evRvi fvimvg¨ BDwbU

Market Equilibrium 7
f‚wgKv
fvimvg¨ K_vwUi A_© n‡jv Ôw¯’wZe¯’vÕ| mvaviYZ: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wecixZg~Lx kw³i cvi¯úwiK wµqv-
cÖwZwµqvi d‡j hw` H kw³mg~n GKwU w¯’wZe¯’vq DcbxZ nq, †hLvb †_‡K Zv‡`i wePz¨Z nIqvi †Kvb
cÖeYZv _v‡K bv, †mB Ae¯’v‡K Òfvimvg¨Ó e‡j| A_©bxwZ‡Z fvimv‡g¨i aviYvwU †hme †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq
Zvi g‡a¨ evRvi fvimvg¨ Ab¨Zg| evRvi fvimvg¨ ej‡Z †Kvb GKwU `ª‡e¨i `vg, Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi
Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v‡K eySvq hv GKevi AwR©Z n‡j cwieZ©b nIqvi †Kvb cÖeYZv _v‡K bv| Avgiv G
ch©v‡q fvimvg¨ `vg, wba©viY cÖwµqv I †Kvb kw³i cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y fvimvg¨ wKfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq Zv
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

evRvi fvimvg¨ (Market equilibrium)

Ôfvimvg¨Õ- A_© w¯’wZe¯’v ev mvg¨ Ae¯’v| hLb †Kvb `ª‡e¨i MwZkxj wecixZg~Lx kw³ mg~n Ggb GKwU
Ae¯’vq G‡m †cŠQvq †h Zv‡`i cwieZ©‡bi Avi †Kvb cÖeYZv _v‡K bv ZLb †m Ae¯’v‡K Ôfvimvg¨Õ e‡j|
A_©bxwZ‡Z fvimvg¨ ej‡Z GKwU A_©‰bwZK g‡W‡ji fvimvg¨‡K eySvq| GKwU A_©‰bwZK g‡W‡j ci¯úi
m¤úwK©Z K‡qKwU PjK _v‡K| myZivs A_©‰bwZK fvimvg¨ ej‡Z Ggb Ae¯’v‡K eySvq †h g‡W‡ji
PjK¸‡jv Ggb gv‡b DcbxZ nq †h, gvb¸‡jv cwieZ©‡b g‡W‡ji wbR¯^ †Kvb cÖeYZv _v‡K bv|
myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q Ges wbw`©ó `v‡g GKwU evRv‡i Pvwn`vi cwigvY Ges
†hvMv‡bi cwigvY mgvb n‡j †h fvimvg¨ AwR©Z nq Zv‡K evRvi fvimvg¨
e‡j|
fvimvg¨ `v‡g we‡µZviv †h cwigvY `ªe¨ weµq Ki‡Z Pvq, †µZvivI †mB cwigvY `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z AvMÖnx
_v‡K| †h `v‡g Pvwn`v I †hvMvb mgvb _v‡K Zv‡K fvimvg¨ `vg e‡j| fvimvg¨ `v‡g †µZv-we‡µZv †h
cwigvY `ªe¨ †mev µq-weµq K‡i Zvn‡jv fvimvg¨ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY|
A_©bxwZwe` Aa¨vcK jvBedw¯‹ (Liebhafsky) Gi g‡Z, Òfvimvg¨ ej‡Z Ggb Ae¯’v‡K eySvq †hLv‡b
†Kvb A_©‰bwZK Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡bi cÖeYZv _v‡K bv|Ó

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 4 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 7.1: fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY
cvV 7.2: fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b
GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 7.1 fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY

Determination of Equilibrium Price and Quantity

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi gva¨‡g fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 MvwYwZK Dcv‡q fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY (Determination of Equilibrium Price and Quantity)

