organic chemistry

1) Electrophile
+

✓ is
represented by
F- .

✓ are electron deficient species .

have
✓ carries + ve
change or an
empty orbital .

✓ are election pair acceptors .

H+
+

Ef : -

, GHz ,
cH3CHz ,
ÑOz ,
CI ,
BI ,
It
" "

metals
Clz , Brz , Iz ,
l
Bclz , Alclz
l
etc .
except
l l

orbital
iv. v. t . Alkenes
empty .

will act
they as an

electrophile .
 2)
Nucleophile
Niu
✓ are
represented by .

electron rich
✓ are
species .

charge have lone

✓ Carries ve or a
pair
- .

electron donors
✓ are
pair .

Eof GII
-

:- fi ,
BJ
,
I oil , ,
CH3cHzé .
,

Elñoxideion

••

1-128 NH3 etc .

"
''

always use its only

one lone "

pair .
 3) Functional
groups
active the molecule
r the
chemically part of is called
functional group .

✓
They may
be atoms
,
group of
atoms or
multiple bonds .

alcohol
Ef :
-
"

• " 2=cµ - e. µz→ ✓ Cn Hzn -11 • OH

I
✓ OH .

aldehyde
-

alkenes
(
✓ ✓ Cn Hzn -11 . CHO

Ey
: o
%
-

Cn 11 ✓
✓ Hzn . - -
H

Gt3 - G GHz - c. Ho
double bond
-

v
I
.

r ketone
✓ Cn Hzn -11 • CO.cn It 2h -11 .

✓ - co -
-
carbonyl
group
.
 ✓ nitrile
Eg
.

i
' " < nHZn-il.cm

c -113 - GH - GHz - c. V - C I Al

t
halide ( Halogen ) ester
r
alkyl alkane i

✓ oalé
.

✓ cnltzn -11 . A

Ef g)
cntlzn-il.coz.cn/t2nt1CHz
:- ✓

✓ - ✗ ( F
,
Cl ,
Br , I ]
- C - O - C -113

✓ -
COO -

Eg
:
MHz ✓
carboxylic acid
cH3 -
¢1T - Caz - co ✓ - oil acid -
o

✓ ✓ cnlfzn -1 I •
11
c- 00 - H
✓ amine
✓ -
cozlt
✓ Cnltzn -11 •
NHZ
✓ -
MHz
4) Alkyl group
✓
is
generally represented by R .

✓
general formula is Gu Han -11 .

H
Alkane Alkyd
-

✓ →

Cnltzn -12 Cnltzn -11

Eof :

CH4 - H
> CH3
methane

Cnltzn -12
methyl
Cnttzn -11 .

CH3
,
1211-5 '
↳ It > ,
CQHD
methyl ethyl propyl butyl .
5)
types of bond
breaking
Homo
a)
lytic fission

✓
If E. M .

difference is 0 or less than 0-5 .

then

hemolytic fission is possible .

✓ Sunlight is must for homo lytic fission .

✓
Equal distribution of electron takes
place .

✓
always free radicals are
formed .

✓
free radicals are
species having odd electron .

I
✓ is
always represented by half curly arrow .
 Eg :

I. ii. ght ,
i + a.
3. 0
U chlorine radicals
free .

t.gg
:

M Sunlight
• •

H3C←oH ,
µ + CH3
2- 5
V2.1 Hydrogen radical
methyl free
free
radical .
 b) Hetero
lytic fission
✓ If E. N .

difference is 0.5 or
greater than 0.5 ,
then
hetero
lytic fission is
possible .

hetero lytic
✓ no sunlight is
required for fission .

✓
unequal distribution election takes
place
of .

✓
represented by full arrow .

✓ due to hetero
lytic fission always _
cations
and anions are formed .

2. 1 M-1
Ig : Hotel
3.0
-
Ci + H+ .

3.0

g. •
F.→ CI - É + F ?
?⃝
 "

6) carbon Skeleton These structures

exist in saturated
a)
Aliphatic Carbon Skeleton
Unsaturated
.

and

Hydrocarbon
"

>
<

chain structures branched chain

open
F.
structures .

of
:
"

CHz-CHz-CHz-C.tl} % fits
-
alkyl
branch
butane
.

.
cH3 - CH -
GHz
✓

Hydrocarbon . ✓
Hydrocarbon .

✓
Saturated b/c ✓ Saturated b/c single
single bond exist b/w bond exist b/w
carbon atom .
Carbon atom .
b) Aromatic Carbon Skeleton

It has Six membered carbon

cyclic ring
✓ .

It exhibit alternate bond

✓
system of pi .

f- : Benzene CGHG
of
-

oscillation
bond
it
,µfpi
.

"
of o/\o
;
f Of
" -
-
"

it - -
H

c- f-
\ µ
it -
it

c.
I
C- H

Cy
H H -

/
,
'
it
 c)
Alicyclic carbon skeleton

✓ different membered carbon

cyclic rings are

ponuible .

✓ no alternate
system of pi bond .

" "
CnH2n Cn Han
f-
.

-1

_#÷
cgµg 21-13 CH GHz
_f
: -
=

it
alkene
it
cyclopropane czptg
.

.
.

cyclo alkane

_Éy•i
"
:*
( 448
'"
3 GHz CH -_ c. Hz

cyclo butane
- -

µ
H -9 g-
CqH8
'

H H
 :*
"

I:-| Cgltio GHz -

CH -_ CH -
Utz -

cHz
"
¥rÉ÷ cyclopentane
H^H 65h10

€}• ( 6h12

cyclohexane
it "

I
for
Y_p_¥-
.

"

H
H
H

µ^H
C.6h10

cyclohexane
7)
Types of -
formula
"

Displayed
"

a) formula show all bonds and atoms .

gH
Eg : H H H

É
-

l
a- c- d-
l
c- i - - o -
i i:-O
I
- - it
I 1 I 1 "

µ-yg°\
It H "
H C - H
"
-

It on

1
OH
b) Structural
formula
(( 11-3111-20)zC0
Ef IH
:
-

( Hz -
GHz -
CH - CH -
COO - CHz - COOH CH
} -
(
Hz -
O -
É - o - l Hz - GHz
I

notion
CH3
 branches and Substituents
alkyl
all
c) Condensed formula
-
must be in the brackets .

If : -

CHZCHZCHCOH)CH(cH3)C0zCHzc0zH

bkeletolformnlac.lt
d)

3 61-13

Éof
"
CH } -
CHZ -
IH -
GHz -
IH -
CH
}
Tff
Eg :
iHz
Cltz -
CH - CH = CH - CH }
An
Eg : OH

GHz -
GHz -
IH -

GHz
#
OH

Kii
"
F
"

:
CH z -
É - CH z - C - H

Eof :

Cltz -
GHz -
!
11
-
o -
cha -
É -
o - H

¥0
OH
 reaction
8)
Types of

Substitution
a)
electrophilic "
reaction .

substitution electrophile
"

of .

a) Alkane b) Benzene .

addition
b)
electrophilic reaction .

Addition of electrophile followed by nucleophile .

Alkenes b)
a) Alkynes .

substitution
c)
nucleophilic "
.
reaction .

"

substitution of nucleophile .

halide
Alkyl
a) .
d) addition
nucleophilic reaction .

"

Addition
of nucleophile followed by electrophile
"

an .

a)
Aldehyde b) Ketone .

e) Oxidation and reduction .

 oxidation neueak
one
step :

Synthetic route oxidation

Inari
9) move one
step :

strong .

alkane 0¥ >
alcohol -0€ aldehyde d carboxylic
> >

acid
⇐ ketone Ted or
.

Oxidising agent
strong wveak_
dichromate ( vis
potassium manganate ( u; ;) potassium "
Orange
"

purple
" " "

[07
"

all
oxidising agents are
represented by
reducing agent
strong weak_
Lithium Aluminium hydride sodium borohydride
1- iA1H4 in
dry ether NaBHq in methanol .

all reducing agents are represented by [ 1--17

10) carbocation .

lnlhen Carbon Carries inert it

or ✓ + ve
change ,
is

Carboni um ion called carbocation .

Three
types of
carbocation
✓
.

a)
primary carbocation b)
Secondary carbocation

1° 2°

Iof EF
: " "

CH } It fit }

C+
-

1 GHz -

H I
It
C)
Tertiary carbocation
3°
bH3
Ig
:
1
( Hz -
C -1

11-13
 NOTE

carbocation
✓
Stability of
1° 4 20 1 30
>

increasing Order
of stability .

It
01-13
✓ i t
GHz →
C+
I
v15 GHz →
C+

It
+
CH3
• >
alkyl groups are electron
donating group .

neutralise the carbon

•
>
they will + ve
charge of .

✓ when carbon carries - ve

change ,
then
they are

called Carbanion s -
 Nomenclature
117 of organic compounds

A) ALKANES 01-13
3 12 I

methyl
✓ c. Hz CH Caz 2-
propane
- -
.

i z z

methane
City =
cH3
4 13 2 I

CZHG ethane butane

Cltz CH CHZ GHz
methyl
= ✓ - 2- .
- -

I 2 3 4

czH8=
propane
cql.to = butane -

GHz 3+4=7
5
14 3 2 I

Csltiz =
pentane ✓ CH
1
} - CH
2
-
CH
13
-

cHz-lHz
4 5 2 + 3
=⑤
6611-14 = hexane GHz

2,3 -

dimethyl pentane .

01-13
5 4 13 2 I 3-1 5=8

✓ CH } ? CH -
GHz CH GHz CH
}
- - -
4 5
16 6 -7

2GHz 3-15=8
I
1
CH3
>
3,5 -

dimethyl heptane .
 3+6=9 .

order
use
alphab
.

É have bio
If
✓
,
3
; we

\ 2+5=70 different branches .

5-
ethyl 2-
methyl heptane .

B) ALKENES
4 3 2 I

✓ Cl-13 -
GHz - CH =CHz but - I - ene .

Czltq ethene 1 2 3 q
or

1- butene .

1311-6
propene
.

↳ 3 2 to

Cqltg butene .
✓ CH} -
CH = CH - CH } but - 2- ene
1 2 3 4 or

05h10 pentane . 2- butene .

 5 4 3 2 1

✓ CH }
I
- CH
2
= CH
3
- lltz
4
-
Cltz
5
pent -

or
2- ene .

2-
pentane .

1h3
"

always gives
"

✓
3

GHz -
Iz
C =CHz
i Ihi
priority of functional group
.

methyl propane
' 2 3 2- .

or

GHz
2-
methyl prop - I - ene .

4
13
but
2 I

methyl
1- ene
✓
cH3 -
CH - CH =CHz 3- -
.

I 2 3 4

GHz
6
5 4 13 2
I
✓ CH } - GH -
GHz -
GH - CH -_ GHz
1 21 3 4 5 6

GHz hex
3. 5-
dimethyl - I - ene .

4 3 2 I 1+3 = 4
✓ ( Hz = CH - CH =CHz 1,3 - butadiene .f .

