Pvwn`v I †hvMvb BDwbU

(Demand and Supply) 4

f‚wgKv
A_©‰bwZK we‡køl‡Yi gyj nvwZqvi n‡”Q Pvwn`v I †hvMvb| Pvwn`v I †hvMvb Øviv evRvi e¨e¯’vi Kvh©Kjvc e¨vL¨v
Kiv hvq| Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †`Lvq, †fv³vi cQ›`µg wKfv‡e `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v wba©viY K‡i| †hLv‡b Drcv`b
cÖwZôv‡bi e¨qB n‡”Q `ª‡e¨i †hvMv‡bi wfwË| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, A_©bxwZi cwi®‹vi aviYv cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v, †hvMvb
Ges Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| GB BDwb‡U Avgiv cÖ_‡g Pvwn`v, c‡i †hvMvb Ges me‡k‡l
Pvwn`v I †hvMvb GK‡Î Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 8 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 4.1: Pvwn`v I Pvwn`v wewa
cvV 4.2: Pvwn`v m~wP I Pvwn`v †iLv
cvV 4.3: †hvMvb I †hvMvb wewa
cvV 4.4: †hvMvb m~wP I †hvMvb †iLv
cvV 4.5: fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY
cvV 4.6: w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv
 A_©bxwZ

cvV 4.1 Pvwn`v I Pvwn`v wewa

(Demand and Law of Demand)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 Pvwn`vi aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Pvwn`v wewa eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

Pvwn`v
mvaviYZ Pvwn`v k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q †Kvb `ªe¨ cvIqvi AvKv•ÿv ev †fvM Kivi B”Qv| Z‡e A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v kãwU
we‡kl A_© enb K‡i| GLv‡b AvKv•ÿvi mv‡_ mvg_©¨ we‡klfv‡e RwoZ| Pvwn`v n‡”Q †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ cvIqvi B”Qv ev
AvKv•ÿv hv wbf©i K‡i µqÿgZv Ges A_© LiP K‡i H `ªe¨wU µq Kivi B”Qvi Dci| ïaygvÎ †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ cvIqvi
B”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡jB Zv Pvwn`v n‡e bv| GKRb w`bgRyi Kv‡Ri duv‡K wekªvg wb‡Z wM‡q cv‡k ivLv `vwg MvwowU
cvIqvi B”Qv n‡jv| wKš‘ MvwowU †Kbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© Zvi Kv‡Q †bB| Zvn‡j Bnv‡K Pvwn`v ejv hv‡e bv|
Avevi, aiæb Avcbvi AvBmµxg †L‡Z B‡”Q Kij Ges AvBmµxg †Kbvi Rb¨ A_© Av‡Q| wKš‘ A_© LiP K‡i
AvBmµxg †Kbvi B”Qv †bB| GwU‡KI Pvwn`v ejv hv‡e bv| myZivs A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v n‡Z n‡j wZbwU kZ© c~iY
Ki‡Z nq| h_v- (1) †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ cvIqvi B”Qv ev AvKv•ÿv (2) `ªe¨wU †Kbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© (3) A_© LiP
K‡i `ªe¨wU †Kbvi B”Qv| myZivs †Kvb `ªe¨ ev †mevi `vg I Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ GKwU m¤úK© i‡q‡Q | Avi
Pvwn`vi cwigvY n‡”Q †Kvb GKwU `ªe¨ ev †mevi cwigvY hv GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q wbw`©ó `v‡g †µZv µq Kivi B”Qv
†cvlY K‡i|

Pvwn`v wewa
Pvwn`vi mv‡_ `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi GKwU m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g wbw`©ó mg‡q †fv³v wb‡Ri B”Qvq wK cwigvY
`ªe¨ wKb‡Z Pvq Zv‡K Pvwn`v e‡j| Avgiv `ª‡e¨i `vg bv Rvbv ch©šÍ ej‡Z cvwi bv wK cwigvY `ªe¨ wKb‡Z cvi‡ev|
Pvwn`v wewa `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi m¤úK© †`Lvq| Pvwn`v wewa Abyhvqx GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q, Ab¨vb¨
Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vKv Ae¯’vq `ª‡e¨i `vg hLb Kg _v‡K ZLb `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`vi cwigvY †e‡o hvq| wecixZfv‡e,
GB wewa †`Lvq, Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vKv Ae¯’vq hLb `ª‡e¨i `vg ev‡o ZLb `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`v K‡g| A_©vr,
`ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ wecixZ m¤úK©B n‡”Q Pvwn`v wewa| GLv‡b ÔAb¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©ZÕ
ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡”Q †µZvi iæwP, cQ›`, Af¨v‡mi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv Ges †µZvi Avq I weKí `ª‡e¨i `vg
AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e BZ¨vw`|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
†Kv‡bv GKwU `ª‡e¨i `vg 5 UvKv †_‡K †e‡o 10 UvKv n‡j H `‡e¨i Pvwn`v hw` 50 GKK †_‡K †e‡o 100
GKK nq Z‡e wK Pvwn`v wewa Kvh©Ki n‡e? Avcbvi e³‡e¨i c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-37