†Kvb cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jK evRv‡i †Kvb `ª‡e¨i µq weµq wb‡q †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ `i KlvKwl nq| †µZviv Kg
`vg w`‡Z Pvq Avi we‡µZviv Zvi `ªe¨‡K †ekx `v‡g weµq Ki‡Z Pvq| GB `i KlvKwli g‡a¨‡g Ggb GKwU `v‡g
`ªe¨wU µq-weµq nq †hLv‡b `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ci¯úi mgvb nq| GB `vg‡K fvimvg¨ `vg Ges
µq weµ‡qi cwigvY‡K fvimvg¨ cwigvY ejv nq| fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigv‡Yi GB w¯’wZe¯’v‡K evRvi fvimvg¨ e‡j
cwiwPZ|
mvaviYZ: wb‡¤œv³ `yB fv‡M evRvi fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY n‡q _v‡K|
(1) m~wP I †iLv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
(2) MvwYwZK/ exRMvwYwZK g‡W‡ji mvnv‡h¨

(1) m~wP I †iLv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g `ª‡e¨i fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY:
wb‡¤œ GKwU mgwš^Z Pvwn`v I †hvMvb m~wPi mvnv‡h¨ evRv‡ii fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
`ª‡e¨i `vg `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi m¤úK© `v‡gi cÖeYZv
GKK GKK
15 30 50 `vg Kg‡e
10 40 40 w¯’wZkxj Z_v
fvimvg¨ `vg
5 50 30 `vg evo‡e
QK 7.1.1: Pvwn`v I †hvMvb

QK 7.1.1 †_‡K †`Lv hvq, `ª‡e¨i `vg hLb 15 UvKv ZLb `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v 30 GKK Ges †hvMv‡bi cwigvY 50
GKK| G‡ÿ‡Î evRv‡i `ª‡e¨i †hvMv‡bi cwigvY Pvwn`v A‡cÿv †ekx nIqvq evRv‡i `ª‡e¨i DØ„‡Ëi (Surplus) m„wó
n‡e| Ges A‡bK `ªe¨B AwewµZ †_‡K hv‡e| GgZve¯’vq we‡µZviv `vg Kwg‡q `ªe¨wU weµq Ki‡Z †M‡j `vg
wb¤œg~Lx I evRvi Aw¯’wZkxj n‡e|
Avevi `ª‡e¨i `vg hLb 5 UvKv ZLb `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`vi cwigvY 50 GKK Ges †hvMv‡bi cwigvY 30 GKK| G
Ae¯’vq `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY †hvMv‡bi cwigvY A‡cÿv †ekx nIqvq evRv‡i `ªe¨wUi NvUwZ (Shortage) †`Lv
w`‡e| ZLb A‡bK †µZvB †ekx `vg w`‡qI `ªe¨wU µq Ki‡Z PvB‡e| d‡j `ªe¨wUi `vg DaŸ©g~Lx I evRvi
Aw¯’wZkxj n‡e|
Avevi hLb `ªe¨wUi `vg 10 UvKv ZLb `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`v 40 GKK Ges †hvMvb 40 GKK hv ci¯úi mgvb|
GgZve¯’vq `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi wb‡P bvgv ev D‡aŸ© DVvi †Kvb cÖeYZv _v‡K bv| A_©vr Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, †h `v‡g `ª‡e¨i
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-86
 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

†gvU Pvwn`v Ges †gvU †hvMvb ci¯úi mgvb nq Zv‡KB evRvi fvimvg¨ e‡j| GLv‡b evRvi fvimvg¨ `vg n‡jv 10
UvKv Ges cwigvY n‡jv 40 GKK|
‡iLv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wb©aviY:
‡Kvb `ª‡e¨i evRvi fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY †iLv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq:

