Lecture 1 1675537793

Applied Reservoir Simulation
Using Eclipse and Petrel

Eclipse Overview
Mohamed Aly Abd El-Moniem

Reservoir Engineering Team Lead
Amal Petroleum Company Thursday, 29 December 2022
Agenda
• Reservoir Simulation Concept
• Overview of Classical Analysis
• Reservoir Simulation Workflow
• Characterizing the Reservoir
• Eclipse Software
• Different Sections of Eclipse Data File
Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

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Mohamed A. Abd El-Moniem
Reservoir Simulation
• SIMULATION:
``To Give the
Appearance Of...''

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Reservoir Simulation Benefits
• Examine the performance of a given reservoir under depletion, water
injection or gas cycling.
• Judge the most effective type of water flooding: relative merits of

– flank water injection
– pattern water flooding.

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• Estimate the effect of well location and spacing and number of wells.
• Estimate the effect of production rate on the hydrocarbon recovery

and economics.

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• Maximize the hydrocarbon recovery.
• Find optimal methods of field development and production schemes.
• Assess possible enhanced oil recovery (EOR) schemes and their

implementation.

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• Assess laboratory and field data requirements and their effect on the
performance predictions.
• Investigate the reason why the reservoir behavior deviates from the
earlier predictions.

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• Establish the best completion schemes for wells.
• Identify the section of reservoir from which the hydrocarbon is produced.

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Objectives of Simulation Study
• To gather all information available
• To augment/replace basic methods
• To history match past performance
• To predict future performance
• To determine what is important
• To examine effects of variation in data
• To compare scenarios
• To investigate problem areas
• To understand the reservoir requirements for simulation
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• Method
– The reservoir is divided into a number of blocks
– Basic data is provided for each block
– Wells are positioned within the arrangement of blocks
– The required offtake rate is specified as a function of time
– The appropriate equations are solved to give the pressure and
saturations for each block as well as the production of each phase
from each well

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• What data does it need?
– structural information, rock properties, fluid properties, well data,
historical production and operating constraints
• Underlying concepts:
– Mass Balance
– Darcy’s Law
– Well inflow model
– Physical PVT model

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Reservoir Models Used: History of Simulation
• Analogy - Well Productivity

- Recovery Factors
- Reservoir Data
• Decline Analysis - History Match

- No Operational Change
- Indication of Drive Mechanism

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Reservoir Models Used: History of Simulation
• Classical Analysis - Volumetric Analysis

- Material Balance
- Fluid Displacement
• Numerical Models
- Finite Element
- Finite Difference

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Overview of Classical Analysis
Classical Analysis
• Areas Of Analysis :
– Volumetric
– Material Balance
– Fluid Displacement

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Limitations of Classical Methods
• No Distribution Of Pressures And Saturations
• No Indication Of Un-swept Or Uncontacted Areas
• Does Not Use Spatial Information

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Volumetric Calculations
• Volumetric Calculations :
OIP= Area * hnet * Φ* (1 - Sw ) / Bo

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Material Balance
• Relates Pressure/Production with the Energy in the System
• Gas Cap Expansion
• Solution Gas Expansion
• Remaining Oil
• Rock & Connate Water Expansion
• Net Water Influx Production Injection

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Drive Types
• Fluid Expansion: Press > Pb
• Solution Gas/Secondary Gas Cap: Press < Pb
• Gravity Drainage
• Primary Gas Cap: Pres < Pb
• Compaction Drive: Unconsolidated sands, over pressured conditions
• Water Drive: Aquifer influx due to expansion or high pressure, or
water injection

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Material Balance Equation
Assumes:
• Tank Model
• No Heterogeneity
• Single Average Pressure
• No Capillary Pressure
• No Composition Change

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Reservoir Simulation Workflow
Workflow
• The key to learning reservoir simulation is to understand the
workflow involved in making a simulation study.

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At the Beginning
• What do we have at the start of this process?
– Static model
• Structure – tops, thickness, layering, faults, boundaries, shales, sands,
rock type, depositional environment, grain size distribution fractures
(all locations), property of aquifers
• Rock properties at all points in the reservoir (know at the wells,
estimated between wells) – permeabilities in all directions, porosities,
capillary pressure, relative permeabilities
• Initial Reservoir Conditions – water, oil, and gas saturations, pressures
at all points in the reservoir, contacts

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At the Beginning
– Well Data
• Well locations, trajectory, completions, workover schedule
• Production rates of oil, water, and gas as a function of time
• Pressure history of the wells – bottom hole flowing pressure and/or
build-up pressures (well tests) at specific times
• Injection history – rates, fluids, pressures, etc.

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At the Beginning
• What do we have at the start of this process?
– Fluid data
– PVT experiments with the reservoir fluids, viscosities, densities
– Material Balance of the reservoir history
– Reservoir Compartments
– Reservoir mechanisms
– Surface facilities and conditions

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Where ECLIPSE Fits In?

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Overview of Modeling Procedure

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Conducting a Study

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Characterizing the Reservoir
Building Simulation Model
Reservoir Characterization

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Data Structures for Static Model
• Data for the Static Model can come in 3 different types:
1. Deterministic ( Fluid contacts? PVT? Areally extensive rocks? )
2. Stochastic with trend ( Porosity permeability relationships?)
3. Stochastic with no trend

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Data Sources: What Data & Where to Get it?