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡¶c
 mvaviYZ Pvwn`v k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q †Kvb `ªe¨ cvIqvi AvKv•ÿv ev †fvM Kivi B”Qv|
 A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v n‡”Q †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ cvIqvi B”Qv ev AvKv•ÿv hv wbf©i K‡i µqÿgZv Ges A_© LiP
K‡i H `ªe¨wU µq Kivi B”Qvi Dci|
 Pvwn`v wewa Abyhvqx GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q, Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vKv Ae¯’vq `ª‡e¨i `vg hLb Kg
_v‡K ZLb `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`vi cwigvY †e‡o hvq| wecixZfv‡e, GB wewa †`Lvq, Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v
AcwiewZ©Z _vKv Ae¯’vq hLb `ª‡e¨i `vg ev‡o ZLb `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`v K‡g|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.1

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg n«vm †c‡j Zvi Pvwn`v wK nq?
K. e„w× cvq L. n«vm cvq M. AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K N. n«vm-e„w× `ywUB N‡U
2. Pvwn`vi kZ© n‡”Q
i. †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ cvIqvi B”Qv ev AvKv•ÿv
ii. `ªe¨wU µ‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_©
iii. A_© e¨q K‡i `ªe¨wU µ‡qi B”Qv
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
3. Pvwn`v wewa Abymv‡i †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q c‡Y¨i
i. `vg evo‡j Pvwn`v K‡g
ii. `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`v ev‡o
iii. `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`v K‡g
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-38

 A_©bxwZ

cvV 4.2 Pvwn`v m~wP I Pvwn`v †iLv

(Demand Schedule and Demand Curve)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 Pvwn`v m~wP ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

Pvwn`v m~wP I Pvwn`v †iLv (Demand Schedule and Demand Curve)

Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vKv Ae¯’vq †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK©‡K †h mviwYi gva¨‡g
†`Lv‡bv nq Zv n‡”Q Pvwn`v m~wP| mviwY-4.2.1 G wPwbi KvíwbK Pvwn`v m~wP †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU `v‡g †fv³v
†h cwigvY wPwb µq K‡i Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z cvwi| mviwY‡Z, cÖwZ †KwR 25 UvKv `v‡g †fv³v cÖwZ gv‡m 25 †KwR
wPwb µq K‡i, 20 UvKv `v‡g 30 †KwR
mviwY 4.2.1 : wPwbi Pvwn`v m~wP
mswgkªY cÖwZ †KwR wPwbi `vg (UvKvq) Pvwn`vi cwigvY
a 25 25
b 20 30
c 15 35
d 10 40
e 5 45
wPwb µq K‡i| Gfv‡e mviwY †_‡K †`Lv hvq, cÖwZ †KwR wPwbi `vg hZ Kg‡Q wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY ZZ evo‡Q|
Pvwn`v m~wP Abyhvqx Avgiv †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q Pvwn`vi Ab¨vb¨ wba©viYmg~n w¯’i _vKv Ae¯’vq
`ª‡e¨i `v‡gi Dci `ªe¨wUi cÖK…Z µ‡qi cwigvY wbf©i K‡i|
†iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g Pvwn`v m~wPi cÖKvkB n‡”Q Pvwn`v †iLv| wPÎ 4.2.1 G OY ev j¤^ A‡ÿ wPwbi `vg I OX ev
Y
`vg

25
20
15
10
5

O X
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Pvwn`vi cwigvY
wPÎ 4.2.1: wPwbi Pvwn`v †iLv

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-39

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

f~wg A‡ÿ wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| DD n‡”Q †fv³vi wPwbi Pvwn`v †iLv| GB †iLvi a, b, c, d, e
we›`yMy‡jv‡Z wewfbœ `v‡g Pvwn`vi wewfbœ cwigvY cÖKvk cvq| †hgb, C we›`y Øviv †evSv hvq, 15 UvKv `v‡g †fv³vi
gv‡m wPwb Pvwn`vi cwigvY 35 †KwR| Avevi d we›`y‡Z 10 UvKv `v‡g wPwbi Pvwn`v cwigvY 40 †KwR| A_©vr `vg
I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ wecixZ m¤úK© we`¨gvb| `vg Kgvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvwn`vi cwigvY evo‡Z _v‡K Ges Pvwn`v †iLvwU
evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K wbgœMvgx n‡q _v‡K|

evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv

wPÎ 4.2.1 G GKRb †fv³vi GKwU `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v †iLv A¼b Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKšÍy evRvi wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv
we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ evRvi Pvwn`v wba©viY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| hv †Kvb `ªe¨ ev †mevi mKj †fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLvi †hvMdj|
QK 4.2.2 I wPÎ 4.2.2 Gi gva¨‡g `yRb †fv³v- K I L Gi Pvwn`v m~wP I Pvwn`v †iLv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
mviwb 4.2.2 : wPwbi evRvi Pvwn`v m~wP I †iLv
wPwbi `vg K Gi Pvwn`vi cwigvY L Gi Pvwn`vi cwigvY evRvi Pvwn`v
5 45 35 80
10 40 30 70
15 35 25 60
20 30 20 50
25 25 15 40