wPÎ 7.1.1: fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY

wPÎ 7.1.1 G X A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY Ges Y A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i `vg wb‡`©wkZ| cÖ`Ë m¤^wš^Z †hvMvb
I Pvwn`v m~wP‡Z ewY©Z cvi¯úwiZ `ª‡e¨i `vg I cwigv‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i Pvwn`v †iLv (DD) I †hvMvb †iLv (SS)
AsKb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wP‡Î †`Lv hvq, `ª‡e¨i `vg hLb 5 UvKv ZLb Pvwn`vi cwigvY 50 GKK Ges †hvMv‡bi cwigvY 30 GKK|
G‡ÿ‡Î D S nIqvq `ªe¨wUi `vg evo‡e Ges Zv evRvi fvimvg¨ n‡e bv|
Aci w`‡K, `ªe¨wUi `vg hLb 15 UvKv ZLb Pvwn`vi cwigvY n‡jv 30 GKK Ges †hvMv‡bi cwigvY n‡jv 50
GKK| G‡ÿ‡Î S D Ges evRvi w¯’wZkxj n‡e bv|
wKš‘y `ªe¨wUi `vg hLb 10 UvKv ZLb Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY 40 GKK hv ci¯úi mgvb| G‡ÿ‡Î D = S Ges
evRvi w¯’wZkxj n‡e| Ges GB w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’v‡K evRvi fvimvg¨ e‡j| GLv‡b evRvi fvimvg¨ `vg n‡jv 10 UvKv
Ges `ª‡e¨i cwigvY n‡jv 40 GKK|

2| MvwYwZK/exRMvwYwZK Dcv‡q evRvi fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viYt

‡Kvb `ª‡e¨i evRvi fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY MvwYwZK Dcv‡qI wba©viY Kiv hvq| Pvwn`v wewa Abyhvqx, `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi
mv‡_ Pvwn`vi FbvZœK m¤úK© Ges ‡hvMvb wewa Abyhvqx `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi mv‡_ †hvMv‡bi abvZœK m¤úK© we`¨gvb|
G‡ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v I †hvMb mgxKiY n‡jv-
Pvwn`v mgxKiY,
QD  a  bP
Ges †hvMvb mgxKiY, QS  c  dP
‡hLv‡b, QD  Pvwn`vi cwigvY
‡hvMv‡bi cwigvY
`ª‡e¨i `vg
Ges I n‡jv civwgwZ
Ges I n‡jv h_vµ‡g Pvwn`v I †hvMb †iLvi Xvj|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-87

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

evRvi fvimv‡g¨i kZv©bymv‡i,

fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vq, QD  QS
ev, a  bP  c  dP [ QD Gis QS Gi gvb ewm‡q]
ev,  bP  dP  c  a
ev,  P(b  d )  (c  a )
ev, P(b  d )  (c  a)
ca
ev, P  GwU n‡jv fvimvg¨ `vg|
bd
P Gi cÖvß gvb Qd Gis Qs G ewm‡q cvIqv hvq
 ca 
Q D  a  b 
bd 

GwU fvimvg¨ Pvwn`vi cwigvY

GwU n‡jv fvimvg¨ †hvMv‡bi cwigvY|

myZivs
ad  bc
QD  QS  n‡jv fvimvg¨ Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY|
bd

MvwYwZK D`vniY
g‡b Kwi, Pvwn`v mgxKiY, QD = 80 - 2P
Ges †hvMvb mgxKiY, QS   20 + 3P
‡hLv‡b, QD  Pvwn`vi cwigvY
QD  ‡hvMv‡bi cwigvY
`ª‡e¨i `vg
evRvi fvimvg¨ `ª‡e¨i `vg I cwigvY wbY©q Ki|
Avgiv Rvwb, fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vq `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ci¯úi mgvb nq A_©vr

ev, 80 – 2P = 20 + 3P
ev, 2P- 3P = 20 80
ev, 5P = 100
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-88
 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