I 2 3 4 I
+3=4 • "
but -1,3 diene- .
 C) ALCOHOL
3 2 I

Cltzolt methanol . ✓ CH } - C. Hz -
Cltz - OH
pro pan
-
I - 01 .
✓
1
2 3 Or

121-15011 . Ethanol .
1-
propanol .

4 3 2 I

bulan -01
↳ It > OH
propanol . ✓ 01-13
I
-
lltz
2
-
lltz
3
-
Cltz
4
- OH
or
- I - ✓

1- butanol .

Cqltqolt butanol .

OH
4 13 2 1

batan -01
151-11,01-1 Penland .
Cltz
I
-
CH
2
-
GHz
3
-
CH }
4
- 2 .

3 91+32 to

✓ GHz -
CH -
GHz -0 It
I 2 3

priority always given Ii

of
methyl -1
2-
propane
- -

Ihi functional group

.
or

2-
methyl propanol .
 3,611-13
2-01
methyl pro pan
'

✓ CH } - C -
OH 2- -
.
Z
y
3

,bH3

CH 3
4 13 2 it
baton
methyl
CH CH CH z 1- of
✗
CHz OH 3-
-

}
- -
- - .

I 2 3 4

3 443 2
I
✓
Cltz b
GHz
dimethyl
OH
of
-
-
-

propan
1
21 3 2,2 -
- I -
.

GHz

I
"

: 5
3. 6.
dimethyl heptan -2-01 .
D) ALKYL HALIDE

OR

HALO GENO ALKANE ( ITALO ALKANES )

C. Hzcl Chloro methane .

3 2 1

( 211-511 Chloro ethane CH } GHz Cltz Cl I Chloro

propane
.
✓ - - -
-
.

I 2 3

1311-74 Chloro il
propane
.
3 s

CH } Chloro
CH }
propane
✓ - CH - 2- -

I 2
3
CAHSCI Chloro butane .

✓ 4 4! 2 i

C5HµC1 Chloro
pentane .
Litz -
CH - CH , -
CHZ 2- Chloro butane .

I 2 3 4

3 443 2 I
✓
Cltz -
CH -
GHz -
CI
I 2 3

1- Chloro 2-
methylpropane -
✓
 '

GHz '
I
iodo
✓ Clt } -

212
C -
II. 2- 2-
methyl propane .

GHz
I 3

CH }
✓ 0 15 4 3 2 I

Cltz CH CH z -
GHz CH CH
hexane
- - -

}
-

Chloro
methyl
1 2 3 4 51 6 I -
5- .

El

✓
2,2 -

dichloropvopane .

31
 Advance Nomenclature
of organic compounds

If contain and halide their

✓
compound alkene
alkyl ,

be Ii
priority must
given
alkene .

' 3 4

Fyi
2

CHz= CH -
GHz -
Cha -
Cl
but
1- ene
4- chloro but - 1- ene .

08
4- Chloro
4- Chloro 1 .
butene .
 If alcohol and
✓
compound contain alkene ,
their

be to alcohol
priority must
given
.

Ey
: -

5 4 3 2
I

CHZ = CH - CH z -
GHz -
GHz -
OH
pent
4- ene .

pent - 4- ene -
1- 01 .

I -01 .

Or

4-
penitence - 1- ol .
✓ 9-1 Compound contain an alkene and
carboxylic acid

functional group . then

priority must be
given
li

Carboxylic acid .

Eg
: -

4 3 2 11 ?
lltz = CH -
CH z
-c- OH but
3- butene 1- oil acid . 3- ene .

or 1- oil acid .

3- butenoic acid .

Or

but -
3- ene -
1- oic acid .
 isomerism
Chemistry of

which have the molecular formula

✓
compounds same

but differ chemical

in
physical and
properties are

called isomers and the

phenomenon is called isomerism .

✓ Isomerism

-1 a

stereoisomerism
Structural
.

isomerism .

4 -s

-
Y v
.
geometrical optical .

chain position functional .

.. .

Cis Trans
 Structural isomerism
compounds Minich have the same

molecular but
formula different
structural called structural
formula are isomers

and Ihi
phenomenon is called
e structural isomerism .

A) Chain isomerism

✓ likes place in
hydrocarbon chain .

i
alkyl
branches are
formed .

✓ basic carbon skeleton is

changed .
 ( nH2n -12

' 411-2×4+2
Fcf :
y
Cqlfio
(
4 " '°
Alkane
H H H
it
H - d- i-d - c- H
CH } ,
CHZ GHz C
It It
- - -

It It
n - butane .

it
H - C - H

÷?-i__¥-
I
41-13 A- it
CH3 -
CH -
CH
}
' I 21 31
It

cHzCH(cH3)cH3
2-
methyl propane or

(CH3)zCH
 Cnltzn -12
H H
( 51-12×5+2 H H
(5h12 H

É Éµ-÷¥ !
i "
:*
: - -
- - H
05h12 . Alkane
.

C Hz - GHz -
CHZ -
GHz - CH3

^^
n -

pentane .

it É it
it
-

cµEÉ
-

' ' µ
its "
3-
'

* "→ - it
"" " " " " " "" " "
" It "
-

2-
methyl butane cH3CH(cH3)CH2CH3
Or

¢173)zCHCH2GH3 H
1
H -
C - H

!µ3
It
4h3
2-
¥
'

Gt3 CH, H C C C H
g
-
- -
- -

CH } cH3c(cH3)zCH3 ,
H - C - H
or
2. 2-
dimethyl propane ¢Hz)qC It
?⃝
 is
B)
position isomerism
position of functional group changed .

Cnltzn .

Eg
041-12×4
: CqH8 H H H H
alkene
cqH8 .

µ -
it -
ESE 'cZ=§±- it
" I
H H
CHZ -
CHZ -
CH =CHz
ne
but -1 - ene

H It
it
[ Hz -
CH = CH -
GHz it -
i±i3=ÉEc- it

ly
+
1 2 3 41
It
but - 2- ene

it H H
it
! =É→ i
-
-

µ it c- H

:-c
. - -_

TH It methyl
2-
propene
.
 < " " 2h -11.04

Cq 11-2×4+1 . OH 1

T¥ :-

cqy, ,, , Catano "

a- É←É-É¥±o - µ
C4Hio0 " I 1 ^1
µ It H H

cH3 - GHz -
GHz - Cltz - OH

bufan -
I -01 .
Ñ\oH
H
PH
H-it-q3-E-F-HC-lz.CH
9 "
"

q -
GHz -
Cttz I 1 2 31 41

µ It ,, H

cH(otHH3"
butan - 2-01

1-0
É¥iÉÉ÷:-O
it 41-13 it "

" i :-. "

:-c
"
-
-

.
it It cH3CH(CH3)cH20H
or

3
2-
methyl propan -1-01 .

(cHz)zGHCH20H
GHz

cH3 -21C -
OH
methyl propane -2-01
2- OH
I
1GHz 41+3)gC0H
 Eg : Cash > C1
µ_%ii±_e .

CHZ It lit 9

GHz
Clyyyci
- - GHz - it

1- Chloro
propane
.

Ll H
It
i '
did '-
÷
it -
-
it

61+3 CH GHz
I
It
-
-

Chloro
propane
2-

cH3CH(ci)cH3
.

or

(CH 3) ZCHCI .
 C)
functional isomerism nature
of functional group is

changed .

C - O - c

ether
Not
Eof :
-

in
C. Hz -
Gta - O -
H ✓ Gt3 -
O -
CH }

ethanol .

dimethyl ether
Or
.

methane
methoxy .

i
:&
.

O o
11

CHz_CH2 - C -
H ✓ cH3 - É -
CH }

propanol propanona
in
.

^
,
 butanoicacid .
I
butan 1- oic acid \o/
Eg
-

É
:

Cltz -
Cha -
CHA -
11
- O -
H
Cltz - CHz -
É - O - CH }

~ OH
melñylpvopanoale
.

in
eH3 -
C - O - GHz - GHz

elñanoale
ethyl .
 butan -1-01 .

OH

Ig :
CH3-CHz-CHz-C.AZ - O - H

v v

^.^ v9
Gt3 - GHz -
O -
GHz -
CH3
CHz - CHZ - GHz - O - C. 1-13

diethyl ether
ether
or
methyl propyl .

elñoxy ethane .

✓ alcohol gives ether ✓

aldehyde gives ketone .

✓
carboxylic acid gives esters .
 Examiner Approach

1) determine the
possible structural isomers
of
butene .

1) CH 3GHz Clt = CH 2 29 CH3CH= CHCH 3

411-3
3) CHZ -
C = C -112 4)

1-

the butanol
2) determine possible structural isomers
of
.

: 41+3 0

1) GHz - CHZ - GHz - c - H 21 GHz - CH -

E - H

3) C. Hz - GHz -
É - CH3
3) czHG.me/n is a

general formula .
where n= 110-6 .

determine the total

of possible isomers
no .

it it
czH5C ' " Nce
! !
-
- - c'
e

Ñc
,

,
"
i i' i
'
ii
( 2-
Hq Clz H -
C -
C - 11 H - C -
C - H '1
1
It,
1

H H

É É
H
( 21-13613 1
41 I 1

H - c -
c - a µ - -
- e,
I 1 I 1

61 it
It It

it "

CI
" .

CI
 CI CI
(
211-2014 É É:c
¥
I 1
H c a ,

:
c

¥
-
-
- c, - -

'
A
'
Ci
¥ it
c. ,

CI CI

11
41
C2 -11115
,, c.fi
.
CI -

f -

& - Cl

It cc
total
CI
isomers -_ 9 .

Cl bl
12hr16 C
l l
C C'
a - - -

1
L

¥¥
,
CI
"

C1

(I
 alcohol determine the
4) Cqltio 0 is an .

possible .

structural Hmi alcohol

isomers
of
.

OH
I
✓ Cltz GHz GHz C Hz OH cHz GH
- - - - v - -
GHz - Cltz .

1h3
I
✓ Cltz CH C -112 OH
41-13
- - -

✓
GHz - C -
OH

{Hz

✓
GHz -
( Hz -
O - GHZ - CH3

✓ GHz - CHZ - CHZ - O -

Cltz .
 has
5)
compound a
formula 031-15013 ,
determine the

possible isomers .

i
'
it it ii i
'
il
✓ It -
C C C Cl ✓ C
- -
-
H -
-
C -
L - C'
'
l
!
l
it it
' H H %

11 C'
1-1 Ll
1 I 1 41 Cl
I
H - C -
C - C - Cl H - C - I - C - H
l l I 1
l
H H
H H H

Irl Cl H
l l l
✓ H -
C - C - C - H
l l 1

It Cl H
6)
Cg -11802 is an eslér ,
determine the
possible isomers

that will remain ester .

✓
cuz -
GHz -
?
11
- O -
GHz ✓ cH3 -
É4
- O -
GHz -
Caz .

NOTE

oxidised
primary
alcohol
easily
• > = - CHZOH = .

