IRON MAN
emotions, stirs our imagination, feeling, moves
21st CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER
Definitions of Literature:
 Literature is the total of preserved writing
belongings to a given language or people.
 Literature consist of those writings which
interpret the meanings of nature and life, in
words of charm and power, touched with the
personality of the author, in artistic forms of
permanent interst ( Henry Van Dyke)
 Literature is a written record of man’s best
thoughts and feelings.
 Literature is the written or printed productions
of the human mind collectively, which deals
with themes of permanent and universal
interest, characterized by creativeness and
grace of expression, as poetry, as fictions, essay,
etc.
Types of Literature:
A. Oral Literature – is generally the literature of
the ancient times. It is preserved and handed
down from one generation to another by word
of mouth. Oral literature started unwritten, but
eventually captured for writing.
B. Written literature- is one that gets its form from
the use of the pen by literary genius. Compared
to oral form, it is likely to be permanent in form
because once written, it remain as is.
Reasons why people write:
 For self expression
 To spread knowledge and information
 To pass on ideas and values
 To impart truth, accuracy and evaluation.
Characteristics of a great literature (Literary standards):
1) Permanence- Great literature stands through
ages and still opens new world of meaning and
experience.
2) Universality- Great literature appeals to anyone,
anywhere, anytime forever relevant.
3) Artistry- Great literature appeals to our
aesthetic sense or sense of beauty.
4) Intellectual value- Great literature stimulates
our thought. It makes us realize fundamental
truths about life and human nature.
5) Spiritual value- great literature inspires and
brings out moral values making us better
persons.
6) Style- Great literature is marked with the
peculiar way in which the writer sees life, forms
his/her ideas, and expresses them distinctly.
7) Suggestiveness- Great literature appeals to our
us deeply and evokes visions over and beyond
the level of ordinary life experience.
Prose- is a discourse that follows the usual flow of
conversation which uses sentences forming paragraphs
to express ideas, feelings and actions.
Divisions of Prose
1. Fiction- is a literary work which is a result of the
author’s imagination.
a. Short story- is a narrative involving one or
more characters, one plot, and one single
impression. (Dead stars by Paz Marquez
Benitez)
b. Novel- is a true-to-life story divided into
chapters where many characters are
involved and spans long period of time.
(Things fall apart by Chinua Achebe)
c. Play- is a scripted story executed on stage.
(Call me Flory by Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero)
d. Legend- is a narrative about the origin of
man, place, event and happenings.
e. Fable- is a narrative where the characters
are animals and inanimate objects that
speak and act like people. Usually ends with
values that can mold their attitudes.
2. Non-Fiction
a. Essay- is an attempt to express the
viewpoint and opinion of the writer on a
particular problem or event
 Formal essay
 Informal essay
b. Oration- is a formal treatment of the
subject and intended to be spoken before a
crowd.
c. Biography- Is a literary work that gives the
life account of a person written by another
person.
d. Autobiography- is a literary work where the
author writes his own life account
e. News- is a report of expected and
unexpected events in society and
government and incidents in the field of
science, business,etc.
f. Letters
g. Diaries and Journals.
Poetry- is the “spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings taking it’s origin from emotion”(William
Wordsworth)
 Is a type of literature that combines the
sound and meaning of language to
create and express ideas and feelings.
  Uses imagery and figurative language
closely related terms is very rich,
suggestive and powerful.
 It is a rhythmical creation of beauty
(Edgar Allan Poe)
Three types of poetry:
1. Narrative Poetry- tells stories and has two
forms:
a. Epics- are long poems that exemplify the
adventures of epic heroes and divine forces.
They are oldest surviving form of poetry.
b. Ballads- are narrative poems intended to be
sung. They are shorter than the epics and
they usually tell stories about a particular
person.
-Ballads use repetitive and use simple
language as well as supernatural touches.
2. Dramatic poetry- tells stories but one or more
characters act out the poem. There are plays
that are written as dramatic poetry.
- William Shakespeare, An English Playwright, is
the most famous dramatic poet.
- In the dramatic monologue, the story is
dramatically told by only one character, Robert
Browning, an English poet of the 18--, wrote
many poems of this style.