ev, 5P = 100
ev, P = 20
myZivs fvimvg¨ `vg, P =20
GLb Gi gvb cÖ`Ë Pvwn`v I †hvMvb mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q QD Gis QS Gi gvb cvIqv hvq|
Q D  80 – 2P
= 80 2 20
= 80 40
= 40
Ges QS  20 + 3
= 20 + 3
= 20 + 60
= 40
myZivs Q D  Q S  40
myZivs fvimvg¨ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY 40 GKK|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
aiv hvK, †Kvb `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v mgxKiY QD=1600 - 300P Ges †hvMvb mgxKiY QS = 1400 + 700 P
‡hLv‡b, QD = Pvwn`v, QS = †hvMvb Ges P = `vg| H `ªe¨wUi fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©viY Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q I wbw`©ó `v‡g GKwU evRv‡i Pvwn`vi cwigvY I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY mgvb n‡j †h
fvimvg¨ AwR©Z nq Zv‡K evRvi fvimvg¨ e‡j| fvimvg¨ `v‡g we‡µZv †h cwigvY `ªe¨ weµq Ki‡Z
Pvq, †µZvI †mB cwigvY `ªe¨ µq Ki‡Z AvMÖnx nq| A_©vr evRvi fvimv‡g¨ `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi
cwigvY ci¯úi mgvb nq| A_©vr QD=QS

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.1
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z †Kvb wbw`©ó `v‡g `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY mgvb n‡j Zv‡K wK e‡j?
(K) fvimvg¨ `vg (L) fvimvg¨ cwigvY (M) evRvi fvimvg¨ (N) evRvi †hvMvb
2| evRvi fvimvg¨ KLb AwR©Z nq?
(K) Pvwn`v I ‡hvMvb ci¯úi Amgvb n‡j (L) Pvwn`v I †hvMvb ci¯úi mgvb n‡j
(M) Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq †hvMvb Kg n‡j (N) Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq †hvMvb ‡ekx n‡j
3| fvimvg¨ we›`y‡Z cvIqv hvq fvimvg¨Ñ
i. Avq
ii. `vg
iii. cwigvY

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-89

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi QKwU jÿ¨ Kiæb Ges 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
`vg (UvKvq) Pvwn`vi cwigvY †hvMv‡bi cwigvY
10 24 8
15 20 12
20 16 16
25 12 20
30 8 24

4| DÏxc‡K fvimvg¨ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY †KvbwU?

(K) 20 (L) 16 (M) 12 (N) 8
5| DÏxc‡Ki gvbmg~n Øviv Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLv AsKb Ki‡j Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLvi AvK…wZ n‡e-
i. Pvwn`v †iLv evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K wb¤œMvgx
ii. †hvMvb †iLv evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K DaŸ©Mvgx
iii. Pvwn`v †iLv f‚wg A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-90

 A_©bxwZ 1g cÎ

cvV 7.2 fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b

Changes of Equilibrium Price and Quantity

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigv‡Yi Dci Pvwn`vi cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigv‡Yi Dci †hvMv‡bi cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b (Changes of Equilibrium Price and Quantity)

Avgiv Rvwb, evRv‡i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi mgZv Øviv `ª‡e¨i fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY wba©vwiZ nq| wKš‘y †Kvb Kvi‡Y
Pvwn`v ev †hvMv‡bi †h †Kvb GKwUi ev Df‡qi cwieZ©b n‡j evRvi fvimvg¨ cwiewZ©Z nq Ges bZzb fvimv‡g¨i
D™¢e nq| Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j fvimvg¨ `v‡gi Dci †h cÖfve c‡o Zv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv
n‡jv:

fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigv‡Yi Dci Pvwn`vi cÖfve (Impact of Demand on Equilibrium Price and
Quantity)
(K) †hvMvb w¯’i †_‡K Pvwn`vi cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve
‡h `v‡g †Kvb `ª‡e¨i †gvU Pvwn`v Ges †gvU †hvMvb ci¯úi mgvb nq Zv‡K evRi fvimvg¨ e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e
ejv hvq, Pvwn`v †iLv I †hvMvb †iLv †h we›`y‡Z ci¯úi‡K †Q` K‡i H we›`y‡K fvimvg¨ we›`y e‡j Ges H
we›`y‡Z `vg I cwigvY‡K fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY e‡j|
‡µZvi Avq, iæwP, Af¨vm, m¤úwK©Z `ª‡e¨i `vg cÖf…wZ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b NU‡Z cv‡i| †hvMvb
w¯’i ev AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b NU‡j fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b N‡U| fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vi Dci
Pvwn`vi cÖfve `yB iKg n‡Z cv‡i| h_v- 1) Pvwn`vi e„w×RwbZ cÖfve I 2) Pvwn`vi n«vmRwbZ cÖfve| wb‡¤œ
†hvMvb w¯’i †i‡L Pvwn`vi e„w× I n«vwmRwbZ cÖfve †iLv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv|

