ME201 - FirstLaw

First Law of Thermodynamics Closed (CM) System
Conservation of Energy for a Closed System

First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
When a system undergoes a cyclic change, the net heat to or from the
system is equal to the net work from or to the system.
I I
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq
J δQ = δW
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) 4.1868 kJ/kcal
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Mechanical equivalent of heat, J =
1.0 in SI unit
zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/
ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics

T098
Example of a control mass undergoing a cycle.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 201 (2012) 1 / 26 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) First Law of Thermodynamics ME 201 (2012) 2 / 26
First Law of Thermodynamics Closed (CM) System First Law of Thermodynamics Closed (CM) System
First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State The physical significance of the property E is that it represents all
the energy of the system in the given state. This energy might be
H H present in a variety of forms, such as:
δW = J δQ
⇒ Kinetic Energy (KE): energy of a system associated with motion.
H H
⇒ δQ = δW [J = 1.0 in SI unit] Potential Energy (PE): energy associated with a mass that is
R2 R1 R2 R1 located at a specified position in a force field.
⇒ 1 δQA + 2 δQB = 1 δWA + 2 δWB 1 Internal Energy (U): some forms of energy, e.g., chemical, nuclear,
R2 R1 R2 R1
⇒ 1 δQC + 2 δQB = 1 δWC + 2 δWB 2 magnetic, electrical, and thermal depend in some way on the
R R R R molecular structure of the substance that is being considered, and
1 − 2 : 12 δQA − 12 δQC = 12 δWA − 12 δWC
T024
R2 R2 R2 R2 these energies are grouped as the internal energy of a system, U.
⇒ 1 δQA − 1 δWA = 1 δQC − 1 δWC KE & PE are external forms of energy as these are independent of
Z2 Z2
(δQ − δW )A = (δQ − δW )C = · · · the molecular structure of matter. These are associated with the
1 1 coordinate frame that we select and can be specified by the
R2 macroscopic parameters of mass, velocity & elevation.
As 1 (δQ − δW ) is independent of the path involved and dependent
only on the initial and final states; hence, it has the characteristics of a Internal energy, like kinetic and potential energy, has no natural
property and this property is denoted by energy, E. zero value. Therefore, it is necessary to arbitrarily define the
δQ − δW = dE V Q12 − W12 = ∆E specific internal energy of a substance to be zero at some state
that is referred to as the reference state.
Internal Energy (U): A Thermodynamic Property

E = U + KE + PE + · · ·
⇒ δQ − δW = dU + d(KE ) + d(PE ) + · · ·
δQ δW dU d(KE ) d(PE ) dEcm
⇒ dt − dt = dt + dt + dt + ··· = dt
dEcm _ − W
_
dt =Q
R2
⇒ dU =⇒ dU = U2 − U1 = m(u2 − u1 )
1
R2
⇒ d(KE ) = mVdV =⇒ 1 d(KE ) = 21 m(V22 − V21 )
R2
⇒ d(PE ) = mgdZ =⇒ 1 d(PE ) = mg(Z2 − Z1 ) = mgh
Q12 − W12 = (U2 − U1 ) + 21 m(V22 − V21 ) + mg(Z2 − Z1 )

T133 T134
Various forms of microscopic Internal energy of a system is the q12 − w12 = (u2 − u1 ) + 12 (V22 − V21 ) + g(Z2 − Z1 ) ' (u2 − u1 )

energies that make up sensible sum of all forms of the microscopic
energy. energies.
Enthalpy (H)): A Thermodynamic Property
H ≡ U + PV V h ≡ u + Pv
⇒ Q12 − W12 = ∆E
T129 ⇒ Q12 − W12 = ∆U if KE → 0, PE → 0
R2
⇒ W12 = 1 PdV = P(V2 − V1 )
⇒ Q12 = U2 − U1 + P(V2 − V1 )
⇒ Q12 = (U2 + P2 V2 ) − (U1 + P1 V1 )
T117 ⇒ Q12 = H2 − H1
The heat transfer in a constant-pressure quasi-equilibrium process is

equal to the change in enthalpy, which includes both the change in
internal energy and the work for this particular process.
T130 T131 T132

. Example: Electric Heating of Gas at Constant Pressure. Joule’s Free Expansion Experiment
⇒ Qnet = −3.7 kJ
⇒ We = −7.2 kJ
⇒ h1 = h (300 kPa, x = 1)
⇒ h1 = 2724.9 kJ/kg Valve is opened and allowed to
equilibrate.
⇒ h2 = h (300 kPa, T2 )
No change in water temperature.
T118 ⇒ T2 = ? So, no heat transfer takes place.
⇒ Qnet − Wnet = ∆E ' U
R2
⇒ Qnet − (We + 1 PdV ) = ∆E ' ∆U
T139
⇒ Qnet − We − P(V2 − V1 ) = U2 − U1
1st Law: Q12 = 0, W12 = 0, =⇒ ∆U = 0.
⇒ Qnet − We = P(V2 − V1 ) + U2 − U1 = H2 − H1 = m(h2 − h1 ) P & V changed during this process, but without any change in U.
=⇒ h2 = 2864.9 kJ/kg at 300 kPa & T2 =⇒ T2 = 200o C C So, U 6= f (P, V ) =⇒ U = f (T ) for ideal gas.
h = u + Pv = u + RT 7−→ H = f (T ) for ideal gas.
Specific Heats