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Requirements for Simulation
• Knowledge of the Reservoir
• Statement of the Objectives
• Critical examination of the Data
• Cautions :
1. Understanding of the reservoir is essential to building a model
2. The model should be made as simple as possible to answer the vital
questions
3. The amount of output that can easily be absorbed must be considered
Rubbish in gives rubbish out
Garbage in give garbage out
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Simulation – The key is to determine the inter
block flow – given the cell properties

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Transmissibility
• Flow from one grid block is controlled by
– The pressure difference (pressure gradient) between grid blocks
– And the transmissibility (ease of fluid flow) at the boundary between the
grid blocks.

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Transmissibility
• Transmissibility has 2 components
– Fixed component function of geometry
– Variable component function of flowing

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What is Simulation?
• Governing Physics
• Darcy’s Law (without gravity term)
k
q   P

• Material Balance Equation

 M  (   )  Q
t
Mass Flux
(In – Out) = Accumulation +/- Inj/Prod

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Combine the Equations
• Simulator Flow Equation (with gravity term)
  Q
[ (P    z)]  ( ) 
t  
k
where 


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The Well Model
q p , j  Twj M p , j (Pj  Pw  H wj )
Flow phase, connection Nodal Pressureconnection – BHP – Headconnection to datum
Mobilityphase,connection
Transmissibilityconnection ko , j kg, j
Mo, j   Rv
c  Kh  o, j  o, j  g, j  g, j
Twj 
ln( ro rw )  S kg, j ko , j
Mg, j   Rs
 g, j  g, j  o, j   o, j

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Techniques to Solve the Physics
ECLIPSE • Finite Difference
Blackoil or • Governing equations discretized on
Compositional a fixed grid
• Boundary Element / Finite

(Our Eqns Element
are too
• Governing equations solved using
non-linear) basis functions
• Streamline Simulation
FrontSim • Governing equations discretized but
solved on separate grids

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Black Oil and Compositional Models
• Black Oil Simulators (ECLIPSE Blackoil)
• Oil & Gas phases are represented by one ‘component’
• Assumes composition of gas & oil components are constant with pressure &
time
• Compositional Simulators (ECLIPSE Compositional)

• Oil & Gas phases are represented by multicomponent mixtures
• Assumes the reservoir fluids at all temperatures, pressures, compositions &
time can be represented by EOS

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We are Interested in Simulating Flow
• Flow from one grid block to the next
• Flow from a grid block to the well completion
• Flow within the wells (and surface networks)
Flow= Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference
Geometry & Fluid Well

Properties Properties Production
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Results Depend upon Good Input Data
• Shortage of Data
 Lots of Extrapolation
• Measurement Uncertainties
• Reservoir Complexity
 Heterogeneity
• Unknown Recovery Mechanisms
• Validity
 Assumes discrete numerical approximations represent a continuous system

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Typical Uses
• Asset valuation:
 Accurate determination of recoverable reserves
• Asset management:
 Determine the most economical perforation method, well pattern, number of
wells to drill, injection rates
 Determine appropriate facilities
• Uncertainty management:
 Estimate financial risk of exploration prospects & early life-cycle fields
 Assess the effects of early gas or water breakthrough or coning
 Estimate means of meeting gas deliverability contracts
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Eclipse Software
ECLIPSE Model: *.DATA
RUNSPEC General model characteristics
GRID Grid geometry and basic rock properties
EDIT Modification of the processed GRID data (optional section)
PROPS PVT & SCAL properties
REGIONS Subdivision of the reservoir (optional section)
SOLUTION Initialization
SUMMARY Request output for line plots (optional section)
Wells, completions, rate data, flow correlations, surface facilities

SCHEDULE
Simulator advance, control and termination
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How ECLIPSE Works?
• Each section of the data file is read, processed, consistency checks
are performed & required information is written to various output
files (ie *.PRT)
• Exceptions:
• RUNSPEC: Used for allocation of dynamic memory
• SCHEDULE: Time dependent data is read & processed every timestep

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How ECLIPSE Sections Relate to the Equation?
Flow = Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference
Geometry & Fluid Well

Properties Properties Production
GRID PROPS SCHEDULE
EDIT REGIONS
SOLUTION

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ECLIPSE Data File
Calculate Pore Volumes,
GRID, EDIT Transmissibilities,
Sections
Depths and NNCs
Initialize, calculate initial

PROPS, REGIONS, saturations, pressures and
SOLUTION Sections fluids in place
Define wells and surface

facilities. Advance
SCHEDULE through time by material
Sections balance for each cell
with wells as sinks or sources
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Static Reservoir Description
0 1000
Permeability, mD

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PVT and Rock Data
• PVT: Fluid Properties
 Describe the phase behaviour of
reservoir fluids at all pressures
• SCAL: Rock Properties

 Describe the flow behavior of the
reservoir fluids
 Describe the transition zone
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Initialization Data
• Equilibrium
 Define the initial saturation of each
phase & pressure gradients based
on contact depths
 ECLIPSE calculates the saturations &
pressures assuming equilibrium
• Enumeration
 Explicitly specify the initial
saturation & pressure in each cell

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Well Data
• Well locations
• Completion information
• Historical prod & inj rates
• Well or group rate constraints
• Workovers
• New wells
• Drilling queues