OH

dit oxidised
Secondary alcohol
• > =
-
-
= can

R easily .

alcohol cannot oxidised

-1
Tertiary R
y
OH =
• .
=
- -

R
 ( 51-11,0 is alcohol draw Ini structural
7) an .

possible isomers

that are alcohol

primary .

° "

✓ CH3 - ( Hz - Cltz - C. Hz - GHz -

OH #✓
GHz
✓ cH3 -
IH - GHz - GHz -
OH / ↳ • A

bit 3

✓ ( Hz -
I - Caz - OH
OH

I
CH3

fritz
#
✓ GHz -
GHz -
CH - CH 2- OH
↳ OH
 dich low benzene has molecular determine
8)
formula Caltech
a
.

the
of possible of -1hm
compound
.

no .
isomers .

Ll

d '

✓
6¢ 12 Cl
1,2 - di chlorobenzene .

c-
H - c

l 11 3

"
C- It

of ,

✓
: 1

"
I-
di chlorobenzene
-
C - H
1,2
C -
.

' "
C

c=q/
- H
H -

It
✓ 1,3 - dichlovobenzene .

f -
µ
H - c

l 11
C- Cl
µ
C-
-

✓
:

i
✓

H -
the
c
- +, 1,4 -
di chlorobenzene .

l 11
⇐ ,}
- -
H
H

:
 Concept
.

and
Ester are
formed lather alcohol
carboxylic acid .

react to
gather .

a) R -
?
11
-
O - R! cH3 -
11
c -
o - cha -
eH3

0
% 11
b) R - C - O -
R cH3 -
c -
O -
CH>

c) H -
É 11
-
o -
R (Hcozr ) When methane:c acid ( HCOOH ) and
alcohol react together .
 meiwanoic is
9) CqHg Oz is an ester ,
If acid one
of lie

determine
reactant then Ilie
possible structural isomers

of ester .

i ?
i
✓ Cltz - C - O - 11-12 - CH } ✓ cH3 - C-112 - C - o - CH}

✓ H -
É -
O - GHz - GHz -
GHz
✓ H -
É - O -
Ut - CH z .

lets
to ) ( 41-1,00 is an alcohol It does not react wiki
,

determine lie
acidified solution of Krang , possible
structure alcohol
of
an .

CH 3
I
ltzc -
C -
OH
I
CH3
 the
11 ) C. 51-11002 is our ester ,
If meluianoie acid is one
of
determine
reactant their his
possible structural isomer
g-
ester .

i in
✓ ( 1-13 - CHZ -
GHz - C - O- CH} ✓ CH3 -
GHz - C - o - CH z - CH 3

✓ city -
É -
o -
CH 2- 11+2-11+3
11+3
I
0
11
✓ GHz -
Ut -
o -
o -
Gt3 -

?
Gt3

✓
lHz -
11

-
O -
I
CH - C.Hz ✓
H -
É - O -
CH 2-111-2 - CH z - CH -3 .

CH3

✓
H -
É11
- o - CH - 11+2 -
Caz ✓ It -
?
11
-
O -
I
C -
CH }
I 1

CH3
GHz

✓ it -
?
"
- O -
CHZ - CH -
GHz .

tttz
 Stereoisomerism

have formula
✓
compounds Which the same molecular

space (spatial
but
different arrangement called of atoms in

arrangement
and
of atom) are stereoisomers

called
phenomenon stereoisomerism
the e is .

geometrical isomerism

geometrical
isomerism exist in alkene
may
.

lñoo Similar same side

✓
If groups
are attached to the

the double bonded carbon atom then it called

of ,
is

cis isomer .
It it

I =D
:-( 4-118
Eof , -
CH}
CHzCH=CHCH3 }
It
c. is .
 similar
✓
If two
groups
are
diagonal-1 attached to line

double bonded carbon atom ,

lnén it is called trans

isomer .

:-( 411-8 H

If
"
3°
CHzCH=CHCHz Jc =L
\
It (H}
Trans .

Into similar attached

✓
If groups
are to the single
double bonded carbon atom ,
then
geometrical isomerism is

not but and

possible , with
respect to cis Trans it will use

as structural isomer .

Hzc Hzc H
,
:-( alto c-
Eof
c-
-

/ \
It
it
CH3CH2CH=CHz
 °"
H3b -
✓
FF
!
GHz CH cclz c
-
= =

/ '
Ii
It

Ff "
(city)zC = GHz
1-13 K - /
"

c = ,
/
H
C TH
,

t H H
"
,
✓ Hzc HE - /
° = , = ,
/ ' /
II
-
Cl
Hz C Hzc
( H3CH2CH
+
,
=L HCl
is .
Trans .
✓
If four different groups are attached to double

bonded carbon atom ,

then mi order to determine
need Ii
apply Mr / Ar
geometrical
isomers ,
rate

vertically
.

(b) H OH (b)

If
:
-
, /
, , ,

CHzCH=C(OH )C1 .
/ \
"
(a) Hzc (a)
his
Cltz = 15

It = 1 .
higher Mr :@

OH = 17 tower 9r=⑥
"
"" %
" OH ,
b)
11 =
35.5 .

JC =

,
(b)
H
,µ ,
Trans .
 double bond
✓
If more than one is
present ,
then fi

determine total
of geometrical isomers
always
no . use
,

2h
formula
"
ntreheve double
"

is the bonds
of
n no -

, .

2
n

Ef :
-
CHzCH=CHCHzCH=CHcH2CHzCHz 2 = 2 => 4 isomers .

if
:-
" 2

( H2 CHCHZCHzclt-CHC-lzclt-CHC.az 2 = 2 =
4 isomers .
 11

This structure is
i symmetrical .
"

n z

Eof : -
CHZCH = CHCH :( HCH } 2 = 2 = 4- 1 => 3 isomer .

① cis
/ Trans
1) \
c=c
' "3
2) "
301 /
④
\
/ / , = ,

HZC ,c
①
=

cis
,
'

①
/ \
,c=c④ "
cH3
Trans

"

H "" It
3) ' / trans H
"
c=c 4) 30h /
H
/ \ , = ,
µ,
,
,c=i \ it
/ \
c. = #
""
3

" '"
} \
Trang /
It It
c. is
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
✓
If cyclic rings are involved ,
then we can have only
cis isomer ,
Trans is not
possible .

If "

cyclohexane .

"
H a-

1-¥ .

H
cis
due bond bond pair
.

to
pair -

molecule will
repulsion ,

this Trans
→ ④ disrupt .
not

possible cyclic rings

in .

Cis .
 geometrical isomerism can also exist in skeletal structure .

j
:

④ it
/
it trans v0 "

'

Ef i' "

y-
: -

cis but - 2- ene trans but -2 - ene .

 geometrical
✓ isomerism also exist in alkane
can
cyclo .

Fifi Czltallz
H H

I I
H "
It it Cl
H

H
CI CI CI
Trans
cis

i CI
H It
nix .
v. t .
cis and trans ,

1 it is structural isomer .

It CI
E
'

✓
geometrical isomerism arises due 05 145 restricted
rotation
of double bond around its axis -

has
§ :-.
compound
determine
a molecular

structural
formula
and
CQHS
the
possible stereoisomers

this
of compound .

Gt3
✓ CH
} - GHz -
CH = GHz ✓ CH } -
I = GHz

✓ Gt3 - CH = CH -
GHz ✓ ☐
H "
"
c=i 1-13 '
-
✓ /
y -
c. ,
/ -
111-3
=

/
1-130 "
it
GHz
Cis
Trans
§ :-
compound has a molecular
formula ↳ Hqclz .

determine the
possible compound
'

isomers this
of
.

H Cl
CI
41
H H
I 1
, I 1
✓ H C C =L Cl ✓ C G
- -
-
H - -
C = - H
l l
H
H

t'
u
I
H
1
al
I 1
9 it
✓ It
-
l - C =c ✓ H -
C -
e = C - H
l l
l
it It
It

Ll
If
H
I 1
✓ u - C - C = C- It
I
H
 optical isomerism

✓
If four different groups are attached like
single carbon

atom ,
then it is called chiral carbon .

4h3
Eof
:
ÉJ "

huh
* cH3CH(OH)C0oH
"
/
H2 l

( t
fico "
'

"2
1=0 Chiral *
ca , I
q
fl OH
carbon
- -

1 OH
.

°"
/ " CHZ
Ago City

chiral Carbon
possible double bonds bond
✓ is not in or
triple .
✓
compounds contain Chiral carbon are called
optically
active
compound .

✓ these
compounds can rotate
plane polarise light
(
bingle heave
length radiation )

of
solution active

r
^
t
y
>
optically
qimpnmd
im
- .

1- -1
y
"
y

source 1

plane polarine light

.

it detector
'

.
 the hand
If plane polarisc light rotates right
✓ on

( D)
rotatory
side it
then is called dextro isomer + .
,

hand
✓
If plane polarise light rotates on lie
left
ft )
lavovotalory
side ,
then it is called isomer .

✓ both D and 1- isomers mirror

images
+ -
are

( enantiomer) of each other *

optical
.

isomers
"

Ef cH3CH(OH )c00H have identical

:

|
-

" " °

Pt
" "
"
I !
"

Hat
"
"

\oµ HOT "

"

CH }
it
H

mirror .
 r

have carbon
compound
✓
If more than one chiral atom

to determine
then in order total no .
of optical isomers ,

2h
always formula the
"
"

use ,
where n is no -

of chiral

carbon .

It

Eg :
d-
-

*
HzN -
COOH

H2NCH( CH 3) COOH /
c
*

Chiral ④ c-

>
carbon
'
I
?
µ
Caz

I 2 ? 2
1$
HN C
2
- - C - OH
CHI
1 = 4 isomers .

GHz
 Chiral also
✓ carbon is
present in
unsymmetrical cyclic ring .

GHz
GHz

it µ
at

f f
"

f
"

f
"

" "

H-i
"

T.FI 1
H

"
/ ""
Hzl GHz ✓
Hzc \fHz
symmetrical cyclic ring .

unsymmetrical cyclic rings

 ①
T
%_%y
÷÷µ÷÷÷÷
total chiral carbonation = 3

Hzc-¥4
.
 1)
*

61-13 CHZCHZCHZ -
- CHICA (OH) CHZCOOH

chiral centres = 1 .

2)

Theo
L%n* d chiral centres : 1 .

1 CH - GHz -
COCH 3

HO

B) GHz COOH
1 chiral centres = 1
)
qH(
OH

(
Hz
4) chiral carbon
°"
atoms =
2
1-10 .

, -

g.
=,

\* *
H CH
/
0 = C - -
GHz -
Coo #
y l
,
CH3

5)
:
C - H " "
I 2 = 2 =
16 isomers .

HO C H
chiral centres 4
- -

= .

( 61-11206 HO - G - H

glucose ① -
& -
④
H - G -
OH
I

CHZOH
6) chiral
carbon -_ 1

I
'
.