1 δQ 1 δQ 1 δQ Ideal gas models:
C ≡ m δT CV ≡ m δT CP ≡ m δT
V P
Ru
R= M
δq δu dv
δq = du + δw = du + Pdv ⇒ δT = δT + P δT cP (T ) − cV (T ) = R

δq δu dv
δU

= δT + P δT = δT V + 0 : k (T ) = ccVP (T
⇒ cV ≡ δT R )
V V cV (T ) = k (T )−1 (T )

δq
R2
du du = cV dT ⇒ u2 − u1 = 1 cV (T )dT
=⇒ cV ≡ δT = dT as u = f (T ) for ideal gas
V R2
δq δh dP dh = cP dT ⇒ h2 − h1 = 1 cP (T )dT T128
δq = du + δw = d(h − Pv ) + Pdv = dh − vdP ⇒ δT = δT − v δT

δq δh dP
δh

⇒ cP ≡ δT = δT − v δT P
= δT P
−0
P

δq dh
=⇒ cP ≡ δT = dT as h = f (T ) for ideal gas
P
h = u +Pdv = u +RT ⇒ dh = du +RdT ⇒ cP dT = cV dT +RdT
Specific heat ratio, k ≡ ccVP
R kR
=⇒ cP − cV = R cV = k −1 cP = k −1
T126 T127
First Law of Thermodynamics Closed (CM) System First Law of Thermodynamics Open (CV) System
Conservation of Energy for CV System
T115
First Law of Thermodynamics for closed system

T099
First Law of Thermodynamics Open (CV) System First Law of Thermodynamics Open (CV) System
T100
Ecv
= Q_ − W
_ + m
_ i ei − m
_ e ee
dt
V2i V2e

_ _
= Q −W +m _ i ui + + gzi − m
_ e ue + + gze
2 2 T101
_ consists of 3 parts:
W Flow work, δWflow necessary to push a differential mass, δm into a CV
_
is the product of force, F = PA and the distance,dx = Vdt under
1 Flow work, W flow , associated with mass crossing the control
uniform flow.
surface,
Shaft work, W_ ⇒ δWflow = Fdx = PAVdt = Pv mdt
_
2
shaft , which can be interchanged between the system
_
and its surroundings, ⇒ W flow = Pv m
_
3 If the CS is not rigid, boundary or PdV work may occur. _ = W

W _
net + m
_ i (Pv )i − m
_ e (Pv )e
Second and third components of work are lumped together as Wnet . _
Conservation of Mass
First Law of Thermodynamics (FLT) for CV System
X V2 V2
X
dEcv
dt
_ −W
=Q _
net + m
_ i hi + i + gzi − m
_ e he + e + gze
2 e
2
i
Closed System: 7→ m _ e = 0.
_ i = m
T123 Z
1
dEcv _ − W
=Q _ Vavg = Vn dAc
dt net Ac Ac
Steady-State-Steady Flow (SSSF) System:

dmcv P P dEcv
dt = 0 =⇒ im_ i =
em
_ e : dt =0
One-inlet, One-exit & Steady-state: 7→ m _ =m

_ e = m.
_
h 2 2 i i T122
_ − W
_
V −V
0=Q net + m
_ (h1 − h2 ) + 1 2 2 + g(z1 − z2 ) T124
_ = ρAV = AV
_ = ρVn dAc
δm _ = ρV
m v
. Example: Feedwater Heater at Steady State. Determine m

_ 2 & V2 . Assume,
. Example: Steam Turbine
v2 ' vf (T2 ).
dmcv P P
dt = i _ i −
m e m
_ e
⇒ dmcv /dt = 0
P
_ i = m_ 1 +m
⇒ i m _ 2
P
_ e = m
⇒ e m _ 3
_ = ρAV
m
_ 3 = ρ3 (AV)3
⇒ m T116Steady-state Steady-flow:
h 2 2 i
_ −W _
V1 −V2
⇒ 0=Q net + m
_ (h 1 − h 2 ) + 2 + g(z1 − z2 )
T125
h1 = h (2MPa, 350o C ) = 3137.0 × 103 J/kg
⇒ ρ2 = ρ(T = T2 , P = P2 ) ρ3 = ρ(x = 0.0, P = P3 )
h2 = h (0.1MPa, x2 = 1.0) = 2675.5 × 103 J/kg
_ 2 = 14.15 kg/s, V2 = 5.7 m/s C.
=⇒ m
_
=⇒ W net = 678.2 kW C
First Law of Thermodynamics Transient Flow First Law of Thermodynamics Transient Flow
Mass Balance: Transient Flow Energy Balance: Transient Flow
X V2i V2e
X
dEcv _ −W
_
dmcv X X dt =Q cv + m
_ i hi + + gzi − m
_ e he + + gze
= _ i −
m m
_ e
2 e
2
i
dt e
i Rt Rt Rt P Rt
dEcv V2

dt = _ − _ +
Rt Rt P Rt P ⇒ 0 dt 0 Qdt 0 W cv dt i 0 h + 2 + gz _ i dt −
m
dmcv i

