making glue using plastic bottle or plastic bag

To make glue using plastic bottles or plastic bags, it is important to consider the composition of these materials. Plastic
bottles are typically made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a non-biodegradable polymer (Lagae-Capelle et al., 2020).
On the other hand, plastic bags are also made of non-biodegradable materials, contributing to environmental pollution
(Nyathi & Togo, 2020). The non-biodegradable nature of these plastics means that they take decades to decompose
(Munib & Pitana, 2022).

Additionally, plastic bottles are highly crystalline, with a significant percentage of non-degradable plastic, ranging from
52% to 82% (Wallace et al., 2020). When considering the potential for making glue from these materials, it is essential to
understand the molecular properties of the plastics. For instance, the absorption of water at high relative humidity can
plasticize the glue, affecting its viscosity (Amarpuri et al., 2022).

Furthermore, the glue from most spider species becomes stickier as humidity increases, indicating the influence of
environmental factors on adhesive properties (Amarpuri et al., 2015). In terms of environmental impact, the extensive
usage of plastic bags has caused detrimental environmental damage, leading to efforts to reduce their usage (Li & Wang,
2021). Plastic waste, including bottles and bags, contributes to environmental pollution and marine debris (Jambeck et
al., 2015). Moreover, the release of microplastics from plastic bottles and bags due to mechanical stress poses additional
environmental concerns (Sobhani et al., 2020; Winkler et al., 2019).

In conclusion, while plastic bottles and bags are non-biodegradable and contribute to environmental pollution, their
potential for making glue is influenced by their molecular properties and environmental impact. Efforts to reduce the
usage of these plastics and explore eco-friendly alternatives are essential for environmental sustainability.

making plywood using plastic bottle strips

To determine the feasibility of making plywood using plastic bottle strips, it is essential to consider the potential of plastic
bottle strips as a construction material. Research has shown that plastic bottle strips can be effectively used in various
construction applications, such as soil reinforcement, stabilization, and as building blocks (Marçal et al., 2020; Kassa et
al., 2020; Hamid & Shamsudin, 2021; Dadzie et al., 2020; Kumar & Mishra, 2023; Adebayo, 2023; Plesa et al., 2022; PAUL
et al., 2022). Additionally, the utilization of plastic bottle strips in construction aligns with the growing interest in
recycling plastic waste and exploring eco-friendly building materials (Munib & Pitana, 2022; Priya et al., 2023; Jafari,
2021).

Furthermore, the potential of plastic bottle strips in construction is supported by their successful application in other
related fields. For example, plastic bottle strips have been used in the manufacturing of eco-bricks, demonstrating their
versatility and potential for use in structural applications (Taaffe et al., 2014). Additionally, the use of plastic bottle strips
in concrete reinforcement has shown promising results, indicating their potential to enhance the strength properties of
concrete (Szpetulski et al., 2022).

However, it is important to consider the environmental impact and sustainability of using plastic bottle strips in
construction. While plastic bottle strips offer a potential solution for recycling plastic waste and reducing environmental
pollution, studies have also highlighted the need to address issues such as biodegradation and microplastic release
associated with plastic materials (Ojiego et al., 2022; Hadeed & Al-Ahmady, 2022; Hadeed & Al-Ahmady, 2022).
Therefore, further research and development are necessary to ensure the sustainable and environmentally responsible
use of plastic bottle strips in construction.

In conclusion, the research indicates that plastic bottle strips have the potential to be used in the construction of
plywood and other structural applications. Their successful application in soil reinforcement, concrete reinforcement,
and as building blocks demonstrates their versatility and potential as a sustainable construction material. However, it is
crucial to add

making tiles using plastic bags or plastic bottle

Based on the available literature, it is feasible to produce tiles using plastic bags and plastic bottles. Several studies have
explored the use of waste plastics, including plastic bags and plastic bottles, in the production of tiles. For instance,
Chakrabarti (2020) discusses the development of construction material from waste plastics and fly ash, including plastic
carry-bags, and thermocol, which is a form of expanded polystyrene foam. Similarly, O. & Abas (2022) and Omosebi &
Abas (2021) have investigated the production of tiles from recycled plastic bottle (PET) wastes, emphasizing strength
properties, durability, and the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles as binders in the manufacture of building
materials, including tiles.

Moreover, Dhawan et al. (2019) have explored the recycling of plastic waste into tiles with reduced flammability and
improved tensile strength, demonstrating the potential for utilizing plastic waste in tile production. Additionally, Soni et
al. (2022) have conducted research on the development of sand-plastic composites as floor tiles using waste plastics and
silica sand, indicating a sustainable approach for cleaner production. These studies collectively provide evidence of the
potential for utilizing waste plastics, including plastic bags and plastic bottles, in the production of tiles, emphasizing
aspects such as strength, durability, and reduced flammability.
In conclusion, the literature supports the feasibility of producing tiles using plastic bags and plastic bottles, with various
studies demonstrating the utilization of waste plastics in tile production, highlighting properties such as strength,
durability, and reduced flammability.

Making soil stabilizer using plastic bags or plastic bottle

To make a soil stabilizer using plastic bags or plastic bottles, several studies have explored the use of plastic waste
materials for soil improvement (Amena & Chakeri, 2022). investigated the effects of plastic waste strips and lime on the
strength characteristics of expansive soil, demonstrating that plastic water bottles can be used as reinforcement with
lime to enhance the plasticity and strength properties of the soil (Amena & Chakeri, 2022). Similarly, Kumar & Mishra
(2023) discussed the use of NaOH treated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottle strips for soil stabilization,
highlighting the advancements in reprocessing and salvaging plastic bottles for stabilizing clay soil (Kumar & Mishra,
2023). Furthermore, Kassa et al. (2020) emphasized the positive impact of recycling and using plastic bottles to stabilize
expansive clay soil, indicating that these efforts are in the right direction for the construction industry (Kassa et al., 2020).

Moreover, Eltayeb and Attom (2021) investigated the use of shredded plastic water bottles in soil stabilization, providing
insights into a mechanical process for utilizing plastic bottles in this context (ELTAYEB & Attom, 2021; Adane et al., 2022).
also explored a novel technique to utilize waste plastic bottles as soil reinforcement, demonstrating the potential for
plastic bottles to contribute to the mechanical properties of soil (Adane et al., 2022). Additionally, Dadzie et al. (2020)
discussed the exploration of waste plastic bottles for use in construction, indicating that filling bottles with soil, sand, or
solid waste materials can be an eco-friendly approach for construction purposes (Dadzie et al., 2020).

These studies collectively suggest that plastic bottles and waste materials can be effectively utilized for soil stabilization
and improvement. By incorporating plastic bottles or waste strips into soil, it is possible to enhance the mechanical
properties of the soil, making it a viable option for construction and soil stabilization projects.
ress environmental considerations and conduct further research to optimize their use in construction.