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Reservoir Simulation with ECLIPSE
1. Decide a clear objective Very Important
Construct small-scale 2. Collect and review data
models to understand
reservoir processes?
3. Build the model Keep the model simple
4. Connect Wells
Assumptions must be
5. Specify Historical Production Rates
physically valid 6. History Match
a. Pressure match
The “History Matched” b. Production match
model is still non-unique
7. Sensitize the model to validate the history match
8. Predict future production under varying operating
strategies

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ECLIPSE Data File Format
132 Character limit
Comments denoted by --
Any unset items after

terminating slash are
Defaults are taken for the defaulted
next four items
Keywords start in the first

column
Comments can be placed

after terminating slash

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RUNSPEC Section
Purpose of the RUNSPEC Section
• Set the start date of the simulation

• Define the basic character of the model
• Allocation of memory (RAM)
 Simulation grid
 Wells
 Tabular data
 Solver stack

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Sample RUNSPEC Section
RUNSPEC
TITLE
ECLIPSE Course Example
DIMENS
20 5 10 /
Units may also be FIELD
METRIC Phases present may be

OIL
oil, water, gas, disgas

WATER (dissolved gas), vapoil
(vaporized oil)
{
WELLDIMS
4 20 1 4 /
Number of PVT, SCAL AQUDIMS
Aquifer Tables, Wells, 4* 1 250 /
Connections, Segments
TABDIMS
2 2 50 50 /
START
1 JAN 1994 /
Required
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GRID Section
Purpose of the GRID section
• The Grid section contains the properties used to calculate pore
volume & transmissibility
K ( x , y , z )  A ( x , y , z )  NTG
PV  Vcell    NTG T(x, y, z) 
L ( x, y,z )
• ECLIPSE uses cell pore volume and transmissibility to calculate flows

from cell to cell

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Minimum GRID Section
Required Properties for each cell in the model:
• Geometry
 Cell dimensions & depths
• Properties
 Porosity
 Permeability
 (Net-to-gross or net thickness—if not included, ECLIPSE assumes equal to 1)

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Types of Grids Supported
“Cartesian”
Block Centered Corner Point
Unstructured (PEBI)
Radial
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Block-Centered vs Corner Point: Geometry
Block-Centered Corner Point
TOPS keyword specifies the ZCORN keyword
upper face depth specifies the height
DX keyword specifies the
of all corners of all
thickness of the cells in the I
cells
direction (10,1,1)
DY keyword specifies the
thickness of the cells in the J
direction
(10,1,1)
(11,1,1)
COORD keyword
DZ keyword specifies the specifies the X,Y,Z of
thickness of the cells in the the lines that define
(11,1,1)
K direction the corner of all cells
Note: DXV, DYV, DZV are alternate forms

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Block-Centered vs Corner Point:
Transmissibility
• Flow from cell can flow to cell(s)
Block-Centered Corner Point
(11,1,1)
(11,1,1)
Cell connections are by Cell connections are by

logical order: geometric position:
(11,1,1)  (11,1,2) & (10,1,1) (11,1,1)  (11,1,2), (10,1,2)partial & (10,1,3)

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Block-centered vs Corner point: Summary
Block-centered Corner Point
• Cell description is simple • Cell description can be complex
• Pre-processor is not required • Pre-processor is required
• Geometry data is small • Geometry data is voluminous
• Geologic structures are modelled • Geologic structures can be
simplistically modelled accurately
• Pinchouts & unconformities are • Pinchouts & unconformities can be
difficult to model modelled accurately
• Incorrect cell connections across faults • Layer contiguity across fault planes is
(user must modify transmissibility) accurately modelled

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Grid Cell Property Definition
Cell properties
such as PORO,
PERMX, PERMY,
PERMZ, NTG are
averages defined
at the centre

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Cartesian Data Reading Convention
• Cell data is read with i cycling fastest, followed by j then k
k increasing
(1,1,1) i increasing
j increasing
(12,4,1)

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Radial Data Reading Convention
• Cell data is read with R cycling fastest, followed by  then k
k increasing  increasing
R increasing
(1,1,1)
(4,3,1)

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Inactive Cells
• Avoid simulating fluid flow in “unimportant” cells
• ACTNUM — explicitly set each cell’s behaviour
 0 indicates the cell is inactive
 1 indicates the cell is active
• MINPV — indicate a minimum pore volume for a cell to be active
• PINCH — indicate a minimum thickness for a cell to be active
• ECLIPSE will automatically inactivate any cell with zero pore volume

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Cell Property Definition Rules
• One property per cell (NX*NY*NZ)
 Values must be defined for inactive cells too
• Explicit values only

 ECLIPSE has no facilities for entering data as a function

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Input Examples --NX = 5, NY = 3, NZ = 4
Specify each value

NTG
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Specify similar values 1.00 1.00

15*0.40
1.00 1.00 1.00
15*0.95
with the * 15*0.85 /
EQUALS
'PORO ' 0.250 /
Applies to whole grid
EQUALS example 'PERMX' 45 /
'PERMX' 10 1 5 1 3 2 2 /
Applies to cells specified
'PERMX' 588 1 5 1 3 3 3 /
/
BOX
1 3 1 3 1 1 / This would overwrite
PORO PORO & PERMX
specified previously
BOX example
9*0.28 /
PERMX
100 80 85 83 99 110 92 91 84 /
ENDBOX
COPY
COPY example 'PERMX' 'PERMY' /
'PERMX' 'PERMZ' /
/
MULTIPLY example MULTIPLY