⇒ 0 dt dt =
0( i m _ i ) dt −
0( em _ e ) dt P Rt V2

P R t P R e 0 h+ 2 + gz m _ e dt
t e
⇒ ∆mcv = mcv (t) − mcv (0) = i 0 m _ i dt − e 0m_ e dt
⇒ If CV is fixed in space, Ecv = Ucv
R dEcv R R
⇒ dt dt = dUcv = d(mu ) = m2 u2 − m1 u1 = ∆Ucv
⇒ dUcv =
P 2
P 2

X X δQ − δWcv + i h + V2 + gz dmi − e h + V2 + gz dme
i e
∆mcv = mcv (t) − mcv (0) = mi − me R R
V2 V2
i e ⇒ ∆Ucv = Q − Wcv + h + 2 + gz dmi − h + 2 + gz dme
i e
R R R
⇒ dUcv = d(mu ) = (mdu + udm): alternative form.
Charging of Evacuated Vessel

Mass enters only at one section of CS and no efflux of matter.
In the analysis of transient flow system, two models are widely used:
1 Uniform State: the state within CV at any instant is uniform
throughout the CV. However, the state within CV may change
with time. It implies rapid or instantaneous approach to
equilibrium at all times for the mass within CV.
2 Uniform Flow: the state of mass crossing a CS is invariant with
time. However, the mass flow rate across that particular CS may
vary with time. This condition is frequently met when the flow
into transient system is supplied from a very large reservoir of T119
matter. Assumptions:
Adiabatic, rigid control volume
Uniform state within the tank at any instant
Negligible KE of inflowing gas
Uniform inlet flow
Charging of Evacuated Vessel: CV Analysis Charging of Evacuated Vessel: CM Analysis
If tank is insulated or filled rapidly, Q −→ 0

Wcv = 0, ∆KE = 0, ∆PE = 0
If tank is insulated or filled rapidly, Qcv −→ 0
Supply from a large reservoir → uniform flow.
P Wcv 6= 0, ∆KE = 0, ∆PE = 0
∆mcv = mi − me ⇒ m2 − m1 = mi − me
⇒ ∆Ucv = Qcv − Wcv
⇒ m1 = 0, me = 0 ⇒ m2 = mi
⇒ ∆Ucv = m(u2 − u1 )
⇒ ∆Ucv =
R R Pressure in the line near the valve is constant.
Qcv − Wcv + (· · · )i dmi − (· · · )e dme = hi mi
T121
⇒ ∆Ucv = m2 u2 − m1 u1 = m2 u2 R
T120
⇒ W = PdV = P(V2 − V1 ) = P[Vtank − (Vtank + V1 )] = −mP1 v1
=⇒ hi = u2 −→ T2 = kTi : for ideal gas.
⇒ m(u2 − u1 ) = mP1 v1 V u2 = u1 + P1 v1
. Example: Estimate T2 .
=⇒ hi = u2 : same result.
⇒ hi = h (Steam, P1 = 1.0 MPa, T1 = 300o C ) = 3051 kJ/kg
⇒ hi = u2 = u(Steam, P2 = 1.0 MPa, T2 = ?) 7−→ T2 = 456o C C

ME201 - FirstLaw

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ME201 - FirstLaw

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First Law of Thermodynamics Closed (CM) System

Conservation of Energy for a Closed System

ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics

Example of a control mass undergoing a cycle.

Internal Energy (U): A Thermodynamic Property

Q12 − W12 = (U2 − U1 ) + 21 m(V22 − V21 ) + mg(Z2 − Z1 )

Enthalpy (H)): A Thermodynamic Property

The heat transfer in a constant-pressure quasi-equilibrium process is

T130 T131 T132

Conservation of Energy for CV System

First Law of Thermodynamics for closed system

3 If the CS is not rigid, boundary or PdV work may occur. _ = W

Second and third components of work are lumped together as Wnet . _

Steady-State-Steady Flow (SSSF) System:

One-inlet, One-exit & Steady-state: 7→ m _ =m

. Example: Feedwater Heater at Steady State. Determine m

Mass Balance: Transient Flow Energy Balance: Transient Flow

Charging of Evacuated Vessel

Charging of Evacuated Vessel: CV Analysis Charging of Evacuated Vessel: CM Analysis

If tank is insulated or filled rapidly, Q −→ 0

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