3. Lyric Poetry- the most common of the three, is
a short poem that expresses the poet’s
thoughts and feeling.
- The word lyric comes from the Greek word
rhein which means lyre, a harp-like musical
instrument used by poets in ancient Greecy.
Forms of Lyrics Poetry:
a. Haiku- one of the shortest lyric poems, is a
Japanese verse of 17 syllables arranged in three
lines, the first line has 5, the second 7, and the
third 5.
b. Ode- is a serious elaborate lyric poem full of
high praises and noble feelings. (Ex. Ode to
Evening by William Collins (1721-1759)
c. Elegy- is a poem of meditation on life and
death.
d. Sonnet- is a 14-line lyric poem with a certain
pattern of rhyme and rhythm.
e. Song- is a lyric poem intended to be sung.
Imagery- refers to the sensation that languages creates
in this mind. Images are words and phrases that appeal
to the senses.
Figurative Language- makes language more colorful,
suggestive, powerful and therefore exciting.
-also means the use of word or phrase which refers to
something familiar in our experience to stand for the
idea, feeling or attitude we wish to communicate.
The figures of speech:
1. Simile- Is an explicit or direct comparison
between two things of different classes)
(Ex. She turns cold as a freezer)
2. Metaphor- is bolder than simile and the
comparison is limited or indirect between two
objects of different classes.
(ex. The Lord is my shepherd)
3. Personification- gives human qualities or
attributes to non-human or inanimate object.
4. Synecdoche- names a part of an object to stand
for the whole, or whole for a part.
(ex. He is my right arm (trusted ass)
5. Metonymy- involves the use of a term
connected with an object to represent that
object.
Ex. I give you the floor to speak
6. Hyperbole- involves a deliberate exaggeration
used for the effect.
(ex. A million thanks to you)
7. Oxymoron- is putting side by side of two
normally contradictory words.
(ex. Cruel kindness, bitter-sweet)
8. Parodox- Is saying something which seems
untrue, but on close examination, proves to be
true or partly true.
(Ex. What you keep, you lose; what you lose,
you keep)
9. Allusion- is a casual reference either by directly
or by borrowing familiar phrases from the bible,
history or literature.
10. Irony- involves a contrast, a discrepancy
between expected and what actually happens.
(ex. You’re so kind to answer back to your
parents)
11. Onomatopoeia- is the formation or use of
words having a sound that imitates what they
denote.
(ex. Don’t bang the door)
12. Litotes- is a deliberate understatement used to
affirm by negating its opposite.
13. Apostrophe- is a direct address to someone
absent, long dead or even to inanimate objects
or ideas.
(Ex. Jose Rizal, where are the youth today?)
14. Alliteration- is the repetition of the initial
consonant sound in the sentence. It is also
known as “tongue twister”
 15. Assonance- Is the repetition of the middle
vowel sounds.
(Ex. Race and make, foolish and crooning)
16. Consonance- is sometimes called “slant” rhyme.
Both consonants occur at the end of the word
as in odds and ends;
(Ex. Dreary and weary)
Purpose of Art- To express man’s feelings about his
surroundings, through the means and mater available to
him, depending on his style, capability and concept of
beauty.
Importance of literature:
-Our ancient literature shows our
customs and traditions in
everyday life as traced in our folk
stories, old plays and short
stories.
-Our forefathers also had their
own alphabet which was different
from the alphabet brought by
Spaniards, but similar to that of
Malayo-Polynesian alphabet.
Pre-Spanish literature is
chacaterized by:
A. Legends- are a form of
prose and the common
theme of which is about
the origin of a thing, location or name.
 Ang alamat ng Mount Makiling
 Ang alamat ng Pinya
 Why women wash the dishes
 Ang alamat ng Olongapo
B. Folk tales- are made up of stories about life,
adventure, love and humor where one can
derive lessons about life.
C. Epics- are long narrative poems where a series
of heroic achievements or events, usually by a
hero, are dealt with.
 Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) of the
Ilocanos is the adventure of prodigious
epic hero, Lam-ang who exhibits
extraordinary powers at an early age. At
nine months, he is able to go to war to
look for his father’s killers.