'PERMZ' 0.05 /Using Eclipse and Petrel
Applied Reservoir Simulation
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Indexing Conventions
j increasing
i increasing
k increasing
• For any cell…

I- K-
J-
(3,2,2)
J+ I+
K+

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EDIT Section
Purpose of the EDIT Section
• Cell geometry, pore volume and transmissibily are calculated in the
GRID Section
• These properties are modified in the EDIT Section
“EDIT is optional”

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EDIT Section keywords
• GRID Section output that may be modified in the EDIT Section:
 DEPTH, PORV, TRAN (X, Y, R, THT, Z)
 Diffusivity Option keywords
• Operators
 MULTIPLY, BOX, EQUALS, COPY, ADD, MINVALUE, MAXVALUE
• Others
 EDITNNC, MULTPV, MULTFLT
 MULT (X, Y, R, THT, Z, etc) are allowed but not recommended

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PROPS Section
Fluid Properties
Purpose of the PROPS Section
• The PROPS section contains pressure and saturation dependent
properties of the reservoir fluids & rocks
• Fluid information required (for each fluid in RUNSPEC):

 Fluid PVT as a function of Pressure
 Density or Gravity
• Rock information required:
 Relative permeabilities as a function of saturation
 Capillary pressures as a function of saturation
 Rock compressibility as a function of pressure

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PVT: Pressure Volume Temperature
• Why is PVT needed?
• Mass balance is a key equation in simulation
 Produced volumes must be translated to reservoir conditions
 Reservoir volumes must converted to mass
• Where does PVT come from?
• Laboratory experiments Equation of State Model
• Correlations
• Processed in PVTi

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PVT from Reservoir to Stock Tank
x
Compressor
Compressor
1st Stage
x Separator x
2nd Stage Stock
Separator Tank
1st Stage
Separator 2nd Stage
Stock Tank
Separator
Water
Treatment
Water
Treatment
Liquid & Vapor at reservoir

conditions
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Phase Envelope
Pressure Liquid Critical Point
Bubble Point
(100% liquid)
Vapor
Dew Point (100% vapor)
(75% liquid)
(50% liquid) (25% liquid)
Temperature

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ECLIPSE Terminology
G: Near Critical
Fluid F: Wet Gas,
Retrograde
Pressure
A: Dead Oil Liquid
C: Live Oil,
Saturated
D: Dry Gas
Vapor
B: Live Oil, E: Wet Gas

Initially
Undersaturated
Temperature

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Appropriate Black Oil Models
G: Near Critical
Fluid
F: Wet Gas,
Retrograde
• Fits the Black Oil model A: Dead Oil
C: Live Oil,
• Unsuited for black oil simulation Saturated D: Dry Gas
(use ECLIPSE Compositional)
• Approximated by varying gas/oil and

oil/gas ratios to mimic small E: Wet Gas
compositional changes B: Live Oil,
Initially
Condensate dropout or gas liberation Undersaturated
should be a small part of the hydrocarbon
in place
Remaining hydrocarbon composition
should not change significantly when gas is
liberated or condensate drops out

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Black Oil vs. Compositional Simulation
Black Oil Compositional
Flow equation solution for each Flow equation for each

cell subject to material balance cell subject to material balance
Iterative solution of cubic equation

PVT data lookup from
of state for each component in each
supplied tables
cell
Iterative flash of component

mixture to equilibrium conditions
for each cell
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For every time step
85
Black Oil Model Phase Options
#
Phases Phase combination RUNSPEC Keywords
Live oil with dissolved gas Wet gas with vaporised oil Water OIL, GAS, DISGAS, VAPOIL, WATER
Live oil with dissolved gas Water OIL, GAS, DISGAS, WATER
3 Wet gas with vaporised oil Water GAS, OIL, VAPOIL, WATER
Dead oil Water OIL, WATER
Dry gas Water GAS, WATER
2 Dead oil Dry gas OIL, GAS
Dead oil OIL
Dry gas GAS
1 Water WATER
A: Dead Oil
C: Live Oil,
Saturated D: Dry Gas
E: Wet Gas
B: Live Oil,
Initially
Undersaturate
d
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Dead Oil Entry Data Using PVDO
Bubble Point Pressure
PVDO
--P Bo Mu
2500 1.260 0.50
3000 1.257 0.55
3500 1.254 0.60
4000 1.251 0.65
4500 1.248 0.70 /
RSCONST
--GOR Pb
0.656 2500 /

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Live Oil Data Entry Using PVTO
PVTO
--Rs Pbub FVF Mu
0.137 1214.7 1.1720 1.970
0.195 1414.7 1.2000 1.556
0.241 1614.7 1.2210 1.397
0.288 1814.7 1.2420 1.280
0.375 2214.7 1.2780 1.095
0.465 2614.7 1.3200 0.967
0.558 3014.7 1.3600 0.848
0.661 3414.7 1.4020 0.762
0.770 3814.7 1.4470 0.691
4214.7 1.4405 0.694 Saturated
4614.7 1.4340 0.697 / Undersaturated

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Behavior
1. Blow down: cell pressure
1 drops below saturation
pressure, gas bubbles out,
Rs goes down
2 2. Repressurize: liberated gas
3 is reabsorbed following the
saturated Rs vs. Pb curve.
3. Repressurize: if no gas is
left to be reabsorbed (has
migrated away) then
ECLIPSE interpolates an
undersaturated curve
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Dry Gas Data Entry Using PVDG
PVDG
--P Bg Mu
1214 13.947 0.0124
1414 7.028 0.0125
1614 4.657 0.0128
1814 3.453 0.0130
2214 2.240 0.0139
2614 1.638 0.0148
3014 1.282 0.0161
3414 1.052 0.0173
3814 0.890 0.0187 /
RVCONST
--Rv Pd
0.0047 1100 /

