Chapter No: 17 1

Chapter No: 17 COORDINATION AND CONTROL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Plant grown without light become extremely long and lack chlorophyll called:
(A): Etiolated (B): Chlorosis (C): Calluses (D): Galls
2. In humans, cranial nerves are:
(A): 10 pairs (B): 11 pairs (C): 12 pairs (D): 13 pairs
3. Which one of these ions is conserved by aldosterone by preventing its loss from kidney tubules?
(A): Ca++ (B): K+ (C): Mg++ (D): Na+
4. If plants are wounded they form masses of amorphous material known as:
(A): Etiolated (B): Chlorosis (C): Calluses (D): Galls
5. Testosterone is:
(A): Amino acids (B): Protein (C): Steroid (D): Polypeptide
6. Abscisic acid promotes closing of stomata under conditions of:
(A): Water stress (B): Light stress (C): temperature stress (D): wind stress
7. The two cerebral hemispheres communicate with each other by means of large band of axon:
(A): Meninges (B): Pons (C): Corpus collusum (D): limbic system
8. Chief structural and functional unit of nervous system is:
(A): Neuron (B): Receptor (C): Effector (D): Schwann cell
9. The onset of epilepsy usually occurs before the age of:
(A): 25 Years (B): 50 Years (C): 60 Years (D): 30 Years
10. The largest part of the brain is:
(A): Cerebellum (B): Cerebrum (C): Medulla (D): Thalamus
11. Receptors provide sensation of pain:
(A): Chemoreceptors (B): Nociceptors (C): Thermoreceptors (D): Mechanoreceptors
12. Maximum speed of nerve impulse recorded in humans:
(A): 90 m/sec (B): 100 m/sec (C): 110 m/sec (D): 120 m/sec
13. The one which is not related to the other:
(A): Cretinism (B): Diabetes Mellitus (C): Myxedema (D): Exothalmic goiter
14. Hormone oxytocin and vasopressin are believed to produce in:
(A): Thalamus (B): Hypothalamus (C): Hippocampus (D): Amygdala
15. ICSH stimulates the secretion of:
(A): Milk production (B): Interstitial cells of testes (C): Hypothalamus (D): All of these
16. Loss of Na ions through kidney is conserved by:
(A): Parathormone (B): Aldosterone (C): Testosterone (D): Adrenaline
17. The ovary under the stimulus of FSH also produces a hormone called:
(A): Progesterone (B): Estrogen (C): Oxytocin (D): Corticosterone
18. Oxytocin hormone is produced by:
(A): Pituitary gland (B): Adrenal gland (C): Thyroid gland (D): Parathyroid gland
19. Nociceptors produce the sensation of:
(A): Taste (B): Hearing (C): pain (D): light
20. Which is not growth stimulator?
(A): Auxins (B): Cytokinins (C): Gibberellins (D): Abscisic acid
21. Parkinson's disease onset usually ate age of:
 Chapter No: 17 2