 The Agyu or Olahing of the Manobos is
a three-part epic that starts with the
pahmara (invocation) then the
Kepu’unpuun ( a narration of the past)
and the sengedurog (an episode
complete in itself).
 Sandayo- of the Subanon tells the story
of the hero with the same name, who is
born through extraordinary
circumstances, as he fell out of the hair
of his mother while she was combing it
on the ninth stroke.
D. Myths- are narratives that describe and portray
in symbolic language the origin of the basic
elements and assumptions of a culture.
 Si malakas at si maganda.
E. Folk songs- are one of the oldest forms of
Philippines literature that emerged in the Pre-
spanish period.
 Kundiman
 Kumintang
 Ang Dalit o Imno
 Ang Oyayi o Hele
 Soliranin
 Talindaw
Other forms of Pre-Spanish Poetry:
 Epigrams (Salawikain)- They served as laws on
rules on good behavior by our ancestors.
 Riddles(Bugtong) or Palaisipan- These are made
up of one or more measure lines with rhyme
which consists of 4 to 12 syllables.
 Chant (bulong)- this is used in witchcraft or
enchantment.
 Maxims- These are verses with rhyming
couplets of 5,6 or 8 syllables, each line has the
same number of syllables.
 Sayings (Kasabihan)- There are used in teasing
or giving remarks or comments on a person’s
actuations
 Sawikain (sayings)- these sayings do not have
hidden meaning.
SPANISH PERIOD
  Spanish colonized the Philippines for
more than 3 centuries.
 They embraced the Catholic religion.
Spanish influences on Philippine Literature:
 ALIBATA was the first Filipino alphabet
which was replaced by the Roman
alphabet
 Lessons on Christian Doctrine
 Spanish language which became the
medium of instruction and literary.
 Legends and traditions from Europe
were assimilated in our songs, corridos
and moro-moros
 Ancient literature was collected and
translated to Tagalog and other
dialects.
 Grammar books were printed in
Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and
Visayan.
 Our magazines and periodicals gained a
religious tone.
The first books:
 The Christian Doctrine (Doctrina Cristiana)- First
book printed in the Philippines in 1953 9j
Xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de
Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and
Spanish.
 Nuestra Senora del Rosario- Second book
printed in the Phil written by Fr. Blancas de San
Jose in 1602.
 Libro de los Cuatro Post primeras de Hombre (in
Spanish and tagalog)- First book printed in
typography.
 Ang Barlaan at Josephat- First Biblical story
printed in the Philippines and translate from
Greek to Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja.
 The Passion- Book about the life and sufferings
of Jesus Christ, and it is read only during lent.
 Pilapil version by Mariano Pilapil of
Bulacan, 1814
 The de belen version by Gaspar Aquino
de Belen of Bataan, 1704
 The de la Merced version by Aniceto de
la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan, 1856
 The de Guia version by Luis de Guia in
1750
 Urbana at Felisa:
-Written by Modesto de Castro- Father of
Classis Prose in Tagalog.
 Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary)-
Collection of songs praising Virgin Mary. It was
written in 1865 by a Filipino priest, Fr. Mariano
Sevilla, became popular during Flores de Mayo.
Folk Songs:
 Leron-Leron Sinta
 Dandansoy
 Atin Cu Pung singsing
 Pamulinawen
 Sarong Banggi
Recreational Plays:
 Tibag- means to excavate.
 Lagaylay- is a special occasion to get together
during the month of may for the Pilarenos of
Sorsogon.
 Cenaculo- is a dramatic performance to re-enact
the passion and death of Jesus Christ.
-Cenaculo is written in octosyllabic verse, with 8
verses in each stanza.
-It takes 3 nights to stage the full length version.
a) Cantada- chanted like the passion
b) Hablada- has a more dignified theme
where the lines are spoken in a more
deliberate manner.
 Panunuluyan- is a reenactment of Virgin Mary
and Saint Joseph in search of an inn to deliver
the baby Jesus.
 Salubong- Is an easter play that dramatizes the
meeting of the Risen Jesus Christ and His
Mother.