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Wet Gas Data Entry Using PVTG
PVTG
-- Pg OGR Bg Mu
60 0.00014 0.05230 0.0234 /
120 0.00012 0.01320 0.0252 /
180 0.00015 0.00877 0.0281 /
240 0.00019 0.00554 0.0318 /
300 0.00029 0.00417 0.0355 /
360 0.00049 0.00357 0.0392 /
560 0.00060 0.00356 0.0393 /
/

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Using Multiple PVT Regions
• Keywords necessary:
 In RUNSPEC, check TABDIMS & EQLDIMS
 In PROPS, include multiple tables (some may be defaulted)
 In REGIONS, include PVTNUM & EQLNUM

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Rock Compressibility
• Required since the pore volume varies under pressure
• Simplest approach: ROCK keyword

 Rock compressibility is reversible and the same everywhere
• Additional options (see “Rock Compressibility” in the Technical Description):

 A table of compaction as a function of pressure
 Reversible or Irreversible
 The ability to modify the transmissibility as a function of pressure
 A hysteretic model to allow partial reflation
 A water-induced compaction model
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ROCK keyword
• Rock Compressibility

 V 
C   V
 P 
Overburden pressure P
• ECLIPSE adjusts the pore volume using:

V P   V Pref 1  C ( P  Pref ) 
C ( P  Pref )  
2

 2 
 
V is Pore Volume at reference conditions

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PROPS Section
Saturation Functions
Purpose of the PROPS Section
• The PROPS section contains pressure and saturation dependent properties
of the reservoir fluids & rocks
• Fluid information required (for each fluid in RUNSPEC):

 Fluid PVT as a function of Pressure
 Density or Gravity
• Rock information required:
 Relative permeabilities as a function of saturation
 Capillary pressures as a function of saturation
 Rock compressibility as a function of pressure

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Purpose of Saturation Functions
• Upper and lower limits on the saturation of
each active phase
 Used to determine the initial saturation of each
phase in each cell
• Capillary pressure are used to calculate the

initial transition zone saturation of each
phase
• Relative permeability data is required to

calculate fluid mobility and solve the flow
equations between cells and from cell to well
and vice versa

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Significant Saturation Endpoints
Oil Water Relative Permeability
• SWL: connate water saturation
Krow
• SWCR: critical water saturation SWU
Krw
• SWU: maximum water saturation
SWCR
• SOWCR: critical oil-water saturation SWL
SOWC
R (1 -
• SGL: connate gas saturation + Sw)
• SGCR: critical gas saturation Gas Water Relative Permeability
• SGU: maximum gas saturation

Krog
• SOGCR: critical oil-gas saturation Krg
SOGCR SGU
SGL (1 - Sg)
Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel +
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SGCR
REGIONS Section
Purpose of the REGIONS Section
• The REGIONS section divides the reservoir according to
 Variations in reservoir characteristics
 For reporting purposes
• Examples:
 Different PVT properties and equilibration characteristics could be assigned to
areas of the grid separated by a sealing fault
 Fluid in place could be reported by fault block or leasehold position
• The REGIONS section is optional

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Use: Variations of Reservoir Properties
• 3D view of EQLNUM
property
• EQUIL keyword tables
EQLNum
now associated with

EQLNUM regions
SOLUTION
• Resulting initial oil
EQUIL 2 TABLES saturation
7100 3814.70 7500 0 7100 0 1 0 5 /
8000 4145.39 7550 0 7000 0 1 0 5 /

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Use: Reporting Purposes
1. FIPNUM (fluid in place regions) are
defined in the REGIONS section
2. In the Solution section:
RPTSOL
FIP=2 /
3. The PRT file now shows the fluids in
place both originally & at each
report step

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REGIONS Section Keywords
• Commonly Used FIPNUM
SATNUM
PVTNUM
EQLNUM
• Special Use FIPXXXXX (ex: FIPLAYER,
FIPEXPL)
• Operators EQUALS, ADD, COPY, etc
• Exceptions FLUXNUM, RESVNUM,

• (these are in GRID Section) NINENUM, PINCHNUM

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Output Controls
• For a report in the PRT file:
 RPTREGS in REGIONS Section
 BOUNDARY can be used to limit this output
}
 RTPSOL (FIP=1,2 or 3) in SOLUTION Section
 RPTSCHED (FIP=1,2 or 3) in SCHEDULE Section same result
• For 3D viewable output:
 INIT in GRID Section = regions keywords
 RPTRST (FIP) = fluids in place

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Solution Section
Purpose of the SOLUTION Section
• The SOLUTION section contains sufficient data to define the initial state
(pressure, saturations, compositions) of every grid block in the reservoir
• Options:
• Equilibration - initial pressures and saturations are computed by ECLIPSE using data
entered with the EQUIL keyword
• Restart - initial solution may be read from a Restart file created by an earlier run of
ECLIPSE
• Enumeration- initial solution is specified by the user explicitly for every grid block

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Water
12/29/2022 107

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ECLIPSE Initialization Options