Y Y Y (III)
(I) (II)
evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv
`vg

`vg

K †fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv L †fv³vi Pvwn`v †iLv

`vg

25 25 25
20 20 20
e f
15 15 15 g
10 10 10 j
5 5 5
X X X
O 35 Pvwn`vi cwigvY O 25 Pvwn`vi cwigvY O 60 Pvwn`vi cwigvY
wPÎ: 4.2.2: wPwbi evRvi Pvwn`v
†h †Kvb `v‡g K I L Gi Pvwn`v m~wP †`Lvq, wK cwigvY wPwb K I L µq K‡i _v‡K| evRv‡i Pvwn`v n‡”Q cÖwZwU
`v‡g `yRb †fv³vi Pvwn`vi †hvMdj|
mviwY 4.2.2 Gi Pvwn`v m~wP Abyhvqx wPÎ 4.2.2 G Pvwn`v †iLv AuvKv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b ejv cÖ‡qvRb, cÖ‡Z¨K
†fv³vi c„_K c„_K Pvwn`v †iLv Avbyf~wgKfv‡e †hvM K‡i evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv cvIqv hvq| Bnvi A_© n‡”Q, †h †Kvb
`v‡g †gvU Pvwn`vi cwigvY cvIqvi Rb¨ wewfbœ †fv³vi Pvwn`vi cwigvY †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv c„_K c„_K
Pvwn`v †iLv¸‡jvi f~wg ev Avbyf~wgK Aÿ n‡Z cvIqv hv‡e| wP‡Î, OX A‡ÿ wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY I OY A‡ÿ
wPwbi `vg i‡q‡Q| (i) As‡ki e we›`y Abyhvqx †fv³v ÔKÕ 15 UvKv `v‡g 35 †KwR Ges (ii As‡ki f we›`y‡Z †fv³v
ÔLÕ GKB `v‡g 25 UvKv †KwR wPwb wK‡b| myZivs wP‡Îi (iii) As‡k wPwbi evRvi Pvwn`vi cwigvY (35+25)=60
†KwR| g we›`y Øviv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avevi, `vg n«vm †c‡j cÖ‡Z¨K †fv³vi Pvwn`v ev‡o, ZvB evRvi Pvwn`vI e„w×
cvq| j we›`y‡Z 10 UvKvq K I L †fv³vi wPwbi Pvwn`v †hvM K‡i evRvi Pvwn`vi cwigvY 70 †KwR cvIqv hvq| g
I j we›`yØq †hvM K‡i DD evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv cvB| evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv †`Lvq wKfv‡e `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi DVvbvgvi
mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvU Pvwn`vi cwigvY DVvbvgv K‡i, hLb †fv³vi Rb¨ µ‡qi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Ab¨vb¨
wba©viKmg~n AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-40
 A_©bxwZ

wkÿv_©xi KvR
Av‡gi GKwU KvíwbK Pvwn`v m~wP ˆZwi Kiæb Ges GB Pvwn`v m~wP †_‡K Pvwn`v †iLv A¼b Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c:
 Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vKv Ae¯’vq †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK©‡K †h
mviwYi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv nq Zv n‡”Q Pvwn`v m~wP|
 †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g Pvwn`v m~wPi cÖKvkB n‡”Q Pvwn`v †iLv|
 evRvi Pvwn`v n‡”Q cÖwZwU `v‡g †Kvb `ªe¨ ev †mevi mKj †fv³vi Pvwn`vi †hvMdj|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.2

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 1 I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
iægxi ¯‹z‡j hvIqvi c‡_ GKwU AvBmµx‡gi †`vKvb i‡q‡Q| GKw`b cÖPÛ Mi‡g ¯‹zj †_‡K Avmvi c‡_ iæwgi
AvBmµxg †L‡Z B”Qv Kij| wKš‘ Zvi Kv‡Q AvBmµxg †Kbvi g‡Zv ch©vß UvKv †bB|
1. iæwgi AvBmµxg †Kbvi B”Qv Pvwn`vi †Kvb kZ©wU c~iY K‡i?
K. AvBmµxg µ‡qi B”Qv L. AvBmµxg µ‡qi mvg_©¨
M. wbw`©ó `v‡g AvBmµxg µq Kivi B”Qv N. AvBmµx‡gi Dc‡hvM
2. iægxi AvBmµxg †Kbvi B”Qv‡K Pvwn`v ejv hv‡”Q bv KviY
i. AvBmµxg µ‡qi B”Qv †bB
ii. AvBmµxg µ‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvg_© †bB
iii. UvKv e¨q K‡i AvBmµxg µq Kivi B”Qv †bB
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
3. evRv‡i me †fv³vi e¨w³MZ Pvwn`vi mgwó‡K wK e‡j?
K. e¨w³MZ Pvwn`v L. evRvi Pvwn`v
M. mgwóK Pvwn`v N. mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-41

