LESSON 1: ADJECTIVES

CASES OF ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVE – describes a noun or noun phrase NON – GRADABILITY – can’t be compared or

modified
DESCRIPTIVE – attribute certain characteristics
to the object being describe EX: u can’t be a bit dead

EX: beautiful, ugly ORDER – (OSASCOMP) OPINION, SIZE, AGE,

SHAPE, COLOR, ORIGIN, MATERIAL, PURPOSE
QUANTITATIVE – how much or how many there
is to something, indicate more or less EX: My favorite big old square white French
cotton gardening hat
EX: seven pies, few cookies
POSITION – placing of adjective
DEMONSTRATIVE – determiners, identify
particular noun or pronoun 1. ATTRIBUTIVE –placed before the noun

EX: those students EX: the blue sea

PROPER – adjectival form of proper noun 2. PREDICATIVE – placed after the noun
EX: the sea is blue
EX: Japanese dress
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
POSSESSIVE – to whom an object belongs
POSITIVE – simple
EX: my bag
EX: She’s pretty.
INTERROGATIVE – ask question
COMPARATIVE – compare two
EX: wh question
EX: I’m prettier than her.
DISTRIBUTIVE – describe certain objects within
a group of many SUPERLATIVE – compare more than two

EX; each, every, either, neither, any EX: Jae is the most competitive in the class

COMPOUND – two or more words joined RULES:

together sometimes by a hyphen, begins with a
number ends with a noun ONE SYLLABLE - +ER | EST

EX: absent – minded, 8 pages EX: big, bigger, biggest

PROPERTIES OF ADJECTIVES TWO SYLLABE – CHANGE Y TO I ADD ER

GRADABILITY – shows degree of comparison EX: tastier

EX: a bit, very, too, quite THREE SYLLABLE – USE MORE | MOST

EX: more affectionate

 LESSON 2: VERB
VERB - action, occurrence, or state of being
ACTION VERB
- Express either physical or mental activity
1. TRANSITIVE – receiver of action, direct object
EX: Donovan gave his sister a laptop
2. INTRANSITIVE VERB – indirect object
EX: Donovan gave a laptop
LINKING VERB
- Connecting link or establishes an identity
between subject and complement, link
information together rather than express
actions.
EX: be, am, is, are, was, were, been, seem, five
senses
HELPING VERBS
- A verb that is used with another verb to
express person, number, mood, or tense
EX: Is, are, can, will, have, are, must, will be, do,
had, has
MODAL VERBS
- Is used along with a main verb to express
possibility, ability, permission, or necessity
EX: can, may, might, could, should, would, will,
must
REGULAR VERBS
- Adding the suffix - ed or - d to the verb to
switch between tenses
EX: cry – cried, walk – walked
IRREGULAR VERBS
- Verb needs to change its form for the past
tense
EX: slay – slew, cut – cut
VERB FORMS
1. PRESENT (ROOT) FORM OF A VERB - root
form of verb, used originally without any
change into any other form
EX: play, eat and dance
2. SIMPLE PAST FORM OF A VERB - action that
took place in the past or the work that is
already done, adding –ed and -d at the end of
the main or root verb
EX: played, ate, danced
3. PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF A VERB - adding
-ed and -d’ just like simple past but past
participles form of verbs always comes with an
auxiliary verb
EX: have played, will took
4. PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM OF VERB –
adding -ing to the base form
EX: swim- swimming
5. THIRD -PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT FORM –
addition of -s or -es to the base form
EX: swims, teaches
PROPERTIES OF VERBS
1. PERSON - first person (I, we), second person
(you), or third person (they, it she, he). This
property tells us whether the action was taken
by the speaker, the person spoken to, or a
separate third party
2. NUMBER - indicates whether the subject is
singular or plural
3. TENSE - time that the action is happening
4. MOOD - how the action is being expressed
4.1. INDICATIVE MOOD - statement of fact or
when it asks a question
 4.2. IMPERATIVE MOOD – giving commands
4.3. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD - hypothetical
scenarios that peculates about what would
happen.
5. VOICE – indicate relation between the
subjects and object
LESSON 3: TENSE-ASPECT SYSTEM
TENSE - time period in which the verb takes an
action
ASPECT - duration of an event within a
particular tense, describe or understand how an
event unfolds over time
SIMPLE – taking place at the present time (add s
to the verb)
EX: listens, sells
PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE –
Subject + BE + (verb+ing).
EX: Ara will be playing guitar.
PERFECT – Subject + AV + (verb + ed)
EX: Ara had played the guitar.
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) –
Subject + AV + BEEN + (verb + ing)
EX: Ara had been playing the guitar.
SIMPLE TENSE-ASPECT
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE – taking place at the
present time, express habitual actions and facts.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE - definite time in the past
and past facts
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE - didn't happen yet and
will take place in the future
5.1. ACTIVE VOICE - subject of the verb is doing
the action
EX: The author wrote the book
5.2. PASSIVE VOICE - subject of the verb is
having the action done to it
EX: The book is written by the author.
PERFECT TENSE-ASPECTS
PRESENT PERFECT-TENSE - done in the recent
past or that an action still happens at present
Has/have + past participle of the verb
PAST PERFECT-TENSE - an action was completed
before another action took place.
Had + past paritciple
FUTURE PERFECT-TENSE - will take place in
specific time in the future.
Will + have + past participle of the verb
PROGRESSIVE TENSE-ASPECTS
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE - currently
happening
Verb + present AV + main verb with –ing
PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE - happening at some
point in the past
Verb+ past AV + main verb with -ing
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE - will be
happening in a specific time in the future
Will/Shall + be + main verb with –ing