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EQUIL

12/29/2022 110
Block Centre Equilibration
Pressure
TZ Datum
GAS ZONE:
Pcog = Pg - Po Sg = SGMAX, i.e. max. gas from saturation functions
Sw = SWMIN, i.e. connate water, Swco from saturation functions
So = 1 – SWMIN - SGMAX
GOC
OIL ZONE:
Sg = SGMIN, usually zero, from saturation functions
Sw = SWMIN, i.e. connate water, Swco from saturation functions
Pcow = Po - Pw So = 1 – SWMIN – SGMIN, usually So = 1 - Swco
Pcow
Reverse
TZ
OWC lookup of Pcow
curves to find Sw
FWL (Pcow = 0) Sw in TZ Swi
Swi applied to cell centre
WATER ZONE:
Sg = SGMIN, usually zero, from saturation functions
Depth Sw = SWMAX, i.e. max water, from saturation functions
So = 1 – SWMAX – SGMIN, usually So = 1 - Swmax

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EQUIL Keyword Usage
• In 3-phase and oil/water runs, EQUIL parameters are:
EQUIL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Datum Pressure OWC Pcow GOC Pcog Rs vs Depth Rv vs Depth Accuracy
Depth @Datum Depth @OWC Depth @GOC Or Pb vs depth Or Pd vs option
depth
Table index Table index -10<=N<=10
EQUIL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Datum Pressure GWC Pcgw Not Not used Rs vs Depth Rv vs Depth Accuracy
used
Depth @Datum Depth @GWC Or Pb vs depth Or Pd vs option
depth
Table index Table index -10<=N<=10
Applied Reservoir Simulation UsingDoesn’t

Eclipse andapply
Petrel
12/29/2022 112
Mobile Fluid Correction
Mobile fluid correction requires
RUNSPEC
EQLOPTS
‘MOBILE’/
Depth
A B
Transition Zone
OGC
Water Zone C D
Sw = SWL Sw Sw = (1 – SOWCR)
12/29/2022 113
Enumeration
Phase Combination Enumeration Keywords
OIL, GAS, DISGAS, WATER PRESSURE, SWAT, SGAS, RS
OIL, GAS, DISGAS PRESSURE, SGAS, RS
OIL, WATER PRESSURE, SWAT
OIL, GAS PRESSURE, SGAS
GAS, OIL, VAPOIL PRESSURE, SGAS, RV
GAS, OIL, VAPOIL, WATER PRESSURE, SGAS, SWAT, RV
GAS, WATER PRESSURE, SGAS, SWAT
OIL, GAS, VAPOIL, WATER PRESSURE, SGAS, SWAT, RV
OIL PRESSURE
GAS PRESSURE, SGAS
WATER PRESSURE, SWAT
99a: BOX and ENDBOX can be used
Equilibration can NOT be mixed with Enumeration!!!
12/29/2022 114
History Matching Restart Runs
Field
Production
History Period Prediction Period
Rate
Base Run Restart Run
Present Day Time

12/29/2022 115
Aquifer Modeling
Aquifer Modeling

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Numerical Aquifer

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Fetkovich Aquifers

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Carter-Tracy Aquifers

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Flux Aquifers

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Grid Cell Aquifer

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SUMMARY Section
Purpose of the SUMMARY Section
• The SUMMARY section is used to specify variables that are to be
written to the Summary file(s) after each time step of the simulation
• These variables can be plotted with Office or GRAF

• Optional section (if there is no SUMMARY section, ECLIPSE does not
create any Summary files)
• Examples: FOPT (field oil production total), WWCT (well water cut), CGFR
(connection gas flow rate)

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Purpose of the SUMMARY Section

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Additional Keyword Parameters
• FIELD quantities take no extra parameters e.g.
FOPR Field Oil Production Rate
• Region quantities associated with inter-region flow take pairs of region numbers e.g.
ROFT
1 2 / Region Oil Flow Total between 1 and 2
• Other egion quantities take a list of region numbers e.g.
RWIP
1 2 3 / Region Water In Place in region 1,2,3
• Group quantities take a list of group names e.g.
GVPR
‘PLAT-A’ ‘PLAT-B’ / Group Voidage Production Rate for PLAT-A and PLAT-B
• Well quanities take a list of well names e.g.
WTHP
‘P11’ ‘P21’ ‘120’ / Well Tubing Head Pressure for P!!, P21, I20
• Block quantities take a list of grid block I, J, K indices e.g.
BGKR
1 1 1 /
1 2 1 /
Block Gas relative permeability for (1,1,1,) and (1,2,1)
• Connection quantities take a well name and grid block I, J, K indices e.g.
COFR
‘P21’ 2 1 1 /
‘P21’ 2 1 2 /
Connection Oil Flow Rate for (2,1,1) and (2,1,2) in well P21
12/29/2022 126
SCHEDULE Section
History Match
Purpose of the SCHEDULE Section
• The SCHEDULE section is used to specify
 Well operations to be simulated
 Times (TSTEP, DATES) to be simulated
 Simulator tuning parameters
• The SCHEDULE Section is often used in two modes:

 History matching – specify actual wells, facilities and production/injection
 Prediction – specify control mechanisms, new wells, economic limits

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History Matching vs. Prediction
Interpreted geology,
geophysics, petrophysics,
Performance Prediction
production logs, well tests,
etc.
Reservoir Description History Match
Performance depends
on quality of reservoir
Recovery Mechanism Sensitivity Analysis
description
Mathematical Model Computer Model