(A): 40's (B): 30's (C): 150's (D): 50's & 60's
22. The corpuscles situated quite deep in the body, encapsulated neuron endings and receive deep
pressure stimulus of:
(a): Missener's (b): Pacinian (c): Nissl's (d): White blood
23. Match diabetes insipidus with one of the followings:
(A): Oxytocin (B): Vasopressin (C): Insulin (D): Glucagon
24. Which hormone is used for fruit ripening?
(a) Ethene (B): Cytokinins (C): Gibberellins (D): Abscisic acid
25. Galls are growth on plants that are induced by:
(A): Parasites (B): Sporophytes (C): Predators (D): Lichens
26. Which of the following is an example of neurotransmitter in man?
(A): Acetylcholine (B): Serotonin (C): Dopamine (D): All of these
27. Β-cells of pancreas secretes;
(A): Glucagon (B): Glycogen (C): Lipase (D): Insulin
28. Chemically all of the followings are steroids except:
(A): Estrogen (B): Testosterone (C): Aldosterone (D): Oxytocin
29. Flowering in plants is induced by:
(A): Auxins (B): Cytokinins (C): Ethene (D): Abscisic acid
30. Structure in human brain which controls hunger is:
(A): Amygdala (B): Hippocampus (C): Thalamus (D): Hypothalamus
31. Gastrin hormone is produced by:
(A): Adrenals (B): Pancreas (C): Gut (D): Liver
32. It delay ripening and improve storage of food:
(A): Auxins (B): Cytokinins (C): Gibberellins (D): Abscisic acid
33. Main neuro-transmitter that lie outside to nervous system:
(A): Adrenaline (B): Noradrenaline (C): Acetylcholine (D): Dopamine
34. Which one is produced in excess then leads to abnormal development called acromegaly.
(A): STH (B): ACTH (C): MSH (D): Dopamine
35. Which is not stimulus to release oxytocin?
(A): Neural stimuli during parturition (B): High level of Ca ions
(C): Decrease in progesterone level (D): Distension of cervix
36. Plant hormone which promote bolting in some rosette plants:
(A): Auxins (B): Cytokinins (C): Gibberellins (D): Abscisic acid
37. Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin are:
(A): Proteins (B): Amino acids and derivatives
(C): Polypeptides (D): Steroids
38. Hindbrain includes medulla, pons and:
(A): Cerebrum (B): Cerebellum (C): Thalamus (D): Amygdala
39. Thyroid gland produces:
(A): T3, T4 and Calcitonin (B): Tetra-iodothyronine (C): Calcitonin (D): Triiodothyronine
40. Development of secondary male characters in female is caused by:
(A):Aldosterone (B): Androgens (C): Cortisone (D): Vasopressin
41. Alpha cells of pancreases secrete:
(A): Pancreatic juice (B): Insulin (C): Glucagon (D): Gastrin
 Chapter No: 17 3

42. Tadpole larvae of frog do not develop into adult due to deficiency of:
(A): Parathormone (B): Thyroxin (C): Oxytocin (D): Calcitonin
43. Excess MSH is secreted in ____disease:
(A): Parkinson's (B): Cushing's (C): Addison's (D): Myxoedema
44. Movement of pillbug towards moist area is an example of:
(A): Innate behaviour (B): Orientation (C): Kinases (D): All of these
45. Excess glucose fall the level of glucose in blood, a condition called:
(A): Diabetes Mellitus (B): Hyperglycemia (C): Addison's disease (D): Hypoglycemia
46. Insufficient secretion of iodothyronine in adults causes:
(A): Myxoedema (B): Cretinism (C): Exophthalmic Goiter (D): Goiter
47. ___dilates the blood vessels:
(A): Adrenaline (B): Noradrenaline (C): Cortisol (D): Aldosterone
48. _______ are involved in the nutrition and repairing of myelin sheath.
(A): Nissl's granules (B): Neuroglia (C): Cell body (D): Nucleus
49. The cytoplasm of axon is called:
(A): Axoplasm (B): Sarcoplasm (C): Cerebrospinal fluid (D):Dendrites
50. The resting membrane potential is ______mV.
(A): 70 (B): -70 (C): -50 (D): 50
51. The maximum speed of nerve impulse recorded in humans is _____m/sec.
(A): 80 (B): 100 (C): 120 (D): 140
52. _____is the major coordinating center.
(A):Cerebellum (B):Thalamus (C): Cerebrum (D): Hypothalamus
53. Glucagon is produced by _______cells of pancreas.
(A): Delta (B): F-cells (C): Alpha (D): Beta
54. The destruction of adrenal cortex lead to ______disease.
(A): Addison's (B): Alzheimer's (C): Cushing's (D): Goiter
55. All are components of human forebrain except:
(A): Pons (B): Cerebrum (C): Thalamus (D): Limbic system
56. The cytoplasmic processes conducting nerve impulse towards the neuron body are called:
(A): Dendrites (B): Axon (C): synapse (D): Neuroglia
57. If plants are wounded they form mass of amorphous material known as:
(A): Etiolated (B): Chlorosis (C): Calluses (D): None of these
58. The acting membrane potential is:
(A): -50 mV (B): +50 mV (C): 70 mV (D): -70 mV
59. Nissl's granules are group of:
(A): Ribosomes (B): E. Reticulum (C): Golgi complex (D): None of these
60. The function of neuroglia:
(A): Nourishment (B): Protection (C): Repair (D): Both a & b
61. ___are the connections of cell bodies of neurons:
(A): Peripheral N.S (B): Ganglia (C): Central N.S (D): Nerves
62. ____play an important role in formation of long term memory:
(A): Hippocampus (B): Cerebrum (C): Cerebellum (D): Amygdala
63. Hormone release from the mucosa of the pyloric region of stomach:
(A): Pancreatic juice (B): Insulin (C): Glucagon (D): Gastrin
 Chapter No: 17 4