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE-ASPECTS
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE -
started in the past and is continuing at the
present time
Has/have been (verb + ing)
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE - started in
the past continued up until another time in the
past
Had been + (verb + -ing)
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE - will
continue up until a point in the future
Will + have + been + (verb + -ing)
LESSON 4: ADVERBS
ADVERB - modifies a verb, adjective and
another adverb
CLASSES
ADVERBS OF MANNER - how an action is
performed or how something happens
EX: root words + ly
ADVERBS OF DEGREE - expressing extent or
degree
EX: very, too, almost, enough, quite
ADVERBS OF PLACE - location of an action,
movement, distance, and direction
EX: below, between, above, behind, through,
around and so forth
ADVERBS OF TIME - when something happens
EX: later, then, today, weekly, immediately
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY – how often
something happens
1. INDEFINITE - no exact timeframe
2. DEFINITE – precise time
ADVERB OF DURATION - length of time
something happens for
EX: briefly, forever, long, shortly, temporarily
ADVERBS OF PURPOSE - explain why something
is the case
EX: so, since, thus, because,
OTHER TYPES OF ADVERBS
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS - connect two
independent clauses by turning the second
clause into an adverbial modifier of the first
EX: furthermore, moreover, similarly, hence
FOCUSING ADVERBS - particular part of a
sentence
EX: only, just, especially, even, either, neither
INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS – introduce
questions
EX: When, where, why, how
RELATIVE ADVERBS - introduce dependent or
relative clauses
EX: where, when, and why
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Positive - simple base form
EX: hard
Comparative – adding -er to the end of the
adverb
EX: harder
Superlative – adding –est, -e, -st
EX: hardest
SPECIAL USES OF SOME ADVERBS

TOO - negative connotation VERY – positive connotation

EX: You ate too much EX: You are very beautiful

FAIRLY – affirmative RATHER – negative

EX: He’s doing fairly well in school EX: I would rather die than be with you.

BEFORE – time AGO – formal

EX: I’ve never met you before but I EX: We’ve met five years ago
recognize this feeling.
MUCH – degree, negative VERY - high degree, positive
EX: We don’t talk much anymore EX: I’m very excited to meet you.

SO – modify other adjective/adverb QUITE – great degree

EX: Why are you making it sound so EX: Are you quite sure about me?
difficult?