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 4.3 †hvMvb I †hvMvb wewa

(Supply and Law of Supply)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 †hvMv‡bi aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †hvMvb wewa eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

†hvMvb
mvaviY A‡_© †hvMvb n‡”Q †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i gRy` cwigvY| wKš‘ A_©bxwZ‡Z †hvMvb ej‡Z †evSvq evRv‡i GKwU wbw`©ó
mg‡q GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i †h cwigvY mieivn _v‡K| †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i gRy` ej‡Z †evSvq GKwU wbw`©ó
mg‡q I GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g evRv‡i H `ªe¨wUi wK cwigvY mieivn i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †hvMvb n‡”Q GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g I
mg‡q we‡µZv †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i wK cwigvY gRy` wewµ Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z| A_©vr, GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q wbw`©ó `v‡g we‡µZv
evRv‡i †Kvb `ªe¨ ev †mevi †h cwigvY wewµ Kivi mvg_©¨ iv‡L Zv n‡”Q †hvMv‡bi cwigvY| A_©bxwZ‡Z †hvMvb
kãwU `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK©‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Pvwn`vi gZ †hvMvbI w¯’i msL¨v bq| †hvMvb †`Lvq,
wKfv‡e `v‡gi mv‡_ mv‡_ †hvMv‡bi cwigvY cwiewZ©Z nq| GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q we‡µZv evRv‡i †h cwigvY †hvMvb
†`q Zv wbf©i K‡i `ªe¨wUi `v‡gi Dci Ges †hvMv‡bi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Ab¨vb¨ DcKiYmg~‡ni Dci|

†hvMvb wewa
Avgiv †`‡LwQ, †Kvb `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× †c‡j we‡µZv‡`i H `ªe¨wU weµ‡q †ewk AvMÖn †`Lv hvq| †Kbbv, `vg e„w×
cvIqvq `ªe¨wU weµq jvfRbK n‡q _v‡K Ges `ªe¨wUi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY e„w× cvq| `ª‡e¨i `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY
Gi g‡a¨ abvZ¥K m¤úK©‡K Ô†hvMvb wewaÕ ejv nq| †hvMv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ wba©viKmg~n AcwiewZ©Z _vKv Ae¯’vq, hLb
`ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× cvq ZLb `ªe¨wUi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY e„w× cvq Ges hLb `ª‡e¨i `vg n«vm cvq ZLb †hvMv‡bi
cwigvYI n«vm cvq| myZivs †hvMvb wewa †`Lvq, evRv‡i `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi mv‡_ we‡µZv `ªe¨wUi wK cwigvY wewµ Ki‡Z
Pvq G `y‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK©|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
†Kvb GKwU `ª‡e¨i `vg 50 UvKv †_‡K K‡g 20 UvKv n‡j H `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb hw` 100 GKK †_‡K †e‡o 120
GKK nq Z‡e wK †hvMvb wewa Kvh©Ki n‡e| Avcbvi e³‡e¨i c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|

mvims‡¶c
 A_©bxwZ‡Z †hvMvb ej‡Z †evSvq evRv‡i GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨i †h cwigvY
mieivn _v‡K|
 `ª‡e¨i `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY Gi g‡a¨ abvZ¥K m¤úK©‡K Ô‡hvMvb wewaÕ ejv nq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-42

 A_©bxwZ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.3

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. †hvMv‡bi we‡eP¨ welq n‡jv
i. GKwU `ªe¨
ii. GKwU wbw`©ó mgq
iii. GKwU wbw`©ó `vg
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

Avcwb evmvq e‡m 3wU gvwUi dzj`vwb KviæKvh© K‡i evRv‡i wewµi Rb¨ wb‡q †M‡jb| †mLv‡b wM‡q Avcwb
Avcbvi cQ›`g‡Zv dzj`vwbi `vg bv cvIqvq 1wU dzj`vwb wewµ K‡i evwK 2wU dzj`vwb evwo‡Z wb‡q Avm‡jb|
2. evRv‡i Avcbvi dzj`vwb mieivn‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z wK e‡j?
K. Pvwn`v L. †hvMvb M. †fvM N. Drcv`b
3. Avcbvi AvPiY †_‡K †evSv hv‡”Q
i. `vg Kg‡j †hvMvb K‡g
ii. `vg Kg‡j †hvMvb ev‡o
iii. `vg evo‡j †hvMvb ev‡o
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-43