64. ______the simplest form of learning:

(a): Imprinting (b): Habituation (c): Latent learning (d): Insight learning
65. Kohler used chimpanzee to prove:
(a): Habituation (b): imprinting (c): Latent learning (d): Insight learning

1. It is applied to rubber plant to stimulate flow of latex:

(A) Abscisic acid (B) Gibberellins (C) Ethene (D) Auxins
2. Which one produced in excess that leads to abnormal development called acromegaly?
(A) TSH (B) MSH (C) ACTH (D) STH
3. What is the number of cranial & spinal nerves in man?
(A) 121 & 131 (B) 24 & 62 (C) 10& 40 (D) All of these
4. Which hormone in male stimulates the interstitial cells of the testis to secrete testosterone?
(A) TSH (B) FSH (C) ICSH (D) LTH
5. The hormone secreted by mucosa of the pyloric region of the stomach is:
(A) Gastrin (B) Secretin (C) Oestrogen (D) Progesterone
6. The concentration of cell bodies of neuron are called:
(A) Ganglia (B) Dendrites (C) Axons (D) Nerves
7. The sensation of pain is produced by:
(A) Chemoreceptors (B) Nociceptors
(C) Photoreceptors (D) Mechanoreceptors
8. Corpus luteum secretes a hormone called:
(A) FSH (B) LH (C) Progesterone (D) Estrogen
9. Match diabetes insipidus with one of the following:
(A) Oxytocin (B) Vasopressin (C) Insulin (D) Glucagon
10. Selective weed killer is:
(A) 2-4-D (B) IAA (C) NAA (D) IPA
11. The max. speed of nerve impulse in humans is m/sec:
(A) 120 (B) 240 (C) 100 (D) 200
12. Secretin is a hormone produced by:
(A) Liver (B) Gut (C) Pancreas (D) Adrenals
13. The structural & functional unit of nervous system is:
(A) Neuron (B) Receptors (C) Effectors (D) None of these
14. The hormone which promote the bolting of some rosette plants is:
(A) Auxins (B) Cytokinins (C) Ethane (D) Gibberellins
15. Abscisic acid promotes closing of stomata under conditions of:
(A) Water stress (B) Light stress
(C) Temperature stress (D) Wind stress
16. The largest part of the brain is:
(A) Cerebellum (B) Cerebrum (C) Medulla (D) Thalamus
17. Which hormone is used for fruit ripening?
(A) Auxins (B) Gibberellins (C) Cytokinins (D) Ethene
18. Touch receptors are much more numerous in the:
(A) Arms (B) Fingertips (C) Palms (D) Feet
19. Galls are out growth on plants that are induced by:
(A) Parasites (B) Sporophytes (C) Predator (D) Lichens
20. Nociceptors produce the sensation of:
(A) Pain (B) Light (C) Taste (D) Hearing
21. Chemically cortisone is:
(A) Amino acid (B) Protein (C) Polypeptide (D) Steroid
22. Thyroid glands produce:
(A) T3, T4, calcitonin (B) Calcitonin
(C) Tri-iodothyronine (D) Tetra iodothyronine
23. The hind brain of man consists of:
 Chapter No: 17 5

