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Image Processing 1
Image Processing 1
• Negative Transformation
• Power Law
• Logarithmic
2. Perform various filters:
• Average
• Gaussian
• Low Pass Filter
• Mean
• Max
• Min
30 28 26
9 11 12
8 6 10
r S = (L-1) – r
6 S = 31 – 6 = 25
1 3 5
8 S = 31 – 8 = 23
9 S = 31 – 9 = 22
22 20 19
10 S = 31 – 10 = 21
11 S = 31 – 11 = 20
23 25 21
12 S = 31 – 12 = 19
26 S = 31 – 26 = 5
28 S = 31 – 28 = 3
30 S = 31 – 30 = 1
Power law, C = 0.8, ɣ = 0.5 [ S = C.r ɣ]
r S = C.r ɣ
6 S = 0.8(60.5) = 1.95 ≅ 2
8 S = 0.8(80.5) = 2.26 ≅ 2 4 4 3
9 S = 0.8(90.5) = 2.40 ≅ 2
10 S = 0.8(100.5) = 2.52 ≅ 3
2 3 3
11 S = 0.8(110.5) = 2.65 ≅ 3
12 S = 0.8(120.5) = 2.77 ≅ 3
2 2 3
26 S = 0.8(260.5) = 3.26 ≅ 3
28 S = 0.8(280.5) = 4.23 ≅ 4
30 S = 0.8(300.5) = 4.38 ≅ 4
r S = C log(r-1)
30 30 30
30 30 30
30 30 30
Min [6,8,9,10,11,12,26,28,30]
6 6 6
6 6 6
6 6 6
Median [6,8,9,10,11,12,26,28,30]
11 11 11
11 11 11
11 11 11
1 1 1
1 1 1 X [1/9]
1 1 1
(30+28+26+9+11+12+8+6+10)/9 = 15.55 ≅ 16
Gaussian Filter,3*3
1 2 1
2 4 2
X [1/16]
1 2 1
(30+56+26+18+44+24+8+12+10)/16 = 14.25 ≅ 14
1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0
r >= 4
L = 32
S = L-1 ; r >= 4
0 ; Otherwise
r S
6 31
8 31 31 31 31
9 31
10 31
31 31 31
11 31
12 31
31 31 31
26 31
28 31
30 31
Intensity level slicing with and without background, 3>=r>=5
Without Background
S = L-1 ; 3>=r>=5
0 ; Otherwise
L = 32
r S
6 0
8 0
9 0 0 0 0
10 0
11 0 0 0 0
12 0
26 0
0 0 0
28 0
30 0
Intensity Level Slicing with Background
S = L-1 ; 3>=r>=5
r ; Otherwise
30 28 26
L = 32
r S
9 11 12
6 6
8 8
9 9 8 6 10
10 10
11 11
12 12
26 26
28 28
30 30
Histogram Stretching g(x,y) = [(f(x,y) - fmin)/(fmax – fmin)] * 2bpp
2bpp = 32
fmin = 6, fmax = 30
34 64 22 42
16 4 3 6
24 2 19 18
42 30 24 21
αr ; 0 <= r < 12
S = β(r – r1) + s1 ; 12 <= r < 30
ɣ(r – r2) + s2 ; 30 <= r <= 127
r S
34 30
64 61
22 23
42 38 30 61 23 38
16 21
4 7 21 7 5 10
3 5
6 10 30 3 35 28
24 30
2 3 38 26 30 29
19 35
18 28
42 38
30 26
24 30
21 29
Histogram Equalisation:
(L-1) Freq
0 500
1 600
2 450
3 300
4 200
5 560
6 290
7 300
(L-1) NSK
0 0
1 500
2 600
3 450
5 0
7 300