H
it 9¥ y
CI - c -
c -
c - E -

Y
-
CI

I 1 I 1 H
H H "¥
it
-4-01
It

7)

GHz < OOH

I
✗ CH (01-1) no chiral
1
atom b/c similar
GHZCOOH
,
of
group .
 (b) Gt3
8)
1
Cy /
CHZOH
(a ) geometrical
isomers 21=2 isomers
/ :

£
.

H2
{
#
(A) (b)

" 20
-
at
9) (b)
11 µ

a
* city ¥: (a)

(☒ (b)
(a) _⇐\

21--2
geometrical isomers
'
: isomer .

Optical isomers =
2 = 2 isomer

total stereoisomers =
4 .
10)

% *
chiral carbons = 3

.2^= 23=8

①¥:÷_K
isomers
optical isomers :

I
.

×
*
11) GHz -
Cltz - CH -
CHI = CHI C1 .
chiral carbon =
1

d-
☒ f Optical isomer = 21 = 2 .

geometrical geometrical
'

1 isomer : z = 2

GHz isomers -

I total stereoisomers = 4 .

OH
127
41-1261
CO
"
total chiral
°#←1*-0 ""
carbon = 3

23=8
/ *y/ optical isomers =

Gt3

HE

,y
.
Eltz

13)
" ° i
q
-

- CH
1-120 11

chiral carbon : 1 .
/ CHL

H2O -

*÷÷:÷
at
"

geometrid
'

no
,c ,
Hz° city
14) C3HsBvI total chiral carbon = 2 .

It Br H Br
µ H
l l l
Iq
d
1
H -
c - -
E - I H - C -
C - C - I
1 I 1 I 1 1
It H
It It H H

1157 determine lhi Structural formula of an alkane

that Contain least carbonation that

no
of
- -
.

include chiral carbon .

atom .

611-3
least
/ *
carbon atom = 7

H Cz H

q
- -

>

1211-5
16)
CH 3

a
/ [ 91+1011-1
/
H2
/%
-
C -
CH}

!
GHz

Hh /
i.
④
 Hydrocarbons
chemistry of Alkane

alkane
properties of
general
.

a) States

C. ± -
Cy
gases
• > as the %
composition of
carbon increases stale
liquid
,

Cs - Cle .

Changes .

Cry - Onwards Solids .

. > molecular mass increases .

°>

density increases

decreases
.

• ×
Volatility .
 b)
boiling point
✓ as the %
composition of carbon increases ,
no -

of elections

increases ,
strength of Vanderwaal forces increases , so

boiling point increases .

has
✓
Straight chain alkane
larger surface area.

they strong
vanderwaal forces G-overcome Such
So will
,

forces is needed hence straight chair alkane

energy
,
more ,

have
high b.pt .

Iof : GHz GHz GHz CH3

-
- -
-

b.pt . = +88888 .
✓ branch chain alkane has Smaller
surface area
,
so

they will
experience weak vanderwaal forces .

to overcome such forces ,

we need less
energy
hence
branch Ghani alkanes have low b-
1st
.

Gt3

Éf
" l

C. Hz - CH - CH } or CH3CH(cH3)cH3

b.pt . = + 300 .

branches
greaterthe of alkyl
✓ the lhi no .

,
the
lower
b.pt
.

GHz GHz

bH3CH2CH2CHzlH3 ,
CH3 -
IH - GHz - CH3 i CH3 -
d - CH }

methyl⑥butane ditz ②
pentane
⑨
.
2-

C
f b t A
2,2 -

dimethyl propane .

>

increasing order of b.pt:

↳
flammability
✓
as tht no -

of carbon atoms increases ,

flammability
decreases .

✓ Short chain alkanes are

highly flammable .

✓
long chain alkane are not
flammable .

d)
reactivity
alkanes also called b/c
an
paraffin
are s,

have
they
do not
less
any functional group
so
they are reactive .
 chemical
properties of alkane

1) Combustion

Excess 02 H2O
combustion
>
< 02 + +
Energy .

complete

amane mite,
gappy .to
combustion
.
>
↳ + " ↳ +
enemy .

incomplete

very limited supply of Oz

> C + H2O +
energy .

incomplete combustion solid particle

carbon soot .
?⃝
 combustion
complete of Alkane .

Cxlty
+
( ✗ +
F) Oz -
x coz +
f- H2O .

Where
carbon atom
of
x = no .
.

atom
y
= no -

of hydrogen .

Ej
^

moles
CHq + 202 → CO2 + 2h20
no -

of

CZHG 3.502 3h20

of oxygen
+ → Zcoz +

CzH8 + 502 → 302+41-120

Cqltio + 6.502 4002+5420 >

→ 1
,
I b &
no .

of carbon atom .
2)
Cracking
long Hydrocarbons
✓ It is in which chain
process
a are

converted into short chain and more

useful

hydrocarbons is called
cracking .

✓
cracking are
of two
types .

a) thermal
cracking .

b)
catalytic cracking .

✓
catalytic Cracking is used to crack
Cs to Cio
compound .

needs
✓
Catalytic cracking 500C
limp .

Called Zeolites / mixture of Alzozandsioz )

✓ need
Catalyst ,
. .

( alumina silicate ) .
 Thermal to bian Go
✓
cracking
is used crack more .

Compounds .

✓ thermal
thermal
cracking needs
needs
6500 -800C

koalas
.

Goalie
✓
cracking - .

✓
possibilities of cracking -

A) Alkane + Alkene .

Alkene
b) + 1-12 .

i.
¥
"

( µHzo
kig→7Cz Hq + H2 .

OR
City -1130
Cracking , Cqltio + 5121+4 .
 of cracking
use

to meet and demand

✓
supply
.

to fuel and
✓
produce hydrogen which ,
is used as a

in Ihi
making of Ammonia .

✓ -
to
produce it
ethene , b/c is one
of
Ini most important
compound used in
petrochemical industry .

Q :- which one
of the
following is not obtained

through cracking of Noname (cqltzo ) .

A) bttzcltz B) CH3CHzCH= CHI C) CHzGH2CHzCHzCHz

(CH3CHzCHz)zCH -
?⃝
3)
Reforming
It is Hydrocarbons
✓ a
process
in which
long chain is

converted into branch chain and

cyclic hydrocarbons
under certain condition called
is
reforming .

✓ conditions :
temp .
= 500C .

40 atom
pressure
=

Al-203
catalyst
=

Eof A)
:

411-3
CH3 -61-12 GHz CH3
GHz GHz GHz GH
-
- - -
-
GH - - 611-3
>

N -
hexane 611-3
"

butane
"

Isomerization 2. 3-
dimethyl .
Iga
Y¥•H
×
>
Hz +

\→H
It

hexane .
cyclohexane .

user
It used to
.( engine
is
rating
octane
improve is

fuel efficient ) .
4) free radical substitution reaction

In methane
plank 's
constant
.

q
reagents required = a)
Chay ,
b) Clagg )
E-
hf→
frequency
photon of
.

condition specific frequency

=

limp .
= sooo
is needed
Sunlight hf
.

= a. v.
light =

product formed = a) citzci chloro methane .

b) HCl
 "

xxedonot need prolonged

radiation only a
flash of light is

Equation
,

required to start the chain reaction !

City + 612 É c. Hzcl + HCl .

CHZCI +
42 C -112612 + HGI .

dichloromethane .

611-2612 +
Clz CHCIZ + HII

trichloromethane .

or

chloroform .

Cltclz + 112 cclq + HCl

tetra chloro methane .

 Mechanism the reaction called mechanism
path of is .

C -
H = 410 Kj/mol .
"

chain
CI - CI = 242
Kjfmol .
always
initiated 1h
-

1) Chain initiation rough

molecule
"

chlorine .

g←Ñ ci
chlorine
+ ci
-

free radicals .

e
products .

eye
reactants
a
It = + ve

g
- - - - - - - - - - -

progress
rxn
 chain
2) propagation

a, u.zc.IN# >
"" *

U methyl radical
free
-

medians .

b)
t.FR#cNl-CH3ci ^
+ ai

""
en
•

I
y
,

progress
rxn
3) Chain termination

✓ ci + Gi - Clz .

✓ Glitz + Gi - CH -361 .

0GHz
•

✓ GHz + CzH6 .
-

ethane
Jars
.

presence of light and

by product
-
• > u - v.

formation of ethane confirms the

presence of free radical

reaction in alkane .

CHA Cl-13 ( 21-16

- -

CzH6 - C2H5 -
6411-10
 dichloromethane
Mechanism
for

2) Chain propagation .

HÑ÷i
•

a) -
HCl + CHZCI

Cl

b) É - C. Hzclz + %

3) Chain termination .

✓ Ci + Ci -
Clz ✓ 61-1211 + Li → Cltzllz
•

✓ ÉHZCI + GHZCI _ CICHZ -61+201 ' '

"
dichloroelhane Trace
.

amount
 Mechanism for trichloromethane

Chain
1)
propagation .

a)
%
HC←oH -
ÉHCIZ + Act .

I U
Ct

b) icTT-vg.li -
citciz + ci

21 Chain termination .

✓ ÉHCIZ + Ci - CHGIZ .

H H
l l
✓ ÉHl1z + ÉHCIZ - CI - C - C -
w
l l
Ci CI .
 Examiner
Approch

1) CH3 -
CHZ -61-13

t
.

231-17
t t
•

Gt3 -
GHz -111-2 CH3 -
IH - CH3 .

O et

• i
GHz - GHz - GHz + ( Hz - GHz -
GHz - 6173 - GHz - GHz -
CHI - CHI -611-3 .

• >
111-3 GHz
- -
[ Hz + CH - C -113 - GHz -
GHz - GHz -
CH -
Gt3
l l
Cltz Gt3

o o

•
Y GHz - CH + bit -61-13 - GHz - CH - CH - CH }
'
1 I
6113 GHz
643 1GHz
2) GHz - GHz - GHz -
GHz - CH3

@
t
.

CJHII

✓ X n-

08

CH3CHzGHzGHzÉHz
•

GHZGHZCHZCHCH} CH3CH2CHCH2CH3

(A) (b) (c)

✓ a - a - v a - b r a -
c

r b -
b r b- C ✓ c- c.
 4h3
3) GHz - GHz - C - GHz
1
GHz 3
total
. .

possibilities
:

UH 3
I
•
>
ÉH 2 - GHz -
C -
CH}

1
GHz
GHz
• > CH 3 -
TH -
É - CH }

I
CH 3

• Y
443 •

CH
} -
GHz - Q - GHz
I
643
 Chemistry of alkene

general formula
✓ = Cnltzn .

✓
functional double bond
group
: .

state
✓ =

gas
at
rtp .

list Bra red brown -10 Colorless

as
visiting
✓ : .
= .

b) Keith
purple to colorless
Aq Knanoq
.
.

r
types of reaction :
a) electrophilic addition reaction .

b) Oxidation reaction .

c) combustion reaction .
 preparation of alkene .

loss loss
>
of water or
of
18 unit mass .

a) Deh ion of ethanol .

reagents = a) cH3CH20H .
cz

"sÉ||☒F→%¥ene
1+2504

↳
.

b) conc .
1+2504 .
NaOH .

c) NaOH ( Hygroscopic
moisture
b/c it absorbs
)
condition
reaction :
temp .
= 1801 .