(A) Cerebrum (B) Thalamus (C) Hypothalamus (D) None of these

24. It delays repining and improve storage life:
(A) Auxins (B) Gibberellins (C) Cytokinins (D) Abscisic acid
25. Medulla belongs to:
(A) Hind brain (B) Mid brain (C) Fore brain (D) Spinal cord
26. One which detect change in the environment:
(A) Effectors (B) Receptor (C) Nerve (D) Muscles
27. The plant hormone which inhibits growth and promotes seed and bud dormancy is:
(A) Auxins (B) Gibberellins (C) Cytokinins (D) Abscisic Acid
28. Ethene induce flowering in:
(A) Banana (B) Rose (C) Pine-apple (D) Orange
29. Pathway of passage of impulse during reflex action is called:
(A) Reflex (B) Stimulus
(C) Reflex Arc (D) Membrane Potential
30. During non-conducting state, the neuron membrane is permeable to efflux of:
(A) K+ (B) Na+ (C) Ca+ (D) Cl-
31. In neurons the message is transmitted across synapse in the form of chemical messenger
called:
(A) Neurotransmitters (B) Communication
(C) Nerve Impulse (D) Synaptic Vesicle
32. The number of spinal nerve in man is:
(A) 24 (B) 62 (C) 12 (D) 31
33. All are related to medulla oblongata except:
(A) Long term memory (B) Breathing rate (C) Heart Beat Rate (D) Blood Pressure
34. A nerve is:
(A) Collection of neurons
(B) Bundle of axons or dendrites
(C) Connection of dendrites
(D) Bundle of axon or Dendrites bounded by connective tissue
35. Effective drug available for Parkinson’s disease is:
(A) Nicotine (B) GDNF (C) AZT (D) L-dopa
36. EEG is the most important test for the study of:
(A) Epilepsy (B) Parkinson’s disease
(C) Alzheimer’s disease (D) Arthritis
37. Metal illness causes:
(A) Goiter (B) Anemia (C) Alzheimer (D) Scurvy
38. In myelinated neurons, the impulse jumps from node to node and is called:
(A) Saltatory impulse (B) Nerve impulse (C) Synapse (D) Synapsis
39. In human mid brain is:
(A) Reduced (B) Enlarged (C) Swollen (D) Broken
40. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is similar in composition to:
(A) Blood (B) Blood plasma (C) Blood Serum (D) Blood Proteins
41. The Limbic System is located between thalamus and:
(A) Hypothalamus (B) Cerebellum (C) Cerebrum (D) Pons
42. Alpha cells of pancreas secrete:
(A) Glucagon (B) Insulin (C) Pancreatic juice (D) Secretin
43. The thalamus carries sensory information to the limbic system and:
(A) Cerebellum (B) Cerebrum (C) Cerebral medulla (D) Cerebral cortex
44. Which of the plant the following plant hormone promotes fruit ripening?
(A) IAA (B) GA3 (C) Ethene (D) ABA
45. Cell membrane of neuron is slightly permeable to:
(A) K+ (B) Na+ (C) Ca++ (D) Fe++
46. Endocrine glands secrete:
(A) Hormones (B) Salts (C) Enzymes (D) Mucous
 Chapter No: 17 6

47. Insulin and glucagon hormones are in nature:

(A) Carbohydrates (B) Proteins (C) Steroids (D) Polypeptides
48. Gastrin is the hormone produced by mucosa of:
(A) Esophagus (B) Small Intestine (C) Large Intestine (D) Stomach
49. The onset of epilepsy usually occurs before the age of:
(A) 25 years (B) 50 years (C) 30 year (D) 35 year
50. The structure of human brain that control sleep-wake cycle is:
(A) Amygdala (B) Hippocampus (C) Thalamus (D) Hypothalamus
51. Excess thyroxine produces a disease called:
(A) Addison’s (B) Cretinism (C) Graves (D) Epilepsy
52. To cure Parkinson’s disease Dopamine producing cells could be grafted directly into the:
(A) Brain (B) Liver (C) Bone marrow (D) Blood
53. All the changes of moulting are controlled by the nervous system and hormone:
(A) Serotonin (B) Epinephrine (C) Ecdysone (D) Melanin

SHORT QUESTIONS
1. What is etiolation and chlorosis?
What is chlorosis? How it is caused?
ETIOLATION CHLOROSIS
If plants are grown without light, they become The yellowing of plants when they fail to form
extremely long and fail to form chlorophyll. This sufficient chlorophyll, due to short supplies of
condition is called Etiolation. The plants are said to mineral nutrients in the soil is called chlorosis.
be etiolated plants.
CAUSES
Absence of light is the cause of etiolation. Short supply of Mg and N is the cause of chlorosis

2. What are galls and calluses?

GALLS CALLUSES
Galls are growth on a plant that are induced by If plants are wounded, they often develop masses of
parasites and usually highly organized growth galls amorphous material with very poor differentiation
are tumours induced by bacteria. They are usually known as calluses.
less differentiated than other type of galls.

CAUSES
Bacterial infections Cut or wound to plant

3. Write about biorhythms.

Definition:
In living things, the behavioural activities occur at regular intervals which are called biorhythms
or biological rhythms.
Types:
Biorhythms are of two following types:
(i) Circadian or Diurnal rhythms (ii) Circannual rhythms
Causes:
Biorhythms may be the result of following:
 Chapter No: 17 7

1. These may be direct response to various changes in the external exogenous stimuli.
2. They may be internal endogenous rhythms that progresses the organism’s behaviour in synchronicity
with the exogenous temporal period.
3. The synchronization mechanism may be a combination of 1 or 2.