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 4.4 †hvMvb m~wP I †hvMvb †iLv

(Supply Schedule and Supply Curve)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 †hvMvb m~wP †_‡K †hvMvb †iLv AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evRvi †hvMvb †iLv AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

†hvMvb m~wP
Pvwn`v m~wPi gZ †hvMvb m~wP‡K GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq hv `ª‡e¨i `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨
m¤úK© †`Lvq| mviwb 4.4.1 G wPwbi †hvMvb m~wP †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
mviwb 4.4.1: wPwbi †hvMvb m~wP
cÖwZ †KwR wPwbi `vg (UvKvq) †hvMv‡bi cwigvY (†KwR) mswgkªY
5 50 a
10 60 b
15 70 c
20 80 d
25 90 e

mviwb 4.4.1 G †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, wPwbi `vg e„w× cvevi mv‡_ mv‡_ wPwbi †hvMv‡bi cwigvYI e„w× cv‡”Q, hLb
Ab¨vb¨ welq (hv we‡µZvi wewµi cwigvY‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i) AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
Y
`vg

25
20
15
10
5
X
50 60 70 80 90 †hvMv‡bi cwigvY
wPÎ: 4.4.1: wPwbi †hvMvb †iLv

mviwb 4.4.2 Gi †hvMvbm~wP‡K Avgiv †hvMvb †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvwi| wPÎ 4.4.1 G OX A‡ÿ wPwbi
`vg I OY A‡ÿ wPwbi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wPwbi `vg I wPwbi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY- GB `yB‡qi wewfbœ
mswgkªY a, b, c, d, e GB we›`y¸‡jvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk cvq| a, b, c, d, e GB we›`y¸‡jv †hvM K‡i evg †_‡K

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-44

 A_©bxwZ

Wvbw`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMvb †iLv cvB| myZivs †hvMvb †iLv `ª‡e¨i `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ mggyLx m¤úK©‡K
cÖKvk K‡i| A_©vr, `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× †c‡j †hvMvb e„w× cvq Ges `ª‡e¨i `vg n«vm †c‡j †hvMvb n«vm cvq|

evRvi †hvMvb †iLv

evRvi Pvwn`v †hgb me †fv³v ev †µZvi Pvwn`vi †hvMdj wVK †Zgwb evRvi †hvMvb me Drcv`K ev we‡µZvi
†hvMv‡bi †hvMdj| mviwY 4.4.2 G `yRb Drcv`K K I L Gi wPwbi †hvMvb m~wP †`qv Av‡Q| K I L Gi
†hvMvbm~wP †`Lvq, †h †Kvb `v‡g K I L wK cwigvY wPwbi †hvMvb w`‡q _v‡K evRvi †hvMvb G `yÕRb we‡µZvi
†hvMv‡bi †hvMdj|
mviwY 4.4.2: wPwbi evRvi †hvMvb m~wP
wPwbi `vg K Gi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY L Gi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY evRvi †hvMvb
(K + L)
5 20 10 30
10 30 15 45
15 40 20 60
20 50 25 75
25 60 30 90
Y Y Y

L †fv³vi †hvMvb †iLv evRvi †hvMvb †iLv

`vg

`vg

`vg
K †fv³vi †hvMvb †iLv
25 25 25
20 20 20
15 15 15
10 10 10
5 5 5
S S S
O O X O X
10 20 30 40 50 60 X 10 15 20 25 30 †hvMv‡bi cwigvY 30 45 60 75 90 †hvMv‡bi cwigvY
†hvMv‡bi cwigvY wPÎ 4.4.2: wPwbi evRvi †hvMvb

K I L †fv³vi †hvMvb m~wP Abyhvqx wPÎ 4.2.2 G †hvMvb †iLv AuvKv n‡q‡Q| evRvi Pvwn`v †iLvi g‡Zv evRvi
†hvMvb †iLv cÖ‡Z¨K we‡µZvi c„_K c„_K †hvMvb †iLvi Avbyf~wgK †hvMdj| evRvi †hvMvb †iLv cÖwZwU `v‡g
evRv‡ii †gvU †hvMv‡bi cwigvY‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
Avcwb av‡bi †hvMv‡bi GKwU KvíwbK †hvMvbm~wP ˆZwi Kiæb Ges Zv †_‡K †hvMvb †iLv AuvKzb|

mvims‡¶c:
 †hvMvb †iLv `ª‡e¨i `vg I †hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi g‡a¨ mggyLx m¤úK©‡K cÖKvk K‡i|
 evRvi †hvMvb n‡”Q cÖwZwU `v‡g †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ ev †mevi mKj Drcv`K ev we‡µZvi †hvMv‡bi †hvMdj|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-45

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.4

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
wb‡Pi wPÎwU †`‡L 1 I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b:
†hvMv‡bi `vg (UvKv)

30

20

10

5 10 15
†hvMv‡bi cwigvY (†KwR)

1| Dc‡ii wP‡Î †hvMvb †iLv †KvbwU?