12/29/2022 129
History Match Keywords and Structure
VFPPROD (VFPINJ)
WELSPECS, COMPDAT (COMPVE) • Specify wells, their vertical flow
WCONHIST (WCONINJE) performance, completions & rates
TUNING
• Specify simulation controls
• Specify output requirements
RPTSCHED, RPTRST
• Advance the simulation
DATES • Specify new rates
WCONHIST (WCONINJE) • Advance the simulation
DATES • Specify workovers, open/shut wells,
etc
WELOPEN, COMPDAT, WELPI
• Specify new rates
WCONHIST (WCONINJE), WELTARG
• Advance the simulation…
DATES
• End of history match
END
12/29/2022 130
History Match vs. Prediction

12/29/2022 131
Typical History Match Schedule Section

12/29/2022 132
VFP Curve Specification
• The VFP table is a table of BHP versus FLO, THP, WFR, GFR and ALQ
 FLO is the oil, liquid or gas production rate
 WFR is the water-oil ratio, water cut or water-gas ratio
 GFR is the gas-oil ratio, gas-liquid ratio or oil-gas ratio
 ALQ is a variable that can be used to incorporate an additional parameter,
such as the level of artificial lift
• VFPi is the ECLIPSE family pre-processor that can be used to generate this
keyword

12/29/2022 133
Well Specification: WELSPECS
• Introduces new well and specifies some of its general data,
including:
• This keyword is compulsory
• A well must be introduced with this keyword before it can be
referenced in any other keyword
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Well Name Group Name Wellhead I Wellhead J BHP Datum Flowing Drainage Radius
Location Location Phase
8 9 10 11 12 13
Inflow Equation Auto SHUT Xflo when Fluid PVT Fluid Density FIP calc Region No. for
or STOP flowing? table calculating reservoir fluid
12/29/2022
Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel volume 134
Completion Specification: COMPDAT
• Used to specify the position and properties of one or more well completion
• A single record can be used for several connections if they are in the same
vertical column
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Well Name I J K Upper K Lower Open/Shut Saturation Table
P*’ 1* 1* 1 10 Open 1*
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Connection Factor Wellbore Effective Kh Skin Factor D Factor Penetration Pressure
Internal Direction Equivalent
Diameter Radius
1*
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0.583 Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel
135
Completion Specification: COMPDAT

12/29/2022 136
Historical Flow Rate: WCONHIST
• Used to declare a history matching well and set its observed flow rates &
control mode
• Control modes: ORAT, WRAT, GRAT, LRAT, RESV
• WCONINJH is injection counterpart
1 2 3 4 5
Well Name Open/Shut Control Mode Observed Oil Rate Observed Water Rate
P1 OPEN ORAT 3000
P2 OPEN ORA 2000

6 7 8 9 10
Observed Gas Rate VFP Table ALQ Observed THP Observed BHP

12/29/2022 137
Historical Flow Rate: WCONHIST

12/29/2022 138
Injection Control: WCONINJE
• Used to set an injection well’s control mode & target rates
• Control modes: RATE, RESV, BHP, THP, GRUP
• WCONPROD is production control counterpart
1 2 3 4 5
Well Name Injected Phase Open or Shut Control Mode Surface Flow Rate
I20 WAT OPEN RATE 8000

6 7 8 9 10
Reservoir Flow Rate BHP Target THP Target VFP Table Rs or Rv

12/29/2022 139
Productivity Index Assignment
Physical Model ECLIPSE Model
P* average
rd reservoir re
pressure
Pc, cell
pressure
Pw, well BHP

rd, re drainage radii
Pw Pw

12/29/2022 140
Measure of Pressure
I
J
WBP9 WBP4 WBP9
WBP4 WBP WBP4
WBP9 WBP4 WBP9

12/29/2022 141
SCHEDULE Section
Prediction
Purpose of the SCHEDULE Section
• The SCHEDULE section is used to specify
 Well operations to be simulated
 Times (TSTEP, DATES) to be simulated
 Simulator tuning parameters
• The SCHEDULE Section is often used in two modes:

 History matching – specify actual wells, facilities and production/injection
 Prediction – specify control mechanisms, new wells, economic limits

12/29/2022 143
Prediction Keywords and Structure
VFPPROD (VFPINJ)
WELSPECS, COMPDAT (COMPVE) • Specify new wells, their VFP tables,
WCONPROD (WCONINJE) completions & rate targets
QDRILL, WDRILTIM • Activate new wells as necessary
WELPI, WPIMULT • Specify productivity index
WCUTBACK • Set up automatic workovers
WLIFT • Place wells on pump or gas lift
WTEST
• Set up periodic testing
GRUPTREE, GCONPROD (GCONINJE)
• Set up group structure, rate targets
WECON, CECON, GECON
• Set economic limits
DATES, TUNING, RPTRST, END…
• Other commonly used keywords
12/29/2022 144
Well Rate Targets: WCONPROD
• Producer Control and Targets
1 2 3 4 5 6
Well Name Open/Shut Control Mode Oil rate Water rate Gas rate
P1 OPEN ORAT 3000 1* 1*
-- Control modes: O (W,G,L)RAT, RESV, BHP, THPGRUP
7 8 9 10 11 12
Liquid rate Reservoir BHP Limit THP Limit VFP Table ALQ
Volume
1* 1* 2500
12/29/2022 145
Economic Limit Definition
• Field/group production GECON
• Well production WECON
• Individual connections (ratios only) CECON
• Economic limits can be triggered when:

 Oil production rate (falls below limit)
 Gas production rate (falls below limit)
 Water cut (exceeds limit)
 Gas-oil ratio (exceeds limit)
 Water-gas ratio (exceeds limit)

12/29/2022 146
Limit Action
Field/Group Well Connection

Do nothing? Yes Yes No
Stop run? Yes Yes No
Shut in if rate limit broken? Yes Yes N/A
Open another well if rate limit Yes Yes N/A
broken?
Workover worst completion/well on Yes Yes Yes
exceeding a ratio?
Apply 2ndary water cut limit on No Yes No
shut in?