4. What are circadian rhythms?

Introduction:
This term is derived from Latin circa means about, and dies means days.
Definition:
The biorhythms may occur, showing periodicity of about 24-hours are called circadian rhythms.
It means about one day, so they are also called diurnal rhythms.

5. What is the practical application of 2, 4 Dichloro phenoxy acetic acid?

What are the commercial applications of Auxins?
SYNTHETIC AUXINS ROLE
NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid Stimulate fruiting- help natural fruit set.
Indole propionic acid Sometimes causes fruit setting in absence of pollination
(parthenocarpy)
2,4 D (2,4 Dichloro-phenoxy acetic Selective weed killer; kills broad-leaved species (dicots). Used
acid) in cereal crops and lawns to eliminate weeds.
Inhibit sprouting of potatoes.
Prevents premature fruit drop (retarded abscission)

6. Give two commercial applications of Gibberellins.

 GA promotes fruit setting e.g. in tangerines and pears and are used for growing seedless grapes
(parthenocarpy) and also increase the berry size.
 GA3 is used in the brewing industry to stimulate α-amylase production in barley and this promotes
malting.
 Delay ripening and improve storage life of bananas and grape fruits.

7. Give two characters of Auxins.

 In stem, promote cell enlargement in region behind apex. Promote cell division in cambium.
 In root, promote growth at very low concentrations. Inhibit growth at higher concentrations e.g.
geotropism.
 Promote growth of roots from cutting and calluses.

8. What are the commercial applications of Cytokinins?

 Cytokinins delay aging of fresh leaf crops, such as cabbage and lettuce (delay of senescence) as well as
keeping flower fresh.
 They can also be used to break dormancy of some seeds.

9. What are commercial applications of Ethene?

1. Ethane induces flowering in pineapple. It stimulates ripening of tomatoes and citrus fruit.
2. The commercial compounds ethepon breaks down to release ethane in plants and is applied to rubber
plant to stimulate the flower latex.
 Chapter No: 17 8

10. Define effectors with an example.

Definition:
The organs or structures which show response on arriving the order from control center are
called effectors.
Example: Muscles and glands are two major effectors in animals.

11. What is neuroglia?

Introduction:
The chief structural and function unit of the nervous system are neurons, but there are other cells,
in higher animals and in human cells neuroglia, which make up as much as half of the nervous system.
Importance:
Neuroglia plays a vital role in the nutrition of neurons and their protection by myelin sheath.

12. What are axons and dendrites?

How axons differ from Dendron?
DENDRON DENDRITES AXON
The cytoplasmic processes of The cytoplasmic processes of The cytoplasmic processes of
neuron, which carry impulse neuron, which carry impulse neuron which conducting
towards cell body, if it is a single towards cell body, if they are impulses away from cell body
fiber, is called Dendron. branched, are called Dendrites. are termed as axons.
.
13. What is reflex arc?
Definition:
The involuntary actions are those, which not under the conscious control of the body. The pathway
of passage of impulse during a reflex action is called reflex arc.
Direction of nerve impulse:
The direction of stimulus is form receptors to sensory neuron to associative (association/relay)
neuron and then through motor neuron to the effectors.

14. What is resting membrane potential?

 The capacity to do electric work across plasma membrane of neuron when there is no nerve
impulse is called resting membrane potential.
 It is more positive outside and more negative inside.
 It is -70mV (-0.07 V).

15. Differentiate between nerve impulse and salutatory impulse.

Define saltatory impulse.
NERVE IMPULSE SALTATORY IMPULSE
Nerve impulse is a wave of electrochemical changes, It may be added that in myelinated neurons the
which travels along the length of the neuron impulse jumps from node to node (node of
involving chemical reactions and movements of Ranvier). This is called salutatory impulse.
ions across the cell membrane.
 Chapter No: 17 9

16. What is synapse?

Consecutive neurons are so arranged that the axon endings of the neuron are connected to the
dendrites of the next neuron. There is no cytoplasmic connection between the two neurons and
microscopic gaps are left them. Each of these contact points is known as synapse.