1) Pvwn`v e„w×RwbZ cÖfve

`vg w¯’i †_‡K †Kvb †fv³vi Avq, iæwP, cQ›` BZ¨vw` e„w× ‡c‡j Ges fwel¨‡Z `ªe¨wUi `vg e„w×i m¤¢vebv
_vK‡j eZ©gv‡b `ªe¨wUi Pvwn`v e„w× cvq| †hvMvb w¯’i †_‡K `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v e„w× †c‡j fvimv‡g¨i †h
cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K Pvwn`vi e„w×RwbZ cÖfve e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v †iLv Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges
fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY DfqB e„w× cvq|

2) Pvwn`vi n«vmRwbZ cÖfve

Avevi `ª‡e¨i `vg w¯’i †_‡K †fv³vi Avq, iæwP, cQ›` BZ¨vw` n«vm †c‡j Ges fwel¨‡Z `ª‡e¨i `vg n«vm
cvIqvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡j eZ©gv‡b †fv³vi Pvwn`v n«vm cvq| †hvMvb w¯’i †_‡K Pvwn`v n«v‡mi Kvi‡Y
fvimv‡g¨i †h cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K Pvwn`v n«vmRwbZ cÖfve e‡j| Gi cÖfv‡e Pvwn`v †iLv evg w`‡K
¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges `ª‡e¨i `vg I cwigvY DfqB n«vm cvq|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-91

GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

`vg
`ª‡e¨i cwigvb
wPÎ 7.2.1: †hvMvb w¯’i †_‡K Pvwn`vi cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve

wP‡Î OX A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i cwigvY Ges OY A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i `vg wb‡`©wkZ| cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v D0D0 Ges †hvMvb SS
†iLv `ywU ci¯úi E0 we›`y‡Z †Q` Kivq GLv‡b cÖv_wgK fvimvg¨ `vg OP0 Ges `ª‡e¨i cwigvY OQ 0
wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q| hw` †hvMvb w¯’i †_‡K Pvwn`v e„w× †c‡q Wvb w`‡K D1D1 Ae¯’v‡b ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq, ZLb E1
bZzb fvimvg¨ nq| djkÖæwZ‡Z `vg e„w× †c‡q OP1 Ges cwigvY e„w× †c‡q nq OQ1| Avevi Pvwn`v n«vm
†c‡q D2D2 n‡j fvimvg¨ we›`y cwiewZ©Z n‡q E2 nq, `vg I cwigvY n«vm †c‡q h_vµ‡g OP2 Ges OQ2
nq| ‡hvMvb w¯’i †_‡K Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b n‡j Gfv‡e fvimvg¨ `vg I fvimvg¨ cwigv‡Yi Dci cÖfve
c‡o| myZivs Avgiv Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ej‡Z cvwi, †hvMvb w¯’i ‡_‡K, Pvwn`v e„w× †c‡j `ª‡e¨i `vg
I cwigvY DfqB e„w× cvq Ges Pvwn`v n«vm †c‡j `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`v DfqB n«vm cvq|

(L) Pvwn`v w¯’i †_‡K †hvMv‡bi cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve

Drcv`b e¨q, Drcv`‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj, Ki-fZzwK©, AvenvIqv, mgq cÖf…wZ cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y `ª‡e¨i `vg w¯’i
_vKv Ae¯’vqI †hvMv‡bi cwieZ©b NU‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j evRvi fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vi Dci †hvMv‡bi `yÕai‡bi
cÖfve n‡Z cv‡i| h_v- (1) †hvMv‡bi e„w×RwbZ cÖfve I (2) †hvMv‡bi n«vmRwbZ cÖfve| Pvwn`v AcwiewZ©Z
†_‡K †hvMv‡bi n«vm-e„w× Kvi‡Y evRvi fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigv‡Yi Dci wK ai‡bi cÖfve c‡o Zv †iLv wP‡Îi
mvn‡h¨ wb‡¤œ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
(1) †hvMv‡bi e„w×RwbZ cÖfve
`ª‡e¨i `vg w¯’i, Drcv`b e¨q n«vm, Drcv`b cÖhyw³ e¨q n«vm, fZywK© AbyK‚j AvenvIqv BZ¨vw` cÖfv‡ei
Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡bi cwigvY e„w× †c‡j Zv‡K †hvMvb e„w×RwbZ cÖfve e‡j Ges G‡ÿ‡Î †hvMvb †iLv Wvb
w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡e Ges fvimvg¨ `vg n«vm cv‡e Ges weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w× cv‡e|
(2) †hvMv‡bi n«vmRwbZ cÖfve
Avevi `ª‡e¨i `vg w¯’i †_‡K Drcv`b e¨q e„w×, Drcv`b Kjv‡KŠk‡ji e¨q e„w×, Ki e„w×, cÖwZK‚j
AvenvIqv BZ¨vw`i Kvi‡Y `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb n«vm †c‡j Zv‡K †hvMv‡bi n«vmRwbZ cÖfve e‡j Ges G‡ÿ‡Î
†hvMvb †iLv evg w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡e Ges fvimvg¨ `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× I weµ‡qi cwigvY n«vm cv‡e|

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`vg `ª‡e¨i cwigvY

wPÎ 7.2.2: Pvwn`v w¯’i †_‡K †hvMv‡bi cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve
wP‡Î f‚wg A‡ÿ Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY Ges j¤^ A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i `vg wb‡`©wkZ| DD Ges S0S0 n‡jv
h_vµ‡g cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLv| DD Ges S0S0 †iLv ci¯úi we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq| myZivs
cÖv_wgK fvimvg¨ we›`y n‡jv Ges fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY n‡jv h_vµ‡g Ges | Pvwn`v w¯’i _vKv
Ae¯’vq †hvMvb e„w× †c‡q bZzb †hvvMvb †iLv ‡iLv I Pvwn`v †iLv bZzb fvimvg¨ we›`y‡Z
ci¯úi wgwjZ nq Ges bZzb fvimvg¨ `vg Ges cwigvY nq h_vµ‡g Ges | Avevi †hvMv‡bi
cwigvY n«vm †c‡q †hvMvb †iLv evgw`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges DD Pvwn`v †iLv‡K we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
myZivs G‡ÿ‡Î bZzb fvimvg¨ we›`y nq Ges bZzb fvimvg¨ `vg n‡jv Ges cwigvY n‡jv |
myZivs Avgiv Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ej‡Z cvwi, Pvwn`v w¯’i †_‡K `ª‡e¨i †hvMv‡bi e„w×i Kvi‡Y `ª‡e¨i `vg
Kg‡e Ges wewµi cwigvY evo‡e| Acic‡ÿ †hvMv‡bi cwigvY n«vm †c‡j `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w× cv‡e Ges wewµi
cwigvY Kg‡e|

(M) Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi GKB mv‡_ (hyMcr) cwieZ©b

‡Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v I †hvMvb GKB mv‡_ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j evRvi fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b n‡Z
cv‡i| welqwU wb‡¤œ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
S0
`vg

`ª‡e¨i cwigvY
wPÎ 7.2.3 (i): fvimvg¨ `v‡gi Dci Pvwn`v I †hvMvb e„w×i cÖfve

wPÎ 7.2.3 Gi (i)G f‚wg A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY Ges j¤^ A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i `vg wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wP‡Î D0D0 Ges S0S0 n‡jv h_vµ‡g cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLv Ges n‡jv cÖv_wgK evRvi fvimvg¨
Ae¯’v| G Ae¯’vq cÖv_wgK evRvi fvimvg¨ `vg Ges `ª‡e¨i cwigvY | GLb aiv hvK, †Kvb GKwU