Catalyst = Conc .

1+2504 .

product formed =
a) 121+4 b) H2O .

Equation : CH3lHzOH
Ethanol .
+ 11-2504 É >
61-12=611-2

ethenes .
+ H2O .
 C 211-501-1

Mechanism
-
H+ .

-
1-1504

lone pair in wiki

1)
of oxygen ethanol reacts electron deficient
H+ ion So dative bond is
.
that -
a
formed b/w oxygen and Hydrogen
hence Oxonium ions are
formed .

→ + +
( Hz Utz Oo H It ( 1-13 CHZ H
q
- → -
+ - - - -

O O

It
c. ✗ conium ion .

2) + ve
charge on
oxygen - makes it unstable ,
G-
get
the
stability
it needs IT neutralise its and
+ ve
for iñat it
pulls
the

electron from carbon atom ,

as a result carbocation and wateris

formed
CHz£É
.

CH3 -
-
H →
H2O + cH3ÑHz
It 1° Carbocation .
 to bond
3) remove the + ve
charge of carbon .
Shifting of
Hydrogen
and removal
of takes
place -
from adjacent
carbon atom .

+ "

CHZ H CHz•=•cHz
GHz
major
- → t

1-
product
.

I
F-xaminerApproac.hr
Caz -
I 4 → cH3CHz -1-1504

ethyl hydrogen sulfate .

product
.

minor
✓ GHz - CHI -
ÉÑFÉHz - GHz → CH
} -
GHz -
É - GHz -
C'
+3
C!
H f
,

+
"
CH3-lltz-O-CHz-c.az
+

minor product -
b) Thermal decomposition of Alcohol .
• >
delivery tube is

removed from the water before

the
apparatus is allowed to cool .

This needs to be done to

back
prevent
•
> mineral wool sucking of water
into hot bribe
is used to absorb
.

hot
. >
pumice
alcohol .
becomes black in

color due to the

formation
• >
Decomposition of
ethanol
given of carbon Soot .

ethene .

> ethene is insoluble in heater so can collect it over water .

you
•
,

hot made
oily / is
• >
pumice is
up of sioz . and it used
as
dehydrating
.
 "
used to remove lead
Reactions ethene from leaded
"

of petrol
Ci Ci
I 1

It CI GHz - GHz
I 1 1,2 - di chloro ethane
'
f f
"
4-12 - GHz a

chloro ethane .
§ CHZ - CHZ

¥yq ÷É
7

ethanol
%,
µ(rÑ iron
"
chloro .

gouger
,

Jersey *
Ñ *
.q *
202
.

2602 + 21-120 CHz=CH2 "

4g
/Nica/aµsy
,
,
combustion "

µ
.
"

" • g- 2002 1 1

k^^^°
?g_§?ɧ
" " Cltz CHZ

µÑ
" -

OH OH and
o

Hyenas.in Ethane
%
.

I 1
•IÉ=
1- .

( H2 C -112 "
%
-

Ethane 1,2 - diol .

*
É= ;q .

It OH
•
> used in car radiator . 1 I
•
> used to make CHZ - CHZ
polyester .

ethanol .
Examinerthpproach :
-

1)
n
"
602+511-20
%

Éi÷÷÷
t
g

µr"^°
: "

a-
OH
.gg f- Cl

¥-01T "

"

Ff
←- H
 i' it
GHz - C - GHz
,
1-10 It
2) ACH} Gl

GHz -
I
C -
I
GHz Hg -
% ditz
1

1 I
>
CH3 r
% Cd
" 01+3
,
É /
⑦ ,

130oz en ,g
443
( Hz -
C =CHz
"

µgytM° 2-

melñylpropene
%
811mi
1-
g
OH OH it it
1
City -

g-
ditz GHz
-4-111-2
lH3
CHZ
3) CI CI
it
it
61-13 -
1
CH - CH -
61-13 a
GHz # IH
- H - -
6h3

yuk
"

r
% uÑÑ
¥14s .
yngi;D
a.
%% .

( Hz -11-1=4-1-111-3

"
but - 2- ene

,ggµµrtidal0
@
"
"
"
"
9/30,g
Ydration .

, H OH
OH
OH I 1
I 1
GHz - CH - CH -
01-13
GHz - GH - CH - GHz *
* *
 Mechanism with chlorine
gas
.

induced due 15
Chlorine exhibits
dipole
GH
H
the Pi bond
-
presence of
1¥
.

1%+7
1) ft .
8- +
ci
ci .
y + H
Y C H
- -
-
- -

C 1
/ " H H
It it
✓ intermediate carbocation
pi bond of
.

ethene reacts ✓ acts

electrophile
as an .

xuilñ electron deficient a. so that -

a dative bond is formed
btw carbon and chlorine .

ion

2)
chloridereact ÑÑ
GI GI
win
intermediate'h°^
GI "
1 1 11
E- it É
carbocationformed
"

y
it -
- + -
H -
C- u - H
I 1
I 1 is

product
, "
H H
 "
"
Clz ,
1-120

lone
"
both
Mechanism milk and
pair ofethene
oxygen
Aqueous chlorine
pi elections
of
electronic
ulsion
will
experience
key
>
,
so
they will not react .

" It
1) \ / Cl

, I *
8-1 E-
Ci
•

11: # a - + H -

f - c - H

t.it !
/ ← intermediate carbocation
it it
which will serve as an

electrophile .

it
÷ Ñ i
' '
' i +
2) H o H it
y c- o
- -
- -
-
-
, l " l
H H Oxonian ion
it H it .

lone
pair of oxygen
reacts with electron deficient carbon ,
so

that dative bond is

formed b/w carbon and
a
oxygen .

thus Oxonium ion are formed .

?⃝
 41 H
41 OH

3)
H -

y -
d
I
-

§%É Ci
-

reacts with
Hei +

-11in
H -
c
1
H
- i
I
- it
.

H it it
to
It
electrons
It
major
give Hei the
pullsneutralise product
oxygen and
. .

Examiner
Approach :
- of Hydrogen its -
+ we
change .

GI

ÉÉz
11 Cl
1 I 1
Caz - GHz -
GHz minor
-

product .
 Mechanism Keith Steam

"
8-1 8-

E-
" It
" °"

pro i
-
±, • 1-
→

! Y
' + " "
"
%
-

"
lost
- -

0 OH
o
,
- -
it
H
intermediate
carbocation .

"
Cltz
ÉH€Hz• - 611-3 GHz
+
O it
1g
- - -
-

,
1
it Oxonian ion .

É
HO OH

Pf?
3) - -
GHz -11-12 p
- + CHZCHZOH
OF \
-

1 OH
H
 Mechanism Milli Hit

" " It
-
e i
:# i :-&
In
•
H
-
-
C - C - it + ci
°
-
W I
It
1
It
/
It It

intermediate carbocation .

2)
+
#
GHz - GHz + [I _ CHzGHz -61
 Reaction Gii )
of potassium manganate with Alkene

A) Under cold dilute KMnoq

OH
OH

H+ 1
Y
\ /

,c=c ,
+
kmnoq-c.gs Y -

,
(diols) .

OH
I YH
° >
CH3CH=CHz -
CH 3 -
CH - CH z or cH3CH(OH )CH2OH
*

0,1-1 pH
>
• (
Hz -
GHz -
CH -_
GHz - GHz -
CHZ -
CH -
CH z or
*

CHzbltz.CH/oH)CHz0H
 101-1
• > OH

Cltz -
CH = CH - CH 3
-
C -113 -
ICH - CH - CH }
*
*

Cl-13 CH (OH )CH(OH )LH3

o 7 41+3 YH
GHz - C = ( H2 - GHz - C CHZOH
-

1
or

Gt3
¢43)zc(0H ) CHZOH .

"

(¥0
• >
-

⇐ OH
OH

→
-
Eti -
- +
 B) under hot concentrated K^An0a
-

1) R\
C = ( H2 -
R -
COOH + coz + H2O
/
µ
carboxylic
acid .

27
R 0

\c=CHz - R -
Y - R + CO2 + H2O
/
R ketone
If :

( 1-13 CH=CHz
-
>
cH3 - COOH + CO2 1- H2O -

H2O
111-361-1261-1=11+2 -
CH -3GHz COOH +
coz + .

acid
lHzCH=GHCHz - ZCHZCOOH
only ethanoic
is
formed .

( 1+3)zG==lHz _
CHS -
É - Cltz +
coz + H2O .

i
CH3CH=C¢H3)z a
,
01+30001-1 + cH3 -
C -
CH -3
1- ✗ cook
1-
-- - -

>
COOH

GHz = CH - GH = GHz ,
2 Coz + 2h20 +
§? ?

1-1000
""

[-14
\
- - -
F. F
.

"
{
°°
T CH3CH= CHGHZCHZOH ,
611-3 COOH +

GHz
I
Coolt

Xy
OH COOH
↳ -

I 1 coat

I
:#
1
[
-
+
COOH
COOH

ooh

+ Coo H

f
-

COOH .

-¥÷¥f
1-1000*2
-

- cook
-¥☒¥•⇐
f
→

CH} -
o
"
C -
C -112 - Cltz -
GH -
CHZ -
cook 1-
Coz -1110
.

11
÷
61+3

CH3COCHzCHzCH( CHZCOOH
) COCH 3 .
 "
larkonikoff rule

part ( electrophile)
In
✓
unsymmetrical
an
,
+ ve
of
bonded
unsymmetrical reagent goes
to that double
cavknalim-swheewe.tn are more
hydrogens .

unsymmetrical
HH HBR HI , H2O
reagent : , ,
.

" H
"
3°
c=d HI
-

HE /

Unsymmetrical
- -
alkene = e = ,
'
H
'
H / \H
µ
but 1- ene
propene
-
.

Hz " "

=j
-

c.
' '
It
Hzc
2-
methyl propene .
 Example 4 it
> Cltz CH - CH 2
major
product
-

2- chloro
propane
GHZCH = Cltz + HCl

it Y
CH 3 - CH - CH z minor

product
>
.

Explanation
A +
✓ GHz - CH = CH z - Cltz -
ÉH - GHz
carbocation
primary
.

A. +
✓ Cltz -
CH =
GHz -
l
Hz - CH - THz
secondary primary carbocation is more
carbocation b/c Secondary carbocation .

stable than
of the + ve inductive effect of
two election hence
donating alkyl group .
2- Chloro
propane would be 1h5
major product .
 chemistvyofat.com#
attached the side
Jf OH is to chain
of the
group
• i

then called
carbon atom
compound
the class is
,
of
aliphatic alcohol .

0,1-1
Foy
'

.
-

cH3OH .
611-3617204 ,
cH3 - CH -
GHz
methanol ethanol -2-01
prop
an .

• >
of OH
group
is
directly attached to the benzene
ring
then the Glass of compound is called phenol .