12/29/2022 147
Automatic Workovers
• Triggered with economic limit keywords (WECON, WECONINJ, CECON) or
maximum limit set in GCONPROD
• They can apply to single wells, such as:
 Group connections together (COMPLUMP)
 Plug back a well (WPLUG)
 Set a workover procedure if a well dies under THP control (WORKTHP)
 Retube or add pump/gas lift, ie change VFP table (WLIFT)
 Cut back procedures and injectors (WCUTBACK)
• They can trigger new wells (which then can be acted on as above):
 Set up drilling queue (QDRILL, WDRILTIM)
 Minimum cell oil saturation for automatic opening (WELSOMIN)

12/29/2022 148
Well Economic Limits, WECON
• Sets economic limits for producing wells
• WECONINJ is the injection equivalent keyword
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Well Name Minimum Oil Minimum Maximum Maximum Maximum Workover End
Rate Gas Rate Water Cut GOR WGR Procedure Run?
‘P*’ 1000 1* 0.5 1* 1* CON NO
9 10 11 12 13
Follow on Economic Secondary Workover Maximum
well name limits apply to Water Cut proc. For gas-liquid
rates or Limit 2ndary ratio
potentials? limit

12/29/2022 149
Plug-Backs, WPLUG
• Sets plug-back lengths
• Triggered by WECON, GECON, GCONPROD, etc
1 2 3 4
Well name Length closed from Length closed from Plug-back from the
top on plug-back bottom on plug- top/bottom of the
back WELL or the worst
offending
Completion?

12/29/2022 150
Cutting Back Wells: WCUTBACK
• Whenever a well violates limits set in this keyword, it is set to operate at a
reduced target rate (current rate * cutback factor)
• If the situation improves and the well violates a reversal limit (item 9), then
the target rate is divided by the cutback factor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Well Name Max. WCT Max. GOR Max. GLR Maximum Cut-back Phase to cut
WGR factor back
8 9 10 11 12 13
BP for cut BP for Min. WCT Minimum GOR Minimum GLR Minimum
back reversal of WGR
cut-back

12/29/2022 151
Group Production Control
Field
• Set using GRUPTREE: Group
Well

12/29/2022 152
The GCONPROD Keyword
GCONPROD
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Group Name Control Oil Rate Water Rate Gas Rate Liquid Rate Workover
Mode Target Target Target Target Procedure
FILED ORAT 5000 1* 1* 1* CON
8 9 10 11 12 13
Higher level Guide Rate Guide rate Proc. On Proc. On Proc. On
control? phase exceeding exceeding exceeding
water rate gas rate limit liquid rate
limit limit

12/29/2022 153
The GCONINJE Keyword
GCONINJE
1 2 3 4 5
Group Name Phase Control Mode Surface Reservoir
Injection Target Volume
Injection Target
FIELD WAT VREP 1* 1*
6 7 8 9 10
Re-injection Voidage Higher Guide Rate Guide Phase
Fraction Replacement Control?
Fraction
1*
12/29/2022
1* Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel
154
Group Economic Limit: GECON
• Sets group economic limits and response to violation of the limit
• Can end the simulation with this keyword
1 2 3 4 5
Group Name Min. Oil Rate Min. Gas Rate Max WCT Max GOR
FIELD 600
6 7 8 9
Max WGR Workover End Run? Max Open
Procedure Wells
12/29/2022 155
References
• Next-Schlumberger Eclipse Course

12/29/2022 156
Thank You

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Applied Reservoir Simulation

Using Eclipse and Petrel

Mohamed Aly Abd El-Moniem

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

• Judge the most effective type of water flooding: relative merits of

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

• Estimate the effect of production rate on the hydrocarbon recovery

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

• Find optimal methods of field development and production schemes.

• Assess possible enhanced oil recovery (EOR) schemes and their

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

• Identify the section of reservoir from which the hydrocarbon is produced.

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

• Analogy - Well Productivity

• Decline Analysis - History Match

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

• Classical Analysis - Volumetric Analysis

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

• No Indication Of Un-swept Or Uncontacted Areas

• Does Not Use Spatial Information

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Flow phase, connection Nodal Pressureconnection – BHP – Headconnection to datum

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

• Boundary Element / Finite

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

• Compositional Simulators (ECLIPSE Compositional)

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Flow= Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference

Geometry & Fluid Well

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

GRID Grid geometry and basic rock properties

EDIT Modification of the processed GRID data (optional section)

PROPS PVT & SCAL properties

REGIONS Subdivision of the reservoir (optional section)

SUMMARY Request output for line plots (optional section)

Wells, completions, rate data, flow correlations, surface facilities

Applied Reservoir Simulation Using Eclipse and Petrel

Flow = Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference

Geometry & Fluid Well