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GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kvb GKwU `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMvb e„w× cvIqvq Pvwn`v I †hvMvb Dfq †iLv Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ
nq| aiv hvK, bZzb Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLv h_vµ‡g I Ges bZzb fvimvg¨ we›`y | bZzb fvimvg¨
`vg Ges cwigvY | G‡ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`v DfqB e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Gfv‡eB Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLvi
¯’vbvšÍ‡ii d‡j fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY cwiewZ©Z nq|

S1

`vg

`ª‡e¨i cwigvY
wPÎ 7.2.3 : fvimvg¨ `v‡gi Dci Pvwn`v I †hvMvb n«v‡mi cÖfve

wPÎ 7.2.3 G f‚wg A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi cwigvY Ges j¤^ A‡ÿ `ª‡e¨i `vg wb‡`©k Kiv
n‡q‡Q| wP‡Î D0D0 Ges S0S0 n‡jv h_vµ‡g cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLv Ges n‡jv cÖv_wgK evRvi
fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v| GLv‡b fvimvg¨ `vg Ges `ª‡e¨i cwigvY | A_©vr †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kvb
GKwU `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v I †hvMvb n«vm cvIqvq Pvwn`v I †hvMvb Dfq †iLv evg w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| aiv hvK,
bZzb Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLv h_vµ‡g I Ges bZzb fvimvg¨ we›`y | bZzb fvimvg¨ `vg
Ges cwigvY | G‡ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i `vg I Pvwn`v DfqB n«vm cvq| Gfv‡eB Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLvi
¯’vbvšÍ‡ii d‡j fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY cwiewZ©Z nq|
AZGe ejv hvq, fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b wbf©i Ki‡Q †iLv؇qi cwieZ©‡bi w`K I gvÎvi Dci|

[we.`ª.: Pvwn`v/‡hvMvb e„w× NU‡j †iLvwU g~j ev cÖv_wgK †iLvi Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡e| Avevi Pvwn`v / †hvMvb
n«vm †c‡j †iLvwU g~j ev cÖv_wgK †iLvi evg w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡e|]

wkÿv_©xi KvR
Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq †hvMv‡bi Kg n«v‡m fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigv‡Yi cwieZ©b †iLv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 hw` †hvMv‡bi cwigvY Pvwn`vi cwigvY ) A‡cÿv ‡ewk nq Z‡e H `ª‡e¨i `vg K‡g hvIqvi
cÖeYZv †`Lv †`q| GKBfv‡e hw` Pvwn`vi cwigvY ‡_‡K †hvMv‡bi cwigvY †ewk n‡j H `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w×
cvIqvi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| Dfq Ae¯’vq evRvi Aw¯’wZkxj nIqvi cÖeYZv †`Lv w`‡e|
 hLb `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi cwigvY Ges †hvMv‡bi cwigvY ci¯úi mgvb n‡e evRv‡i ZLb fvimvg¨ I w¯’wZkxjZv
weivR Ki‡e|

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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 7.2

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| Pvwn`v w¯’i †_‡K †hvMvb e„w× †c‡j -
(K) †hvMvb †iLv g~j fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v †_‡K Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq
(L) †hvMvb †iLv g~j fvimvg¨ Ae¯’v †_‡K evg w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq
(M) †hvMvb †iLvi †Kvb ¯’vbvšÍi nq bv
(N) Pvwn`v †iLvi DaŸ©Mvgx ¯’vbvšÍi nq
2| †hvMvb w¯’i †_‡K Pvwn`vi cwigvY n«vm ‡c‡j-
(K) Pvwn`v †iLvi g~j fvimvg¨ †_‡K Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍi n‡e
(L) Pvwn`v †iLvi g~j fvimvg¨ †_‡K evg w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍi n‡e
(M) Pvwn`v †iLvi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv
(N) Pvwn`v I †hvMvb Dfq †iLvi cwieZ©b n‡e
3| fwel¨‡Z ‡Kvb `ª‡e¨i `v‡gi e¨vcK e„w×i m¤¢vebv _vK‡j eZ©gv‡b H `ª‡e¨i `vg mvgvb¨ evo‡j †hvMvb -
i. n«vm cv‡e
ii. e„w× cv‡e
iii. ¯^í cwieZ©b n‡e;
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë wPÎ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i 4bs I 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
Y S
D