-0A

If
:

phenol .

• >
phenol is not an alcohol , b/c phenol is acidic
nNhi1e alcohol are neutral .
 alcohols three
:
Aliphatic are
of liypes
• .

as alcohol compound contain

primary CHZOH
group
-
.

1°
H

Ecf
" 1
CHZ OH
y
- -

OH

in
secondary alcohol
compounds contain - -

group
.

2°
Ey 411-3
: -

GHz - C -
OH
I
H
 alcohol
Tertiary
•
7

3°

Eg : - 611-3
I N01 : .

lH3 -
C - OH

I
✓ GI
-
OH 2° alcohol .

GHz

"

✓
f 3° alcohol .

✓ 1° alcohol .
•
> all alcohols are soluble in water b/c of H -

bonding .

chain alcohols (
>
long having more carbon atoms ) are less
•

soluble in water thin short chain alcohols ( having less

carbon atom
) due to
hydrophobic
strong character
water )
character ( repelling .

"
"

CH3CH2 OH V15 EH 3 CHZCHZCHZCHZCHZOH

✓ less Carbon atom ✓ more carbon a 15ms .

✓
Strong
( water
hydrophilic character ✓
hydrophobic
strong Character
attracting 9

highly soluble
.

✓
less soluble
.

✓ .
 Dehydration of alcohol

H+ CH3CH2ÉHz
+

CH3CH20H + → →
CH> Eltz → c. 1-12=61-12+1-1 .

1-

✓ Clt -301+201-1 → CH3CHz → GHZ = GHz .

✓
CH3GH2CH2 OH - CH3CH2ÑH2 → CH-361-1=61-12
.

OH
I
✓ GHz - CH - CH} cH3 -
ÉH - C -113 → GHzCH=CHz
-
✓ GHz - CHZ - GHz -
GHz - OH →
CH3GHzCH2ÉH2 → CH3GHzCH=CHz .

OH

✓ GHz -
IH -
GHz -111-3 - GHz -
ÉH - GHz -61+3

"
+

CH2=CHCH2lH3 GH3CH=CHCH3
but - 1- ene but - z - ene .
 01-13 (
1+3
I 1 iH3
✓ GHz -
C - OH
→ Cltz - C+ - CH3 - C = CH

l l

methyl propane
2-
GHz
.

GHz

hot cone .

"
→
^^noq .

cH3 -
É -
CH -3 1- coz + H2O .

EI
✓

HO Hzl +

,
CHZOH 1-1011-20 CHZ
, , /
, , no v. ✗ n
→ \ .

/
1-101-120 \GHzOH HOHE
/ \
64204
 OH
I
CH3 - CH - C -112 -
CHZ - CH 3
Penton -2 -01 .

1.
+

CH3 - GH - GHz - GHz -611-3

I
☒ *

CH3GH=CHCH2CH3
lit 2=61+61+211+2643
pent - 2- ene .

1- ene
pent
-
.

I 1
greatest alkenes
.

noof -
trans
pent - 2- ene .

cis
pent
- 2- ene
 Reaction ethanol Misty
of .

fumes misty
CH3CH2C1 + HII +5oz fumes .

Test
for alcohol .

GHZG -11211 1- HGI -1 Politz

Chloroelñane
2CHzCH2ÉÑa + 1+2
y
Chloro ethane .

Sodium elñoxide r2
of
%
q
☒
"
gp×uÑ ""
"
%, g
§ µ "
"
61-1311-120 + H2O

'µµ.H2b°
"
" Chloroelñane
°
" esesy o puts heat
Caz
"
% " % n
GHz GHz
.

+3600A
- c - O - -

All
2

heap
'

Conc -1s

elh-ylelh-anoa.li
,

( 11-2504
catalyst,
.

241-3-611-20 "
" I0Ñ CHI , HaoJNÉ
.HZb° "
> +

'
& +
" iodoform
gone
,zjc
-

§ %
"
" yellow ppt .

41A
,

DÑ
%%×
,
H2O +
CH2= Cltz O

ethene .

L
N
a heap
u
HOD +
lHzCH2OD '

r ne CHZCOOH

elh-anoioacid.GHzlHOCH3GDOH-flu-CH3.CI
purple "
-10
ethanol
to
colorless
acid distill the
.

elñanoii
compound
"

orangetogreen .
 Mechanism with HCl

lone ethanol wiiñ

pair of react
in
oxygen
✓

dative bond
electron deficient
Hydrogen im
,
as a result

is formed btw oxygen

and
hydrogen .

2,8-1
bH3 - GHz - O -
H + H
our-
Gl
-
cH3GH2
r
-

¥-1
th
-
H + ci

SN reaction
hi
.

pulls carbon y
oxygen from and
electrons
product
Clt 3611-261 + 11-20 .

that
formed
- .

so
is
water
 Test alcohols
for

dichromate (ri ) deist

A)
potassium

primary alcohol -
aldehyde .

-
CHZOH →
- CHO

EY
:
-

OH OH
I
Cha -
kHz -
H -
?
1
C -
?
Il

-
H

ethane dial
 Secondary alcohol →
Ketone .

"
i
- bit -
- -
! -

Eof
OH
:- o
l
11
GHz - GH - GHz -
C-113 - G -
CH 3 .

Eof 5-7=0
:- → it -

alcohol reaction
Tertiary
no .
-

They
do not have
Hydrogen ,
so
they
can't oxidised .
 iodoform list

Iz

]
a)
reagent
=
alkaline
aq
. iodine .

b) NaOH

condition =
heat .

Oxidation
type of reaction = .

observation
Yellow ppt
= • > .

• >
antiseptic smell .

alcohol
primary .

only
ethanol
gives
+ ve test
of iodoform .

Cttz CHZOH -
CHI } + HCOOH

yellow ppt
tri it do methane
µcooµ + NaOH → H2O + HCOJÑA
 OH

secondary alcohol .

gf cuz -
a'*
group present
is
,
then it built

list
give
+ ve
of iodoform
.

Fay :-

611-3 -
pH
GH - GHz - GHI } + CH3 COOH

fellow ppt .

GHz COOH + NAOH →

CH3cÑON+a + H2O .

pH
¥
: -

GHz -
1H -
GHz -
GHz y
GH I3 -1
GHz GHz COOH

fellow
ppt .

CHZCHZCOOH + NaOH → CH3fHzC0 -0M£ + 11-20 .

 OH

GHICA -4+2-4+3
Foy
:- 61-13 -
no reaction
-
.

alcohol
Tertiary duels the absence
of hydrogen
can not oxidised .

lucas list
lucas Ln /
reagent
= conc .
Hot .

alcohol cloudiness
appear after long line
primary
= a .

Secondary alcohol : cloudiness

appears
Krithia
few minutes .

cloudiness
Tertiary
alcohol =

appears immediately .
NOTF-elh-anot.is weaker acid than water .

Eof
: -

8-
Cltz - CHz→O -
H ✗
Is Hzo

electron
• >

alkyl group
is
donating group
inductive
.

This
alkylelectrons effect
has
group
→ + ve .

donate towards -15m

oxygen
•
> .

• > this increases the electronic

density of
oxygen .

neiebiihib the
• >
Why oxygen ,
cannot
pull
electrons
of hydrogen ,

• i thus ionisation
of hydrogen is
gonna
be
difficult .
 halide
Chemistry of alkyl
• >
If halogen C- × ) is attached to the side chain

of is the carbon atom ,

then the class
of compound
called halide
aliphatic alkyl .

Bv

Ff
"
CH 341 ,
CH 301-1261
,
GHz -
IH - C -113

chloro methane chloro ethane 2- bromo

propane
- .

• >
of halogen is
directly
class
attached to the benzene

ring
,
then the
of compound
'
is called
aromatic halide aryl halide
alkyl
or .

F
-

{IT " chlorobenzene

0¥
.

↳ Hit
 >
Aliphatic alkyl halides reactive
•
are more

than aromatic
alkyl halide
b/c C- ✗ bond is

polar .

aromatic halide chemical unreactive

>
alkyl are
y
•

and inert b/c of ,

the oscillation
of pi bond C- ✗
,

bond is not
polar .

Eof :
FOI
-

-
it + NaOH →

☒ - a +

Agat Oz →

city -4 + NAOH →
 halides three
•
>
aliphatic alkyl are
of different types .

halide
a)
primary alkyl
10
:
of
-

it b) halide
Hzc -
c - ✗ Secondary alkyl
2°
It !
egg
-

41+3
111-3 -
C - X

halide !
Tertiary alkyl
c)

3°
✗ = Cl ,
Brr, I .

egg
:-
41+3
Gt3 -

g
-
✗ Eof "

Ej
"
2°

GHz 2° , 3°
,
 halides
>
reactivity of alkyl
•
.

" atomic size

CH3CH2F R
of halogenincreases
•
-
F C -
F increases .

bond
length
•
> c- ✗
GHz f. HZCI
.

R -
Gl C- Cl

• > covalent bond is weaker .

CHzCHzBr R - Br C - Br
•
> orbitals do not overlap ed to
the maximum extent
bH3CH2I R I c- I
.
-

° > less bond energy value .

>
heactivilyinereases
•
.

R - F ( R - Cl ( R -
Br 1- R -
I

increasing
order
of reactivity .
 halides
→ Test
for alkyl
.

acidified solution Ammonia

halide aq .

alkyl
.

of silver nitrate

R -
Ci While
ppt laetrile ppt dissolve
appear . and a colorless Sohn .

is observed .

creamy ppt partially soluble

r
- Br .

appear
.

insoluble
Yellow ppt
.

R I
.

appear:
quickest
ppt formed
"
 halide
undergoes two different bytes
alkyl
• >

of reaction .

a) elimination reaction .

↳
also called
ofltx
"
removal ,

dehydro halogenation
"

b) nucleophilic substitution reaction .

✗ ✗

Uni molecular
bimolecular
nucleophilic substitution
nucleophilic
reaction
Substitution reaction
.

( SM )
.

rxn

)
( stearin
,
a) elimination reaction

reagents czH50H
/ sodium hydroxideof
ethanol :c Solution
= a>

b) NaOH -
.

Equation :

611-361-1204 + NaOH → H2o -1 cH3CHzEÑa

Sodinnmelñoxide
heat
.

condition :
.

nucleophile =
-3611-25/621-155
CH

product :
Alkene .

"

elimination takes place from

always
* , the

hydrogen of B-carbon -15m .

"
 B a

ÉJ :
( H2
-

-
Uta - G1
✓ Ot
- Cz 1+501+-1 NaCl +
GH=CH2
ethene
It
.

g
621150

÷
( is
Eof :-P
( H2 -
CH -111-3
P
→ C. 21750A 1- NAGI + GHz = CH -
CH 3

128-1 or

It
< CH = CH 2
Hz
g
-

propene
.