17. Define neurotransmitters with example.

Definition:
The action potential cannot jump from one neuron to the nest in line; rather the message is
transmitted across synapse in the form of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.
Examples:
Acetylcholine, adrenaline, nor-epinephrine, serotonin and dopamine are the examples of
neurotransmitters.

18. What is difference between spinal and cranial nerves?

SPINAL NERVES CRANIAL NERVES
DEFINITION
The nerves, which arise from the spinal cord or lead The nerves, which arise from the brain or lead to the
to the spinal cord are called cranial or cerebral brain are called cranial or cerebral nerves.
nerves.
NUMBERS
In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. In humans, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
NATURE
Cranial nerves may be sensory, motor or mixed
Spinal nerves are mixed having fibers of both
nerve depending upon the direction of impulses
sensory and motor neurons.
they conduct.

19. What is parasympathetic nervous system?

It promotes all the internal response which are associated with the relaxed state i.e., contracts of the
pupils, promotes digestion of food and retard heartbeat.

20. Describe briefly Parkinson's disease.

Introduction:
It is a nervous disorder, characterized by involuntary tremors, diminishing motor power and
rigidity.
Causes:
The disease may result by head trauma.
Treatment:
1. Effective drugs are available such as L-dopa.
2. A naturally occurring protein called glial cell-lined derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) which has
been boosts uptake of dopamine, when delivered to lab rats.

21. What is epilepsy?

Introduction:
It is one of the convulsive disorders of nerves which are characterized by abrupt transient
symptoms of motor sensory, psychic or autonomic nature, frequently associated with changes in
 Chapter No: 17 10

consciousness.
Treatment:
 Electroencephalography is the most important test in the study of epilepsy.
 Anticonvulsant drugs are used.
 Alcohol aggravates epilepsy, so person suffering from epilepsy should avoid alcohol.

22. Write the action of nicotine in human beings.

1. Nicotine affects post-synaptic membrane in CNS and PNS.
2. It minimizes the action of Acetylcholine on nicotine receptors, so it is stimulant of nerve impulse.
3. It increases the heart rate, blood pressure and digestive tract mobility.
4. Nicotine may induce vomiting and diarrhea and even may cause water retention relation by kidney.

23. Define hormone with example.

Definition:
Hormones are the organic compounds which are produced from the endocrine glands and directly
poured into the blood to affect the target cells.
Example:
 Somatotropin hormone
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone
 Gonadotropic hormone

24. Define term hormone and it properties.

Definition:
Hormones are the organic compounds which are produced from the endocrine glands and directly
poured into the blood to affect the target cells.
Properties:
1. Hormones are organic compounds of varying structural complexity.
2. They do not initiate new biochemical reactions but produce their effects by regulating enzymatic and
other chemical reactions, already present.
3. Hormones may also control some long term changes such as growth rate, rate of metabolic activity and
sexual maturity.

25. Anterior lobe of pituitary gland is master gland. Comment.

The anterior lobe is often referred as the master gland, because in addition to producing primary
hormones it produces the tropic hormones which control the secretion in many of the endocrine glands.

26. What is acromegaly?

 Somatotrophic hormone from anterior pituitary controls the growth.
 If STH releases in excess it leads to the abnormal development of hands, feet, jaws. It is known as
acromegaly.

27. What is the role of TSH?

Control of secretion:
 Chapter No: 17 11

 Its secretion is induced by the thyrotrophic releasing factor from the hypothalamus.
 In the presence of low levels of thyroxin, there is increasing production of TSH and vice versa.
Effects of TSH:
It is secreted throughout life but particularly reaches high levels during the periods of rapid growth
and development. It acts directly on the cells of thyroid gland increasing both their numbers and their
secretary activity.

28. What is the effect of over secretion of thyroxine?

Grave’s Disease:
Excess thyroxine produces a condition called Grave’s disease, with exophthalmic goiter and
increase in the basal metabolic rate. This can lead to cardiac failure prolonged.
Causes:
The cause of Grave’s disease is the production of an abnormal protein with continuously stimulates
the thyroid excessive secretion.

29. What are the functions of parathyroid glands

 In man glands are found embedded in the posterior part of the lateral lobes of the thyroid.
 These produce a hormone called Parathormone.
 Low levels of blood Ca++ ions stimulates the parathyroid directly to increase parathormone
production whereas high levels of Ca++ ions suppress its release.

