LITERATURE Theme- The main idea or message.

The word literature derived the Latin word Image- The mental picture created by words
or visuals.
‘’Litera’’ – Letter
Symbol- Using symbols for deeper meaning.
‘’Litteratura’’ - Writing
Poetry
‘’Litteratus’’ - Learning
Poetry is a language written with rhythm,
Literature is anything that is printed, as long figurative language, imagery, sound
as it is related to the ideas and feelings of devices, and emotionally changed
people. language

IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE Kinds of Poetry

1. Literature mirrors life, reflecting our Concrete Poem- Shapes words on the page
experiences and inner thoughts. to show its meaning visually.

2. Good literature teaches us about Narrative Poem- Tells a story with

universal human struggles and characters and events.
solutions.
Lyric Poem- Expresses personal thoughts in
3. Studying literature helps us become a melodic way.
better individuals.
Prose
4. It promotes empathy and
compassion. Prose is the ordinary form of written
language. Prose imitates the spoken
5. Contributes to international language.
understanding and peace.
Kinds of Prose
6. Reveals both the past and present of
nations. Fiction- Writing that tells about imaginary
7. Connects us with diverse cultures, people and events; made up from the
near and far. author’s imagination.

LITERATURE GENRES Short stories- A brief made-up story that

gets to the point quickly.
Drama
Legend- A very old stories about heroes,
Stories written to be acted out on stage or magic, and how things began.
screen.
Fairy Tales letters- Fairy tales are
Elements of Drama
magical stories with princesses, heroes,
Setting- Where and when the story and talking animals. Starting with ‘’Once
happens. Upon a time’’ and ending with ‘’Happily
Ever After’’
Characters - The people or beings in the
story. Folk Tales Memoirs- Old family stories
that teach lessons and connect
Plot- The story’s sequence of events.
generations, passing down wisdom and
Point of view- The perspective from which traditions.
the story is told.
Novels- A long, made-up story with
interesting characters and lots of details.
Fables- It is a short-stories with talking
animals or mythical beings.
Myth- Is an old story that explains things
about a group of people, often involving
gods or magic.
Non-Fiction- Writing that is based on
fact, real people, and real experiences.
Report- Share facts and findings.
Personal Narrative- Personal
experiences in your own words.
Memoirs- Stories about your own life.
Letter- Written communication between
people.
Article- Informative or persuasive
writing.
Journal- Personal record of thoughts.
Biographies- Life story written by
someone else.
LITERARY COMPOSITIONS THAT
INFLUENCED THE WORLD
1. The Iliad and Odyssey- The two
epics provided the basis of Greek
education and culture in the Classical
age, and they have remained among
the most significant poems of the
European tradition.
2. Dante’s Divine Comedy- It is
divided into three parts: Inferno,
Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The poem
discusses "the state of the soul after
death and presents an image of
divine justice meted out as due
punishment or reward", and
describes Dante's travels through
Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven.
3. The Quran- emphasizes the
oneness of Allah, the importance of
faith, and the concept of monotheism.
It outlines the purpose of human
existence, which is to worship and
obey Allah.
4. The Bible- a sacred book that
contains the word of God. It foretells
the coming of Jesus Christ and
describes His life, mission, and
sacred role as the Son of God and
Savior of the world. 46 books in the
Old Testament and 27 books in the
New Testament, for a total of 73
books in the Catholic Bible.
5. 1984 by George Orwell- to teach
people a lesson about the negative
things that could happen if they
allowed their government to exercise
total control.
6. Arabian Nights- a magnificent
collection of ancient tales told by the
sultana Scheherazade, who relates
them as entertainment for her jealous
and murderous husband, hoping to
keep him amused and herself alive.
7. The Mahabharata- the battle
between two groups of cousins
named the Pandavas and the
Kauravas to gain supreme power and
rule the kingdom. It is also about
taking right actions and eliminating
evil ones from one's life.
8. Oedipus Rex- a Greek tragedy about
a man who unknowingly fulfills a
prophecy by killing his father and
marrying his mother. It explores
themes of fate, free will, and the
consequences of unchecked pride.
9. Crime and Punishment- by Fyodor
Dostoyevsky is a psychological novel
exploring the motives and
consequences of a young man's
decision to commit murder, and his
eventual redemption through love
and suffering.
10. The Canterbury Tales- by Geffrey
Chaucer, men who act like fools while
lusting after beautiful women.
However, the moral seems to be that
 lust only gets you in trouble, so don't Ex.
seduce other men's wives or The fighter jet whooshed by the
daughters. excited crowd before doing
corkscrew spin.
Synecdoche Metonymy
AIDS TO THE STUDY OF LITERATURE -using an object in place of
another
Literary Terms/ Devices
uses a part to uses
1. themes, ideas, and meaning in a represent the something
story or piece of writing whole related, but
2. Specific techniques that allow a writer isn’t a part
Ex.
to convey a deeper meaning that
We need to know The venue will
goes beyond what’s on the page
how many heads charge us by
3. Work alongside plot and characters to expect. the plate.
to elevate a story and prompt Alliteration Anaphora
reflection on life, society, and what it Assonance
means to be human -repetition of same sounds or
words
FIGURES OF SPEECH repeats repeats
beginning word/s in
Simile Metaphor sounds of phrases or
-compare two things that have neighboring verses
common qualities words
uses “like or does not use Ex.
“as” “like or “as” She sells sea Every hour,
Ex. shells by the every minute,
He was panting He was an seashore. every second
like a dog under exhausted repeats vowel sounds in words
the midday sun. dog under the that are close
midday sun Ex.
Fate ate a plate of hate for arriving
Personification Apostrophe late.
-give human qualities to Hyperbole
inanimate objects -exaggerated statements and
gives objects addresses an phrases to show emphasis
human actions object or Ex.
or emotions person who is It was cold. I turned into a block of
not there ice within seconds!
Ex. Understatement
The clouds wept Clouds, -Using lesser or softer
for three hours. please stop statements and phrases to make
crying. The the situation seem less
people are important
drowning. Ex.
A former president was found to
Onomatopoeia have stolen billions of pesos during
-using words that imitate the his last term. In a recent interview,
actual sound of the object or he said, “I may have picked up a
action it describes few coins here and there.”
 Paradox Oxymoron CHARACTERS FROM THE ILIAD
-using contradicting terms to
make a point
A combination Paired words
of words or with
statement that contrasting
makes the meanings
reader pause to that can be
think deeper. funny when
used
(usually, an
adjective +
Ex. noun)
Save money by
spending it. I’m not
surprised.
That’s old
news to me.
Idiom
-is a phrase that is common in a
language or culture that means
something different from it
literally sounds.
Ex.
The early bird catches the worm.