( 2h50
?⃝
Eg :- B
611-3
p GHz
GHz -46+-1%4 → 6211-504 + Ma Br -1 GHz - C =
GHz

P
iii. *

G
C 2h50
o

Ef
-

BE
:-

BY
1 p p [ Is
8+111-2 -
CH -

CHI ¥-2 → 2M ABV

+ 21245011--1 ( H2 = CH -
CH
-11g
a 4 1
It It

is "

F- ✗ can solution
1211-50 12h50 einauohio "

is
used
Ig :
¥5
/ TV - czltsolt +
Nau +

1%-50 cyclohexane .

Eg
g-
:

p its
GH -411-11+2 -
GHz cH3 - CH
_qqH - 61+3
Era "
H S
↳ H5% 1245 -0

+
2

GHz - CH __ CH -
Gt3
CH -2=61+-11+2 - CH -3
b) bimolecular nucleophilic substitution rxn
⇐ Nz)
likes
place halide
primary alkyl
• > in .

•
> two molecules are involved in this reaction ,
hence
called SN z r ✗n .

It is reaction
> a one
step
• .

attacking of nucleophile ejection of halide

° > and ion

takes
place Simultaneously .

• >

graph of one
hump is obtained .

be
stronger
than
>

attacking nucleophile must

•

the
leaving group ( halide ion )
(NH 3 , H2O, CÑ Ott , ,
12h50 )
 to minimise the electronic
>

repulsion nucleophile
•
,

side
always react
from the
opposite of partial ,

carbon
positive .

transition state
>
pentavalent is
formed
•
.

i
:&
:-

( 1-13 CHZBV + NaOH _É> CHzCHz OH 1- Na Br .

bromo ethane ethanol .

 Mechanism

4µg/ |
H
H "
H
\
BE -
, , ,, , , c
y
,, , , , ,
By Bj +
↳ ago,
U

trans;ti GHz leaving

group
6173 .

OH substrate ±
pentavalent
Nucleophile bond state
bond
shortening
^
e

qengthening
n .

e
r
g.mg ,µzB , rate
g
+ • >
of rxn

the

ftp.j?...,
, ,,, ,µzgµ , g, depends on

cone boiññiu and

of
-

substrate .
?⃝
 Uni molecular
nucleophilic substitution Rxn .

( HD
takes halide
•
>
place in
tertiary alkyl .

Solvent used bond

• >
is to
polaris e c- ✗ .

It Kuo reaction
> is a
step
• .

° >

graph of lino
bumps is obtained .

carbocation and
•
,
tertiary is
formed it will serve

as an intermediate .

is slow
>

step step and so can

find the
•
it we
,

of
rate reaction .

molecule involved in slow

only step
•
> one is ran
,

thus it is represented by SMI Mechanism .

 :-
y 41-13 GHz
GHz -

f Bv
-
+ NaOH - GHz -
I -
OH + NaBr .

I
61+3 GHz

2- bromo 2-
methyl-2-01
2-
methyl propane.

propan
.

Mechanism

i'+3
( slow slip )
"
01+3-8+-134 Bi +
H§\gyGH3
IU ,
"

GHz intermedia# Zcauboeation

"

Which is stabilised due 15

+ veinductive effect of electron
donating
alkyl groups
"

.
 h

m
a) ( fast slip ) e

"
g
zb Gt3

? +

,
/
41-13 Y

[]
r
Cltz
q
OH
y
-
.
- -

>
OH GHz Rxn
E. F.
-
progress .

50% 50%
oy . 1- D , -
1- isomers are
formed .

ÉH This mixture is called recension

mixture or
equi molar mixture .

• , Intermediate electron deficient carbon

hybridise d.
'
is
sp
only depends
rate the cone
• >

of vxn on
of
.

halide has to-do

nothing
of oil ions
alkyl
. bone -

Kiki rate reaction

of .
 NOTE
n.fi :

1) CC / q + oit → .
iii-c-fi.io?i
- -

:c
.
! :

surrounded lone it
chlorine by pair
so
is ,

will electronic hence

experience repulsion .

hrxn Can not takes

place .

01

2) lltllz +
o-H-n.ci + it -

&once -

i
'

C. I -
C -
H + OTT -

:
 I
3) -43
SN z V ✗ N -

dt-iid-soii.TV
CH} -

lH3
alkyl groups are

bulkygroups they
,
1min not

provide enough space for the

libation hence likes

,
rxn Can not
place .

both
Secondary alkyl halide
undergoes
-

4) saz

and 5N , .
 substitution :
Nucleophilic reaction

CH 3GHz 2001-1-1 MHz CH3CHz0H + Nall

propanoio
acid ethanol

g§r
.
.

CHzGHz0H HGI
Hlllaq , + +

1-130+1 aqj If "

ethanol .

dilute
heat
¥jTÉ
-

o till i
r
"
dilute H2s°
n
§
O '
O WO
E
solvent
cyano ethane
61-1361-126^1 <
KCN / c. 21-1501-1
CHZCHZCI
nitrile reflux %
propane sty uprxn
> §
.
,

sea?¥s

;iÉ:&µÉ
or

E-
Mole s¥%,
S
I
§ ,

"
¥ ! É&
In

"
%:
v
6 .HzGHzNHz + HGI
lH3CHzGHzNHz
GHz
CH2
aminoeinane
=

amino
propane
.

ethene
 Mechanism Keith ammonia .

s+ -
H
UH 3GHz - CI
H
[ GHz
GHZNHZ
CH 3 GHz -
-
HCl -1
>

"
ii. 1+3

chloride ion reacts

lone
pair of nitrogen keirin H+ ion
toque
deficient
,
reacts wiiñ electron
take
nitrogen
HU , will
carbon so that -
a dative bond
electron
from
,
the
is
formed b/w carbon and
nitrogen .

hydrogen and neutralise ,

its + ve
change .
?⃝
 chemistry of carbonyl compounds
If CHO is attached to the tide chain
group
• >

called
of carbon atom ,
then it is
aliphatic
aldehyde
:-
except methanol ( Homo)
it % H
:
y
- -

CH 3 -
C - H C Hzcltz CHO
,

ethanol
propanol .

• >
Ifthin CHO

group
is
directly attached to the benzene
ring
class
compound called aromatic
aldehyde
is
the of .

H ☒-01+0
"

benzaldehyde .
 attached
• i
If -
co -

group
is to the side chain
of carbon
atom , then the class of compound is called
ketone
aliphatic .

" %
Cltz -
C - GHz
propanone .

GHz -
É -
GHz -
CH3 butanone .

to
directly
Ibi
>
If co
groupthen
is attached
•
- -

benzene -

ring .
the class
of compound is

called aromatic ketone .

!
"
"

5¥ Accelñphenone
:

eg
-

- ca,
 •
>
aldehyde and ketone are also called
carbonyl comp
.

b/c of the
presence of carbonyl group .

I 0

GHz -
C -
H e Hz -
% - UH }

ein-arx.pro/panone
carbonyl
group
.

•
>
aldehyde and ketone exist in
four different
types of reactions .

addition reaction
a)
nucleophilic .

b) reduction .

c) Oxidation .

d) Condensation .
a)
Nucleophilic addition reaction .

Aldehyde
reagents
: a) citzcito ethanol .

b) HCN ( vieeakoacid )
condition : ✓ heat -

it also increases the

catalyst Naan
,{ ]
✓ =

Civ ion in the

cone
of
-

Solution .

product formed cyanohydrin .[attached -1

If and OH civ is

]
-
-

.
the same
CN carbon
structure
of product
.

=
↳
GHz H
Y
- -

OH

Equation .

CH3GHO + HCN
¥ > GH3GH(OH )CN
E-
hydroxy propane nitrile .
 Mechanism :-

1) Nacht
_
Not +
CÑ .

d-
[ is
2)
CH3-%ff-tt.CN -
C -113 -

y
H
-
CN

intermediate
recharge
• > carries - .

•
> a new c- one bond is
formed .

• >
Carbonyl carbon is
planar ,
so EN will react
from
either side of the carbonation ,
this
equi molar
mixture is obtained
cHz_Ñ+→H+_cÑ
g.
.
OH

3) →
in + cH3 -
IH - cm .

u
4) Nat + cÑ - Nacre
ketone

reagents
=
a) CH3coGH3

b) HCN

condition :

✓ heat .

✓
catalyst Nacht
= .

product formed =

cyanohydrin .

pH
CN

of product
EH,
structure -4
-
=

CH 3

Equation É
:

lHz- -
Utz + How "→ 41+3)i( OH)cN .

heat
hydroxy
.

2- methyl 2-

propane nitrite .
 Mechanism

1) Nacht
-
moi +
civ .

d-
c- is
2) CH3 -

¥tzÉN -
C -113 - C
,
CH 3
-
CN

intermediate
recharge
° > carries - .

•
> a new c- one bond is
formed .

• >
Carbonyl carbon is
planar ,
so EN will react
from
either side of the carbonation ,
this
equi molar
mixture is obtained .
OH

3) CH , -
cÑ →
in + cars -
I -- cm .

✓
,
ditz 4+3
4) Nat + CI - Nacre
 b) condensation reaction :

Aldehyde
H

1) GHz -
=O + It -2N -
MHz - H2O -1 C -113 - d=N - MHz

hydrazine hydrazone .

%
It

2) GHz -
# 0 + 1-1211 - OH -
H2O 1-
CHZ -
D= N -
OH

hydro ✗ amine oximes .

Z)
It v02
H
1402

( Hz -6=00--1 - NH -

Moz -1-120-1 Cltz I -

-_ N - MH
-- Moz
2,4 dinitro
yellow-Orange ppt
.
-

phenyl hydrazine Test

for
2,4 -
or

D. NPH
aldehyde .
 ketone

61-13
CH3
I
1) CHZ - C = 0 + It -2N -
MHz → H2O -1 C -113 - d=N - MHz

hydrazine hydrazone .

CH3 Cltz

2) GHz -6--0 + 1-1214 - OH →

H2O 1-
CHZ -
D= N -
OH

hydro ✗ amine oximes .

lH3 N°2
Moz
Cttz
3)
CHZ -
✓ =⑥ -1 - NH -

Moz -1-120-1 CH} -

É=N - MH
_- Moz
2,4 dinitro
yellow-Orange ppt
.
-

phenyl hydrazine Test

for ketone
Or

2,4 -
D. NPH
c) Oxidation Reaction .

Aldehyde
oxidation in
s R - COOH

[
"" " " ""

R -
CHO

É→ RcoE
alkaline medium
salt
of carboxylic acid .

R -
CHO + 1-120 →
RCOOH + 21-1+-1 Zé

R CHO
- + 30TH →
Root + zitzo + Zé
1) lntitñ 14268207 / H+ : -

color
before reaction =

orange
.

color reaction
after green
:
.

Aldehyde rxn take >

place
.
=

Ketone cannot takes

place
: rxn .

2-

( 8207 + 14 H+ +
6¢ → 22hr3# + 7h20 .

)
"

3 RCHO + H2O → RCOOH + ZH + ZI

2- 3-1

Cr20q + ZRCHO + pµ+ → 2cg + 3. RCOOH + 4h20

AME .

