Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

CE-330: Fluid Mechanics-II

Lecture 1a
Course Introduction

5th Semester (3rd Year)

Civil Engineering
Fall 2021

Lecturer: Alamgir Khalil

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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Introduction

Mechanics is concerned with both stationary and moving bodies under

the influence of loads.
▪ Statics is the branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest.
▪ Dynamics is the branch of mechanics that deals with bodies in
motion.

▪ Fluid mechanics deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics)
and in motion (fluid dynamics).
▪ Hydrodynamics studies liquids (incompressible flow) in motion.
▪ Hydraulics studies liquids flowing in pipes, ducts and open channels.
▪ Gas dynamics studies compressible flow of gases with high density
changes.
▪ Aerodynamics is similar to gas dynamics, but also covers low speed
flows. It focuses on air flow.
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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Fluid Mechanics Overview

Fluid Mechanics

Gas Liquids Statics Dynamics

F = 0i  F  0 , Flows
i

Water, Oils, Stability

Air, He, N2,
etc. etc. Pressure Buoyancy Compressible /
Incompressible

Surface Laminar /
Tension Turbulent
Compressibility Steady / Unsteady
Density Viscosity Vapor Viscous / Inviscid
Pressure

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Fluid Mechanics Overview

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Fluid Mechanics Overview THE CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS

Liquids, like all matter, consist of molecules.

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Fluid Mechanics Overview THE CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS (cont.)

microscopic uncertainty and is
caused by the discontinuous and
fluctuating nature of matter. macroscopic uncertainty
and is caused by spatial
Not too small variation
Not too large

106 molecules for air at ambient temperature,

stable measurement δV∗ = 10−9 mm3
3 × 107 molecules

δV = 0.001 mm3 (about the size of a grain of sand),

there will on average be 2.5×1013 molecules present. 6
 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Fluid Mechanics Overview THE CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS (cont.)

➢ The mathematical advantage

• Use of Calculus
• Rate of change, integration

𝑑𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)
Derivative Defined: = lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

Integral Defined:

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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

History
Faces of Fluid Mechanics

Archimedes Newton Leibniz Bernoulli Euler

(C. 287-212 BC) (1642-1727) (1646-1716) (1667-1748) (1707-1783)

Navier Stokes Reynolds Prandtl Taylor

(1785-1836) (1819-1903) (1842-1912) (1875-1953) (1886-1975)
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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

History
Faces of Fluid Mechanics

Torricelli Pascal D’Alembert Chezy Poiseuille

(1608-1647) (1623-1662) (1717-1789) (1718-1798) (1799-1869)

Hagen Froude Francis Pelton Herschel

(1797-1884) (1810-1879) (1815-1892) (1829-1908) (1842-1930)
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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Significance of Fluid Mechanics

Weather & Climate
Tornadoes Thunderstorm

Global Climate Hurricanes

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Vehicles
Aircraft Surface ships

High-speed rail Submarines

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Environment
Air pollution River hydraulics

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Physiology and Medicine

Blood pump Ventricular assist device

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Sports & Recreation

Water sports Cycling Offshore racing

Auto racing Surfing

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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Fluid mechanics can be applied to various fields of engineering.

Aeronautical Engineering flow over wings and bodies

Civil Engineering river flows, wind effects on high buildings,

sedimentation, hydraulics, currents in
harbors and submerged structures
Electrical Engineering flow of coolants in power systems, flow of
fluid with electrical properties

Mechanical Engineering turbomachinery, fluidic lubrication, gas flow

in exhausts

Environmental Engineering dispersion of pollutants in air and water,

storm surge and ocean currents

Other applications blood flow and weather prediction

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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Fluid mechanics

Application Areas:
➢ Flow in pipelines and channels
➢ Movements of air and blood in the body
➢ Projectiles
➢ Wind loadings on buildings
➢ Meteorology
➢ Oceanography

Design:
➢ Water Supply Systems
➢ Wastewater treatment
➢ Valves, flowmeters
➢ Aircrafts ships, submarines
➢ Artificial organs
➢ Sports
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Some application areas of Fluid mechanics

Natural flows and weather Boats Aircraft and spacecraft

Power plants Human body Cars

Wind Turbines
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Piping and plumbing systems Industrial applications