P0 E0
দাম `vg

S D

O Q0 X

েব র `ª‡e¨iপিরমান
cwigvY
4| †iLv Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j bZzb fvimvg¨ `vg-
(K) evo‡e (L) Kg‡e (M) w¯’i _vK‡e (N) mvgvb¨ cwigvY evo‡e
5| Ges †iLv DfqB GK m‡½ mgvbycvwZK nv‡i Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j-
i. fvimvg¨ `vg w¯’i _v‡K
ii. fvimvg¨ cwigvY w¯’i _v‡K
iii. fvimvg¨ cwigvY ev‡o
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) ii I iii (N) i, ii I iii

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GBP.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| av‡bi †gŠmy‡g ¯^vaxbcyi evRv‡i av‡bi `vg †gvU Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi wfwˇZ wba©vwiZ nq| wb‡¤œ av‡bi †KwR
cÖwZ `vg wba©vi‡Yi GKwU KvíwbK m~wP †`qv n‡jv:
`vg †KwR cÖwZ ‡gvU Pvwn`v ‡gvU †hvMvb Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi `v‡gi Ae¯’v
(UvKv) (†KwR) (†KwR) m¤úK©
10 300 100 D>S `vg Da٩g~Lx
15 200 200 D=S fvimvg¨ `vg
20 100 300 S>D `vg wb¤œg~Lx
(K) fvimvg¨ wK?
(L) m~wPi wfwˇZ Aw¼Z †iLvwP‡Îi gva¨‡g av‡bi fvimvg¨ `vg wba©viY Kiæb|
(M) Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi AmgZvi Kvi‡Y `v‡gi DaŸ©g~Lx wKsev wb¤œg~Lx nIqvi cÖeYZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) 15 UvKv `v‡g we‡µZv hw` 300 GKK †hvMvb w`‡Zb Zvn‡j fvimvg¨ Ae¯’vi †h cwieZ©b NU‡e Zv
we‡kølY Kiæb|
2| wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb I mswkøó cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi w`b|
Y S
D

P0 E0
দাম`vg

S D

O Q0 X

েব র
`ª‡e¨i cwigvY
পিরমান
(K) Pvwn`vi K‡qKwU wba©vi‡Ki bvg wjLyb|
(L) Pvwn`v I †hvMvb wewai †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ wK?
(M) wP‡Î D‡jøwLZ aviYvwUi MvwYwZK we‡kølY Kiæb|
(N) D‡jøwLZ wP‡Î ïaygvÎ †iLvwU evg ev Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j A_©bxwZ‡Z Gi cÖwZwµqv wKiƒc n‡e
e‡j Avcwb wK g‡b K‡ib? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| wb‡¤œ GKwU m~wP †`Iqv n‡jv-
`ª‡e¨i `vg (UvKvq) ‡gvU Pvwn`v (GKK) ‡gvU †hvMvb (GKK)
20 400 600
15 500 500
10 600 400
(K) Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq ‡hvMvb †ekx n‡j `v‡gi MwZ wK n‡e?
(L) DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K Pvwn`v I †hvMvb †iLv AsKb K‡i fvimvg¨ `vg I cwigvY †ei Kiæb|
(M) †hvMvb AcwiewZ©Z †_‡K Aw¼Z Pvwn`v †iLv Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j fvimvg¨ `v‡gi wK cwieZ©b NU‡e Zv
we‡kølY Kiæb|
(N) Kjv‡KŠkj DbœwZ I AbyK~j AvenvIqvi Rb¨ †hvMvb †iLv wb‡P Wvb w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j fvimvg¨ `v‡gi Dci
wK cÖfve co‡e, e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cvV 7.1: 1| M 2| L 3| M 4| L 5| K
cvV 7.2: 1| K 2| L 3| L 4| L 5| L

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