Oxidised =
aldehyde .

Test
reduced =
Crzoit .
for
type of rxn = redox .
aldehyde .
 Totten's NH40H
reagent Agnos
27

g 9
•

•
:

>
mixture

di ammine
of silver
Silver ( I ) ion
nitrate and ammonium
.
hydroxide .

Totten 's
• >
[ Ag(NH3)z]+ reagent
oxidising
.
is a weak

nitrate
> ammonia at Silver
agent
.
• .

2- (
Ag ( MHz )z ] +
¢ →

Ag * 2MHz .

RCHO + 301T →
RCOJ + 211-20 +
2¢

2[Ag(NH3)if++ RCHO + 30% → RCOJ + 211-20

-12dg
f
+ 4MHz

Ans .

Silver
aldehyde will mirror
0 > = rxn occur .
.

Ketone Test
not takes place for
> =
can
•
rxn . -

oxidised :
aldehyde .

aldehyde .

reduced :
Agt ions .
 3)
felling reagent
aldehyde
Will takes
= rxn
place .

Ketone not takes

= vxn can
place
.

before reaction : blue solution .

after reaction = colorless solution .

mixture
>
of Cusoq and sodium
hydroxideblue
•
.

a > In
we
order to
need to add
prevent the
formation of
la-rtaraliio.rs
ppt .

_ofcu(0H)z ,

"

2cm + 20TH +25 - Cuzo + 1-120 .

RCHO -1 30ft →
RCOÉ + 21-120-1 ZE

"
RCHO + 2GW -1 501T → RcoE + CMZO + 3h20

:(1) oxide
copper
red
ppt .
4) iodoform reaction
alkaline
aqueous
/ Izcaa ) Izcaq , /bit
reagent
= NaOH or iodine .

condition :
heat .

type of reaction = Oxidation .

observation as
yellow ppt
'

b) antiseptic smell .

in
aldehyde ethanol list
of iodoform
only gives
+ ve .

b/c Casco
group
is
present .

%
( Hz -
C - H CHI z * HCOOH
>

fellow ppt-melh-anoica.io .

triiodomelhane
HCOOH + NaOH -
HCOO Ma + H2O

sodium melñanoate .
 In ketone is
If cH3co
group present lñgalhér
thin
They will
give
+ ve best
of iodoform
-
.
.

@ Y

%
CH } -
C - GHz -
CHI z t GHz COOH

acid
yellow ppt eihanoio .
.

Cltzcoolt + NAOH CH3 Cooma + H2O .

ay
%
GHz - C -
Cha GHz
-
✗
CHI'S + CH3CHz COOH

ppt.pro/sanoicacidCH3CH2CO0H+NaOH-C1tzCH2C0ONa fellow
+ H2O .

:
• Y CHI - Cltz - b - GHz -
GHz →,
no ✓ ✗ n .
d) reduction reaction .

Lithium Aluminium hydride

Strong reducing agent diA1Hq
= .

in
dry ether .

Sodium
live.at
reducing agent :

borohydride .
Habitat
methanol .
in

In
aldehyde
CH } -
É - it + NAB -114 É% cH3CH20H

OR

CHZCHO + 2[ It ] - CH3CH20H
In ketone
OH
%
GHz -
O -
CH} + NaBH4 ÉÑl GHz -
1
CH -
CH}

OR

61+36001-13 + 2[ H ] - CH3CH(OH)EH3
 II. Aldol Condensation
OH

2GHz CHO É > cH3 -

IH - GHz - CHO .

t,
| cont .

11-250-4

to

GHz = CH C H2 - CHO C -113 GH = CH - CHO

Mechanism
- - .

qq.lt#H-Tt-Hzo-c-HzCHO
1)

nucleophile .

8- £
27 Cltz -

-HtÉH2CHO → CH3 -
IH - CHZCHO

?ÉIÉ→¥o§j
OH

3)
GHz
OH-i-CHz-IH-IHZCHO.vn →
?⃝
 acid
Chemistry of carboxylic
attached
°
> If oooh
groupthen
is
directly to the
class
benzene
ring ,
the
of compound is

called aromatic
carboxylic acid .

"

{- COOH benzoic acid -

attached to the side chain

° >
If Coon
group
is

the
of called
Carbon atom ,
then the class
of compound is

carboxylic acid
aliphatic except
melñanoic acid ( " °o° " )
%
'

µ -
- OH

Ig %
:
-

GHz - -
OH ,
CH3GHz COOH

etñanoio acid acid

propanoio
 Reactions
carboxylic
acid
of test
for
I o
carboxylic
acid -

Gt3 - G - Ova + H2O 11

CICHZCOOH + CIZCHCOOH GHz - C -
014A 1- CO2 -11-120
^ >
Sodium
-

l /zc COOH + ethanoalé

's

I
5¥
og
,
§
I
yogi
23¢ 0
0
Pots
LiA1Hq 11 .
rtp glitz i -
- Ci + All + Poll}
GHz CHZOH < 2CH3 C- OH

dry egger
- -

ethanol
in
elñanoyl
§ chloride

%4a.gg
.

*
" §

µa;÷ñ
e-
÷¥
,
,

?i
I City -
C- Cl +502+11-11
Gt3 O - H

ethanol
-

ethanol ?
i
Chloride
.

211-13 - C- Oma + Hz .

Test for
carboxy ! ! :D
 Chemistry of esters

• > Numen alcohol and

carboxylic acid react
hiqalher
then ester is this is
formed .

process
called

esterification .

° > condition : a) heat

b) Conc .

1+2504 .
(catalyst)

Eof :
-

• Y H -
É - OH +
CHZCHZOH x H2O + H -
% - O - GHz - GHz
conc 1+2504
elñylmelhanoale
.

%
OH
• > 11
H - b - OH +
GHZICH -
GHz g H2O + H -

-0-4*1 -
GHz .

GHz
 %
• >
GHz -
C - OH +
11+301+201-1 →Hz0 + 61-13 -
É -
O -
GHz -
GHz

eih-yleth-anoa.IE .

o >
6001-1 OH

GHz
I
CH GHz CH3 GHz
1
CHzCHzCH
É
CH CH }
÷
- - - -1 - -
H2O + -
- o - CH - CH }
>
"

GHz
{ 1+3

,T%_ %
• Y

OH
Hoy °\
-

4+3 x2Hz0 CH } GHz

}
c "
- + CH -
GHz -1 -
-

\ I \
,- ,
OH
HO
Y, %
-

lactic acid 0
diaster
or "
cyclic .

"

CGH 804
2-
hydroxy
propanoiuaoid .
 hydrolysis of ester
concept
bond ester must
acidic
> e o
of
•

medium
-

in
be broken .

ester of
1-1+11+20
→ co
of will
get
01T

reagents : .

Water to
give
cocoa .

condition : heat .

• > 0
of ester will
get
H
of
product formed :
a)
Carboxylic acid water to
give
OH .

b) Alcohol .

in alkaline medium

011/1+20
reagents
=

condition : heat
> Salt acid
products formed :
a

b)
of carboxylic
Alcohol .
.
 :

F o .

:
Cltz - C
8-1
-{É_ CHZ -011-3
( 7 .

8- 8-1
HO - H

↳ !
?
Cltz -
É - OH -1 GHz CHZOH CH} -
2

C- OH 1- CH3CHz0H

*
+
eeiwanoalei Oi,
ion .

↳
y

of +
lH3CH20H
GHz COOH + 01-1301+204
salt
of
acid
carboxylic .
 :'

µ 1h3
1

city
% ,

+ +
c =D
°
-
CHÉ

bH3
✗
| H+ / H2O
heat .
-

1°
"
-
on 1 !
0=4 +
Ho
-

GHz - C - OH

OH
 polymerisation
molecules combined
large
then

lo-gaih-e.rs
• > When small
molecules are formed This is called
process
.

polymerisation .

° > Small molecules are called monomers

molecules
large polymers
• > are called .

• >

polymerisation are
of batolypes .

a) Addition
b) condensation .

Addition
polymerisation .

takes in alkenes
• >
place .

loss
> no
of mass
•
.

• >
polymers are non -

biodegradable , they can not

hydrolyse or
decompose .
 ? 120°
>
Sp
•

a)
poly ethene . > Shorter bond
length
bond
strong
→ .

; It

monomer = ethene .
Structure =L : a

1- '
H

H
it
H
it
structure
:-[ ¥÷-Yµ_÷¥ .
conditions -
-

}
109.5° alkane
✓

high limp .

Sp
•
>

high
, ,

bond
✓
pressure .

→
higher lengthbond catalyst Zeigler Natta
✓ -
-

covalent
-

° > KleaKer .

catalyst
.

Ticlq +421+51,1+1
low
density polyelñene = LDPE .

high density polyelbiene : HDPE .

use =
making of polyelñene bags .
b)
poly propene
GHz H

monomer =
propene
. Structure :

&=iIt
It

:-| !"_ É GHz

;-)
it

structure -
i '
i
combustion
1 ,µ-
'
a
CO2 and H2O
product
=
.
.

making of
use =

chair
a) plastic .

bottle
b) plastic .

window
c) aeroplane .

d) used for alñelelñ mesh

injuries polypxopeae
as

1) unaffected by enzyme .

2) insoluble in heater .

01
long life .
 chloride
c)
polyvinyl
It It
monomer : chloro ethene I 1
or structure -
-
e=c
I 1
chloride
vinyl . it 01

4¥
H H
structure it
,µ_o
±

,
-

÷ ,
-
i
.
combustion
product
-
-

002,1+20,1+4 -

used
making of
the Pvc
use : in
pipes .
 (PTFE )
d)
polyle-lra-flouroelh-e.me "
or
"

Teflon F f

e' =D
monomer :
telrñflouroelñene .
Structure :

¥
F-
F F F F

:-[ I :-&,¥
structure i i
product
-

combustion
-
.
-
-

É
- .

use :

making of cooking utensils .

 Example
Gt3 H 611-3

¥ ¥"£
GHz A

1) CH } - É=cHz -
d -
d
I 1 ,
" c.
4+3

2) It H It It

fc-c-o-o.tn
GHz - CH = CH -
GHz 1 I 1 I

I 1 I
.

H§ GHz GHz GHz

 Infra-red spectroscopy
It used ls detect / functional groups
•
> is
identify lñe

molecules
•
f organic
.

In has to be
• IR
spectrum ,
% transmittance on

y-axis .

and nearer no .
has to be on n - axis .

the
> wave is
reciprocal of wavelength
°
no .
.

of light passing
the
→ i. transmittance is amount
through
the sample .

form of
of spectrum always
peaks in the
appear
• >

trough .

vibration
• > each
trough has specific
covalent bond .
mode
of of
 has two mode
molecule
different of
organic
• >

vibration .

mode vibration
of .

1-

stretching
>

Bending
✗ ~
× ✗

Eoin
×

Rocking wagging twisting ring

it
.

symmetric asymmetric
stretching stretching
"
"
.
these vibrations are IR active
0 >