas tight
b. they must be isolated from the gas line
c. they must have approved sealant applied
46

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Gas Technician III

After completion of this module you will be able to:

Interpret the Code as it applies to piping and tubing systems.

Identify and select piping, tubing, and fittings.

Identify piping and tubing tools and equipment.

Identify uses of pipe hangers and supports.

Understand pressure-testing requirements of piping and tubing systems.

Understand purging requirements of piping and tubing systems.

Identify pressure-testing instrumentation.

Size piping and tubing systems.

a. extra pipe dope or equivalent is used on used fittings

b. piping, tubing, and fittings shall not be reused

d. all of the above

d. any of the above

a. 1.5” w.c. (0.375 kPa)

b. 1.0” w.c. (0.25 kPa)

c. 0.5” w.c. (0.125 kPa) Figure 8-6 Gauge

a. the local gas supplier

b. appliance rating plate

c. the last stage regulator

a. concealed piping must be welded

b. the fittings or joints can be inspected and tested following concealment

15. Can a quick-disconnect device be substituted for a manual shut-off valve?

a. Teflon tape must be applied

b. the piping must have welded pipe joints

c. pipe dope and Teflon tape are required on all joints

a. the male threads of a metal pipe Figure 8-9 Applying Pipe

c. the inside threads of the components being attached

c. a steel pipe sleeve

a. the outlet shall be a minimum of 2 inches NPS

a. 3 inches (75 mm)

b. 2 inches (51 mm)

c. 4 inches (102 mm)

Figure 8-11 Drip or

a. yes Figure 8-12 Nested

a. ASTM Standard A 179/A 179M

b. CSA Standard W117.2

24. Piping and tubing must be located neither less than….

a. 15 inches (400 mm)

b. 20 inches (600 mm)

c. 12 inches (300 mm)

d. 18 inches (450 mm)

a. they shall be protected by either painting or coating

b. they shall be protected by applying black tape

c. they shall be protected by either black tape or coating

d. they must be made of non-corrosive pipe material

a. No. 14 GSG (1.39 mm) plates or sleeves

b. No. 16 GSG (1.59 mm) plates or sleeves

d. any of the above methods is acceptable

a. the entire system shall be painted yellow

b. the system shall be provided yellow

c. the system shall be marked "propane" or “gas” as applicable, in yellow

d. any of the above identification methods is acceptable

a. plug, ball, or eccentric type

b. safety shut off type

Figure 8-15 Ball Valve

c. 3 feet (1 m) Figure 8-16 Flexible Connector

b. approved mechanical compression

c. approved flared fittings

d. any of the above

a. 15 psig (100kPa) for 60 minutes

b. 15 psig (100kPa) for 15 minutes