K. OX L. OY M. SS N. CS
2| wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q
i. `vg I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ wecixZgyLx m¤úK©
ii. `vg I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ mggyLx m¤úK©
iii. †hvMvb †iLv evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-46

 A_©bxwZ

cvV 4.5 fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY

(Determination of Equilibrium Price and Quantity)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi gva¨‡g fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

g~jcvV-

Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ fvimvg¨ wba©viY

cvV 4.1 I 4.2 G Pvwn`v Ges cvV 4.3 I 4.4 G †hvMvb wb‡q c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb
Avgiv †`L‡ev, wKfv‡e Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cvi¯úwiK wµqv cÖwZwµqvi gva¨‡g evRv‡i `ª‡e¨i `vg I cwigvY
wba©vwiZ nq|
evRv‡i wKfv‡e `vg wba©vwiZ nq Zv we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ †fv³vi Pvwn`v I we‡µZvi †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges †`L‡Z n‡e †Kv_vq Pvwn`v I †hvMvb ci¯úi mgvb| mviwY 4.5.1 I wPÎ 4.5.1 G e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡`i‡K
mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
mviwY 4.5.1: wPwbi fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY
`vg (UvKvq) Pvwn`vi cwigvY (†KwR †hvMv‡bi cwigvY DØ„Ë ev NvUwZ
cÖwZ gv‡m) (†KwR cÖwZ gv‡m)
5 80 30 NvUwZ
10 70 45 NvUwZ
15 60 60 fvimvg¨
20 50 75 DØ„Ë
25 40 90 DØ„Ë

wPÎ 4.5.1: Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi fvimvg¨

wPÎ 4.5.1 G evRvi Pvwn`v †iLv (DD) I evRvi †hvMvb †iLv (SS) ci¯úi‡K e we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i‡Q| GB e
we›`y‡Z evRvi fvimvg¨ we`¨gvb| fvimvg¨ n‡”Q Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v †hLv‡b GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g Pvwn`vi cwigvY I
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-47
Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

†hvMv‡bi cwigvY mgZvq †cŠu‡Q| Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi †Q`we›`y‡Z †h `vg we`¨gvb Zv n‡”Q fvimvg¨ `vg Ges `ª‡e¨i
cwigvY n‡”Q fvimvg¨ cwigvY| wP‡Î, fvimvg¨ `vg 15 UvKv (cÖwZ †KwR) Ges fvimvg¨ cwigvY 60 †KwR|
fvimvg¨ `v‡g †fv³v ev †µZv †h cwigvY `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z B”QzK Ges we‡µZv †h cwigvY `ªe¨ wewµ Ki‡Z ivwR
_v‡K G `yÕ‡qi cwigvY mgvb _v‡K| GB fvimvg¨ `vg‡K gv‡S gv‡S market clearing price I ejv nq| KviY,
G `v‡g evRv‡i †µZv I we‡µZv DfqB mšÍyó _v‡K|
mvaviYZ †µZv I we‡µZv wµqv Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi fvimvg¨‡K wN‡i AvewZ©Z nq| hLb evRvi `vg fvimvg¨
`v‡gi mgvb bv nq ZLb wK n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ_‡g a‡i †bB, evRvi `vg fvimvg¨ `v‡gi †P‡q †ewk| wP‡Î evRvi `vg hLb 20 UvKv ZLb wPwbi †hvMv‡bi
cwigvY 75 †KwR Ges wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY 50 †KwR| A_©vr, wPwbi DØ„Ë 25 †KwR| GLv‡b †hvMvb`vi †h
cwigvY `ªe¨ †hvMvb w`‡Z B”QzK PjwZ `v‡g Zvi meUzKz wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| DØ„Ë Ae¯’v‡K ÔAwZwi³ †hvMvbÕ
(excess supply) ejv nq| hLb wPwbi evRv‡i ÔDØ„ËÕ †`Lv †`q ZLb wPwb we‡µZv DØ„Ë wPwb gRy` K‡i iv‡L|
G Ae¯’vq wPwb we‡µZvi Dci wPwbi `vg n«v‡mi Pvc m„wó nq| dj¯^iƒc, `vg n«vm cvq| G‡Z wPwbi †hvMv‡bi
cwigvY n«vm cvq Ges wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY e„w× cvq| wPwbi `vg n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K hZÿY ch©šÍ bv evRvi
fvimv‡g¨ †cŠu‡Q|
GLb awi, evRvi `vg fvimvg¨ `v‡gi †P‡q Kg| wP‡Î wPwbi `vg hLb 10 UvKv ZLb wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY 70
†KwR I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY 45 †KwR| GLv‡b wPwbi NvUwZ 25 †KwR| †µZvi †h cwigvY wPwb µq Ki‡Z B”QzK
PjwZ `v‡g Zvi meUzKz µq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gv‡S gv‡S G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ÔAwZwi³ Pvwn`vÕ (excess
demand) ejv nq| hLb `ª‡e¨i cÖvc¨Zvi Zzjbvq †µZvi msL¨v AwaK _v‡K ZLb we‡µZv `ªe¨ weµ‡q †Kvb
ai‡Yi ÿwZi m¤§yLxb bv n‡qB `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× K‡i| A_©vr `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi DaŸ©gyLx Pvc m„wó nq| hLb `ª‡e¨i `vg
e„w× cvq ZLb `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY n«vm cvq Ges †hvMv‡bi cwigvY e„w× cvq| Gfv‡e evRvi cybivq fvimvg¨
Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m| †µZv I we‡µZvi wµqv cÖwZwµqvi gva¨‡g evRvi `vg fvimvg¨ `v‡g DcbxZ nq| fvimvg¨
Ae¯’vq †µZv I we‡µZv DfqB mšÍyó _v‡K Ges `v‡gi Dci DaŸ©gyLx I wbgœgyLx †Kvb ai‡Yi Pvc _v‡K bv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
†Kvb Kvi‡Y evRvi `vg hw` fvimvg¨ `v‡gi †P‡q Kg ev †ewk nq wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Zvn‡j evRv‡i fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vi
Dci wK cÖfve c‡o wb‡Ri fvlvq wjLyb|