30. What are the effects of low and high concentration of parathormone?
Under-activity causes a drop in blood Ca++ ions which in turn lead to muscular tetany.
Over-activity would lead to a progressive demineralization of the bones similar to rickets as well as to
the formation of massive kidney stones. Both conditions may be fatal.

31. Give the functions of glucagon hormone.

 Glucagon is essentially antagonistic to insulin and causes an increase in blood glucose levels.
 It does this mainly by promoting breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver and muscle.
 It also increases the rate of breakdown of fats.

32. Name two hormones of gut.

Followings are the hormones of gut:
(i) Gastrin which release from the mucosa of the pyloric region of stomach and induce the secretion of
gastric juice.
(ii) Secretin which secretes from the duodenal wall and induce pancreas and liver to secrete pancreatic
juice and bile respectively.

33. What are androgens?

Introduction:
Androgens are steroid hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of
male characteristics.
Importance:
 Chapter No: 17 12

 In the foetus, it initiates the development of the organs.

 At puberty it brings about development of the male secondary characteristics and promotes the sex
drive.
Example:
Testosterone and 17, β-hydroxytestosterone are important androgenic hormones in human male.

34. Define feedback mechanism.

Definition:
The phenomenon in which controlling mechanism is itself controlled by the products of reactions it
is controlling.
Importance
For proper body functions two opposing systems are needed, if there are accelerators, there must be
inhibitors or stimulates a reaction, another hormone would be checking the same.

35. What is imprinting?

Imprinting is another form of learning, which is best known in birds such as geese, ducks and
chickens. Shortly after hatching, ducklings and other young birds have a tendency to follow moving
objects in their surroundings and show a brief sensitive period during which the shape of form of
objects can be imprinted with the result that the young birds will follow them.

36. Write two differences between Innate and Learning Behaviour.

INNATE BEHAVIOR
1. This is the type of behaviour that depends on the
heredity material which the animal inherits. The
animal may be born with the right responses built
in the nervous system as part of its inherited
structure.
2. This type of behaviour on the selection operating
during the history of species, so that it helps in the
adaptability of the organism in the environment.
LEARNING BEHAVIOUR
1. This type of behaviour also depends on the
environmental influence, but the ability to modify
its behaviour depends on the heredity material.
2. This type of behaviour depends on the selection
operating during the history of the individual
(during one’s life-time) so as to help the organism
in its adaptability in the given environment.

37. Differentiate instinctive and learning behavior.

INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOR LEARNING BEHAVIOUR
1. This is the type of behaviour that depends on the 1. This type of behaviour also depends on the
heredity material which the animal inherits. The environmental influence, but the ability to modify
animal may be born with the right responses its behaviour depends on the heredity material.
built in the nervous system as part of its inherited 2. This type of behaviour depends on the selection
structure. operating during the history of the individual
2. This type of behaviour on the selection operating (during one’s life-time) so as to help the organism
during the history of species, so that it helps in in its adaptability in the given environment.
the adaptability of the organism in the
environment.
 Chapter No: 17 13

38. Differentiate between Reflex type-I and Reflex type-II.

REFLEX TYPE-I
 Conditioning or conditioned reflex type-I
involve the pairing of an irrelevant stimulus
within a natural primary stimulus that elicit an
automatic response.
 This type of learning broadens the ability of an
organism to react appropriately to
environmental changes, since the conditioning
process remove dependence on one kind of
reflex symbol for action.
REFLEX TYPE-II
 Operant conditioning or conditioned reflex type-II
is also called trail and error learning.
 In this learningunder natural conditioning the
achievement of a particular goal is the rewarded
that direct random activities into a behavioural
pattern. Trail and error repetitions lead to final
achievements.

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Describe the functions and commercial applications of Auxins.
2. Discuss the important factors which involve in changing resting membrane potential to active
membrane potential.
3. Write an essay on nerve impulse.
4. Describe feedback mechanism.
5. Define nerve impulse. Explain mechanism of conduction of nerve impulse in a neuron.
6. How is nerve impulse passed from one neuron to another neuron? Explain.
7. Define synapse. How communication takes place across a synapse?
8. Describe fore brain in details.
9. Explain the role of hormones produced by anterior lobe of pituitary.
10. Discuss pituitary as an endocrine gland.
11. Write a note on thyroid gland?
12. What are the roles of hormones produced by pancreas?
13. Discuss two common disorders of human nervous system.
14. Discuss instincts and learning.