HOMER (1000 B.C.)

(THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY)

Homer, (flourished 9th or 8th century BCE,

Ionia?), ancient Greek poet, presumed
author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Though
almost nothing is known of his life, tradition
holds that Homer was blind. The ancient
Greeks attributed to him the great epic
poems the Iliad and the Odyssey.
The Iliad, set during the Trojan War, tells the
story of the wrath of Achilles.
The Odyssey tells the story
of Odysseus as he travels home from the
war.
The two epics provided the basis of Greek
education and culture in the Classical age,
and they have remained among the most
significant poems of the European tradition.
CHARACTERS FROM THE ODYSSEY SETTING OF THE ILIAD

SETTING OF THE ODYSSEY

 SAPPHO (630 – 612 B.C.)
(A GIRL IN LOVE)
Born: Between 630 and 612 BCE, Lesbos,
Greece
Died: 570 BCE, Lesbos, Greece, (leucadian
cliffs)
Nationality: Greek
Genre: Lyric poetry and narrative poetry
Works: Ode to Aphrodite, Midnight poem,
Sappho 2, Sappho 44, Sappho 94, Sappho
31, Brothers Poem, Sappho 16
P. Sapph. Obbink: the fragment of papyrus
on whipch Sappho's Brothers Poem was
discovered
WORKS IN LITERARY CONTEXT
Lyric Poetry Sappho wrote poetry at a time
when Greek literature was dominated by the
influence of Homer and the epic narrative.
Yet the tradition of lyric poetry was even
older and had played an important part in
Greek history.
Sappho ' s Love Songs Music, too, as in all
early Greek lyric poetry, served an
important function in her works: Most of
Sappho ' s poems are monodies, songs
composed for solo singers and intended
to be sung to the accompaniment of the
lyre.
ONE GIRL
by: SAPPHO
translated by DANTE GABRIEL
ROSSETTI
I one of the twelve cities which formed the
Like the sweet apple which reddens upon
the topmost bough,
A top on the topmost twig, which the
pluckers forgot, somehow,
Forget it not, nay; but got it not, for none
could get it till now.
II
Like the wild hyacinth flower which on the
hills is found, Which the passing feet of the
shepherds for ever tear and wound, Until
the purple blossom is trodden in the ground.
LITERARY DEVICES
ALLITERATION
“topmost twig” in line two and “none” and
“now” in line three.
SIMILE
“Like the sweet apple which reddens upon
the topmost bough” starts the poem and is
the first way that the poet’s speaker
describes the “girl.
ANACREON (570 – 488 B.C.)
(OLD AGE)
Born in Teos, on the coast of Ionia (modern
Turkey)
Notable for his drinking songs and erotic
poem
Was a Greek lyric poet
Greeks included him in the canonical list of
Nine Lyric Poets
TEOS OR TEO
Teos (Ancient Greek: Τέως) or Teo was an
ancient Greek city on the coast of Ionia, on a
peninsula between Chytrium and
Myonnesus. It was founded by Minyans from
Orchomenus, Ionians and Boeotians, but the
date of its foundation is unknown. Teos was
Ionian League. The city was situated on a
low hilly isthmus. Its ruins are located to the
south of the modern town Sığacık in the
Seferihisar district of Izmir Province, Turkey.
 FORM AND STYLE

1. wrote all his poetry in the Ancient

Ionic Dialect
2. it is composed to be sung or recited
to the accompaniment of music,
usually the lyre
3. verses were primarily in the form of
monody rather than a chorus

THEMES AND SUBJECTS

1. Love
2. Infatuation
3. Disappointment
4. Revelry
5. Festivals
6. Observation of everyday people and
life
WORKS
1. The Thracian Filly
2. The Grasshopper
3. Beauty
4. A Lover’s Sigh
5. All Things Drink
6. Old Age