mvims‡¶c:
 evRv‡i fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v †fv³v ev †µZv †h cwigvY `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z B”QzK Ges Drcv`K ev we‡µZv †h
cwigvY `ªe¨ wewµ Ki‡Z ivRx _v‡KÑ G `yÕ‡qi cwigvY mgvb _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.5

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| fvimvg¨ `vg wba©vi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L
i. Dc‡hvM
ii. †hvMvb
iii. Pvwn`v
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-48

 A_©bxwZ

wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

`vg

†hvMv‡bi cwigvY
2| wPÎwU wb‡`©k Ki‡Q-
K. cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM †iLv L. fvimvg¨ `vg I fvimvg¨ cwigvY
M. †gvU Dc‡hvM †iLv N. wbi‡cÿ †iLv
3| E we›`y wb‡`©k K‡i
i. Pvwn`v = †hvMvb
ii. fvimvg¨ `vg I fvimvg¨ cwigvY
iii. †gvU I cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvM
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-49

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 4.6 w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv

(Elasticity)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’cKZvi aviYv w`‡Z cvi‡eb |

g~jcvV-

cvV 4.1, 4.2 I 4.3 , 4.4 G Avgiv h_vµ‡g Pvwn`v I †hvMvb m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| †hLv‡b Wvbw`‡K wbgœMvgx Pvwn`v
†iLvi gva¨‡g †µZvi AvPiY Ges Wvbw`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMvb †iLvi gva¨‡g we‡µZvi AvPiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Avevi cvV 4.5 G Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi mgZvi gva¨‡g `ª‡e¨i fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB cv‡V Avgiv †`L‡ev `v‡gi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wKfv‡e †µZv I we‡µZvi `ªe¨ µq I weµ‡qi cwigvY mvov
†`q| GB aviYvwU we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ †h aviYvwU cÖ‡qvRb †mwU n‡”Q w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv|

Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv

Pvwn`v wewa Abyhvqx, `ª‡e¨i `vg e„wׇZ Pvwn`vi cwigvY n«vm cvq I `ª‡e¨i `vg n«vm †c‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY e„w×
cvq| Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †`Lvq †h, `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b Pvwn`vi cwigvY KZUzKz mvov †`q| GLv‡bI c~‡e©i
g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ welq AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wb‡gœv³ m~‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv hvq-
Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi kZKiv cwieZ©b
Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, Ed =
`v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b
D`vniY¯^iƒc, wPwbi `vg hLb 5 UvKv ZLb wPwbi Pvwn`vi cwigvY cÖwZ gv‡m 20 †KwR| GLb wPwbi `vg e„w×
†c‡q 6 UvKv n‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY n«vm †c‡q 12 †KwR n‡jv| wPwbi `vg 20% e„w× cvIqv‡Z Pvwn`vi cwigvY
40% n«vm cvq|
40%
myZivs, Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv (Ed) =  2%
20%
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv 2 Gi Øviv †evSvq †h, `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b Pvwn`v wظY cwiewZ©Z nq| †h‡nZz `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi
cwigvY wecixZfv‡e m¤úwK©Z, G Kvi‡Y `v‡gi kZvswkK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi kZKiv cwieZ©b‡K
FYvZ¥K () wPý Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Dc‡iv³ D`vni‡Y `v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b abvZ¥K msL¨v Ges Pvwn`vi
cwigv‡Yi kZKiv cwieZ©b FYvZ¥K msL¨v| dj¯^iƒc, Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, Ed=2 FYvZ¥K msL¨v nIqvi
K_v| Z‡e Avgiv GLv‡b w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î FYvZ¥K wP‡ýi cwie‡Z© abvZ¥K msL¨v ev Ed- Gi Ôcig
gvbÕ e¨envi Ki‡ev|
`ª‡e¨i †hvMv‡bi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix DcKiYmg~n †h †Kvb GKwUi cwieZ©‡b `ª‡e¨i †hvMv‡bi cwigvY KZUzKz
mvov †`q Zv †hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv nq| wb‡P Avgiv †hvMv‡bi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡ev|

