ME201 - Basics

Some Applications of Thermodynamics
Basic Concepts & Terminology
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/
ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics
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c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Basic Concepts & Terminology ME 201 (2012) 1 / 20 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Basic Concepts & Terminology ME 201 (2012) 2 / 20
Thermodynamic System
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A thermodynamic system is simply any object, quantity of

matter, or region of space that has been selected for study.
Everything that is not part of the system is referred to as the
surroundings.
Boundary or control surface separates the system from its
surroundings which
may be real or imaginary, at rest or in motion
may change its shape and size
neither contains matter nor occupies volume
has zero thickness and a property value at a point on the boundary T009
is shared by both the system and the surroundings.

Control Mass (CM) or Closed System
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A system defined to contain all of the air in a piston-cylinder device.
T007 T078
In the case of a control surface that is closed to mass flow, so that no

mass can escape or enter the control volume, it is called a Control
Mass (CM) or Closed system. Heat & work may cross the system
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boundary, but the system contains the same amount of matter at all
A system defined to contain all of the air that is initially in a tank that
times.
is being filled.
Control Volume (CV) or Open System Adiabatic System
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T079 T083
When there is flow of mass through

control surface, the system is called a An Adiabatic system is one in which the boundary is impermeable to
Control Volume (CV) or Open system. heat.
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Classification of Thermodynamic Systems Macroscopic & Microscopic Views of Thermodynamics
The state is a description of the system in terms of quantities

that will be helpful in describing its behaviour and its interactions
with the surroundings.
Thermodynamic systems can be studied from two points of view:
1 Microscopic approach or statistical thermodynamics
2 Macroscopic approach or classical thermodynamics
The microscopic approach recognizes that the system consists of
matter that is composed of countless, discrete molecules. Statistics
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and probability theory are applied to deduce the macroscopic
behaviour or measurable quantities e.g. pressure, temperature etc.
An Isolated system is a special case of closed system that does not
interact in any way with its surroundings.
State & Property
In the macroscopic approach, the state of the system is described The condition of a system at any instant of time is called its state.
by a relatively small set of characteristics that are called State at a given instant determines the properties of the system.
properties e.g. mass, temperature, pressure and volume. A property is a quantity whose numerical value depends on the
Macroscopic approach works well when the system is sufficiently state but not on the history of the system. The origin of
large such that it contains many molecules. However, the properties include those
macroscopic approach would not work well for a system that 1 directly measurable
consists of a rarefied gas (i.e., a vacuum with just a few 2 defined by laws of thermodynamics
molecules). For example, how would you measure the temperature
3 defined by mathematical combinations of other properties.
of such a system that consists almost entirely of vacuum? Intensive properties are independent of the size or extent of the
system. Extensive properties depend on the size or extent of the
system. An extensive property is additive in the sense that its
value for the whole system is the sum of the values for its parts.
System boundary Process & Cycle
Esystem = E1 + E2
Ṽsystem = Ṽ1 + Ṽ2 }
E1, Ṽ1, T, P Extensive Properties A thermodynamic process is the succession of thermodynamic
states that a system passes through as it goes from an initial state
Tsystem = T1 = T2
E2, Ṽ2, T, P
Psystem = P1 = P2
} Intensive Properties to a final state.
A system process is said to go through a thermodynamic cycle
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when the final state of the process is the same as the initial state
Property Extensive Intensive of the process.
Mass m ρ
Volume V~ v
1 1 2
KE mV 2 V
2 2
PE mgZ gZ
Total Energy E e
Internal Energy U u
Enthalpy H h
Entropy S s
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Thermodynamic Equilibrium
A system in thermodynamic equilibrium satisfies the following

stringent requirements:
1 Mechanical Equilibrium: no unbalance forces acting on any part
of the system or the system as a whole.
2 Thermal Equilibrium: no temperature differences between parts
of the system or between the system and the surrounding.
3 Chemical Equilibrium: no chemical reactions within the system
and no motion of any chemical species from one part to another
part of the system.
Once the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium & the
surroundings are kept unchanged, no motion will take place & no
work will be done. T076
During a quasi-static process, the system is at all time T077

infinitesimally near a state thermodynamic equilibrium.
Categories of Thermodynamics Quantities
1 State functions: All properties are state functions.

Any property has a fixed value in a give state in a given
2 Process or Path functions: quantities whose values depend on
equilibrium state, regardless of how the system arrives at the state. the path of the process.
Two states are identical if, and only if, the properties of the two
Z 2
states are identical. δZ ≡ Z12 6= ∆Z
1
The change in the value of the property that occurs when a

system is altered from equilibrium state to another is always the
same, regardless of the process used to bring about the change.
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Z2 I
dy = y2 − y1 = ∆y ⇒ dy = 0
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1
State function Path function

Conservation of Mass Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics
Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics

Two systems with thermal equilibrium with a third are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
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mcv ,t + ∆min = mcv ,t +∆t + ∆mout

⇒ mcv ,t +∆t − mcv ,t = ∆min − ∆mout
mcv ,t +∆t −mcv ,t
⇒ ∆t = ∆min ∆t
−∆mout
dmcv
⇒ dt = m _ in − m_ out if ∆t → 0
dmcv P P
⇒ dt = in m
_ in −
out m
_ out
T045 T002

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ME201 - Basics

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Some Applications of Thermodynamics

Basic Concepts & Terminology

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics

A thermodynamic system is simply any object, quantity of

is shared by both the system and the surroundings.

A system defined to contain all of the air in a piston-cylinder device.

In the case of a control surface that is closed to mass flow, so that no

Control Volume (CV) or Open System Adiabatic System

When there is flow of mass through

The state is a description of the system in terms of quantities

State & Property

A system in thermodynamic equilibrium satisfies the following

During a quasi-static process, the system is at all time T077

1 State functions: All properties are state functions.

The change in the value of the property that occurs when a

State function Path function

Conservation of Mass Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics

Zero’th Law of Thermodynamics

mcv ,t + ∆min = mcv ,t +∆t + ∆mout

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