 Carillo or Shadow Play- is a dramatic
entertainment performed on dark nights
projecting cardboard figures before a lamp
against a white sheet.
 Zarzuela- Is considered the Father of Drama. It
is a musical comedy or melodrama in three acts.
 Sainete- is a short exaggerated musical comedy
performed by characters from lower class.
 Moro-moro- is performed during town fiestas to
entertain the people and to remind them of
their Christian religion.
 Karagatan- is a poetic contest where a ritual is
performed based on a legend about a princess
who dropped her ring in the middle of the sea
and offered her hand in marriage to anyone
who can find it.
 Balagtasan- is a poetic joust or a contest of skills
in debate on a topic or issue.
 Held in honor of Francisco “Balagtas”
Baltazar.
 Dung-aw- in a chant in free verse by a bereaved
person beside the corpse of the dead.
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD(1910-1945)
 During the Period of Apprenticeship,
(1910-1930)- the Filipino writers
imitated English and American models.
  The Period of Emergence (1920-1930)
was highly influenced by Western
literary trends like Romanticism and
Realism.
Short stories:
 Dead stars was the first short story written in
English by Paz Marquez Benitez
 The Small Key was written by Paz Latorena
 Footnote to Youth was written by Jose Garcia
Villa
Novels:
 The Child of sorrow was the first novel in
English by Zoilo Galang
Tagalog Short Stories:
 Mga Kwentong Ginto (Golden Stories) was
published in 1936
 Kwentong Ginto ng 50 Batikang Kwentista was
published in 1939
Tagalog Poetry
 Tagalog poets during the American Period were
able to compose beautiful poems.
Poetry of the heart (Makata ng Puso)
 Inigo Ed. Regalado
 Carlos Gatmaitan
 Pedro Deogracias del Rosario
 Ildefonso S
 The word Crisotas ( meaning Balagtasan) in
Tagalog is taken from his name.
 Aurelio Tolention- Translated Kahapon, Ngayon
at bukas into Kapampangan Napon, Ngeni at
Bukas
Visayan Literature:
 Eriberto Gumban- Fataher of Visayan Literature
-He wrote a Zarzuela, Moro-moro and play in
Visayan language.
 Magdalen Jalandoni- wrote the novel Tunuksan
Isa Ca Bulaklak.
JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945)
-Victoria Abelardo describe the Filipino writings during
the Japanese occupation as pessimistic and bitter.
-The weekly magazine Liwayway was placed under strict
surveillance until it was managed by a Japanese named
Ishiwara.
-The only contact with the outside world was done with
utmost secrecy through the underground radio program
called “The Voice of Freedom”
Playwrights:
 Jose Ma Hernandez- wrote PANDAY PIRA
 Francisco Soc Rodrigo- wrote sa PULA sa PUTI
 Clodualdo del Mundo- wrote BULAGA (hide and
seek game)
 Julian Cruz Balmaceda- wrote SINO BA KAYO?
DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY.

PALANCA AWARDEES FOR LITERATURE:

Poet of the Laborers (Makata ng Manggagawa)  Jose Garcia Villa

 Nick Joaquin
 Amado V. Hernandez- He pictures in his poems  NVM Gonzales
the intense love of the poor workers or  Bienvenido Santos
laborers.  Gregorio Brillantes
 Gilda Cordero Fernando
Ilocano Literature:
National Artist Awards:
 Pedro Bukaneg- Father of Ilocano Literature.
 His name was derived from the word  Jose Garcia Villa
Bukanegan which means Balagtasan.  Nick Joaquin
 Claro Caluya- Prince of Ilocano poets; Known as
Carlos P. Romulo
poet and novelist.
 Leon Pichay- Known as the best Bukanegero. He  I see the Ph. Rise
is also known as poet, novelist, short story  I saw the fall of the Ph.
writer, dramatist and essayist.  Mother America
 My brother americans
Kapampangan Literature:
Japanese Musical missions:
 Juan Crisostomo Soto- Father of Kapampangan
Literature.  Headed Kosak Yamada
 Held on May 7, 1943
New Ph. Symphony

 Francisco Santiago as Conductor