†hvMv‡bi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv

Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b †hvMv‡bi cwigvY KZUzKz mvov †`q Zv‡K †hvMv‡bi `vg
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ejv nq| †hvMv‡bi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv‡K wb‡gœv³fv‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq-
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-50
 A_©bxwZ

†hvMv‡bi cwigv‡Yi kZKiv cwieZ©b

†hvMv‡bi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, Es =
`v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b
D`vniY¯^iƒc, wPwbi `vg hLb 5 UvKv ZLb wPwbi †hvMv‡bi cwigvY cÖwZ gv‡m 20 †KwR| GLb wPwbi `vg e„w×
†c‡q 6 UvKv n‡j †hvMv‡bi cwigvY e„w× †c‡q 25 †KwR nq| A_©vr wPwbi `vg 20% e„w× cvIqv‡Z †hvMv‡bi
cwigvb 25% e„w× cvq|
25%
myZivs †hvMv‡bi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, E S  =1.25
20%
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv 1.25 Øviv †evSvq †h, 1 fvM `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b †hvMvb 1.25 fvM †ewk cwiewZ©Z nq|

mvims‡¶c
 Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b Pvwn`vi cwigvY KZUzKz mvov †`q Zv‡K
Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ejv nq|
 Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi cwieZ©‡b †hvMv‡bi cwigvY KZUzKz mvov †`q Zv‡K
†hvMv‡bi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ejv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.6

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1| Pvwn`vi `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi m~Î †KvbwU?
Pvwn`vi kZKiv cwieZ©b Pvwn`vi cwigv‡Yi kZKiv cwieZ©b
K. L.
†hvMv‡bi kZKiv cwieZ©b `v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b

M. ‡hvMv‡bi kZKiv cwieZ©b N. `v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b

`v‡gi kZKiv cwieZ©b Pvwn`vi kZKiv cwieZ©b

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| wb‡Pi m~wPwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
Av‡c‡ji `vg (UvKvq) Av‡c‡ji Pvwn`v (msL¨vq)
10 2
8 4
6 6
K. Pvwn`vi kZ©¸‡jv wK?
L. `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi wecixZgyLx m¤úK©wU eY©bv Kiæb|
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Pvwn`v †iLv A¼b Kiæb|
N. Pvwn`v †iLv evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K wbgœMvgx nIqvi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

2| iwngv evwo‡Z nuvm cvjb K‡i evRv‡i wWg wewµ K‡i| GK WRb wW‡gi `vg 100 UvKv nIqvq †m evRv‡i GK
WRb wWg wewµ K‡i| c‡ii w`b wW‡gi `vg WRb cÖwZ 120 nIqvq †m `yB WRb wWg wewµ Kij| nVvr K‡i
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-51
Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

MÖv‡g ARvbv †iv‡M A‡bK gyiMx gviv hvIqvq nuv‡mi wW‡gi `vg †e‡o WRb cÖwZ 140 UvKv n‡jv| ZLb iwngv
evwo‡Z wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ wWg bv †i‡L wZb WRb wWg wewµ K‡i w`j|
K. †hvMvb wK?
L. †hvMvb wewa ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
M. iwngvi wW‡gi †hvMvb m~wP ˆZwi K‡i †hvMvb †iLv A¼b Kiæb|
N. DÏxc‡K `vg I †hvMv‡bi †h m¤úK© †`Lv hvq ev¯Íe Rxe‡b wK Gi †Kv‡bv e¨wZµg n‡Z cv‡i| e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
3| wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
`ª‡e¨i `vg

`ª‡e¨i cwigvY

K. fvimvg¨ `vg wK?

L. fvimvg¨ cwigvY ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡Ki P1 we›`y‡Z fvimvg¨ AR©b m¤¢e? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. fvimvg¨ †Kvb we›`y‡Z AwR©Z n‡e? wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K we‡kølY Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cvV 4.1: 1| K 2| N 3| K
cvV 4.2: 1| K 2| M 3| L
cvV 4.3: 1| N 2| L 3| L
cvV 4.4: 1| M 2| M
cvV 4.5: 1| M 2| L 3| K
cvV 4.6: 1| L

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-52