personality

noun [ C/U ]

US

/ˌpɜr·səˈnæl·ɪ·t̬ i/

the special combination of qualities in a person that makes

that person different from others, as shown by the way
the person behaves, feels, and thinks:
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/personality

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Personality refers to the enduring characteristics and behavior that

comprise a person’s unique adjustment to life, including major
traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and
emotional patterns. Various theories explain the structure and
development of personality in different ways, but all agree that
personality helps determine behavior.
The field of personality psychology studies the nature and definition
of personality as well as its development, structure and trait
constructs, dynamic processes, variations (with emphasis on
enduring and stable individual differences), and maladaptive forms.
Adapted from the APA Dictionary of Psychology

https://www.apa.org/topics/personality#:~:text=Personality%20refers%20to%20the
%20enduring,%2C%20abilities%2C%20and%20emotional%20patterns.

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How Genetics and Environment Affect Personality

Personality is a complex trait that is influenced by a combination of genetic and

environmental factors. While genetics play a significant role in shaping personality, the
environment also plays a crucial role in determining how a person's personality develops
over time. In this article, we will explore how genetics and environment affect personality.
Genetics and Personality Research has shown that genetics play a significant role in
determining personality traits. Studies have found that identical twins, who share 100% of
their genetic makeup, tend to have more similar personalities than fraternal twins, who
share only 50% of their genetic makeup. This suggests that genetics play a significant role
in shaping personality. However, it is important to note that genetics do not determine
personality entirely. While genetics may predispose individuals to certain personality traits,
environmental factors can also influence how those traits are expressed. For example, a
person who is genetically predisposed to be introverted may become more outgoing if they
are raised in an environment that encourages socialization. Environment and Personality
The environment also plays a crucial role in shaping personality. Environmental factors
such as upbringing, culture, and social experiences can all influence how a person's
personality develops over time. For example, children who grow up in households with
authoritarian parents may develop more rigid and rule-bound personalities, while children
who grow up in households with permissive parents may develop more relaxed and flexible
personalities.

Culture also plays a significant role in shaping personality. Different cultures have different
values and norms that can influence how individuals express their personalities. For
example, in some cultures, being outgoing and assertive is highly valued, while in others,
being reserved and modest is more highly valued.

The Interaction between Genetics and Environment

While genetics and environment both play significant roles in shaping personality, it is
important to note that they do not act independently of each other. Rather, genetics and
environment interact with each other to shape personality. For example, a person who is
genetically predisposed to be introverted may become even more introverted if they are
raised in an environment that does not encourage socialization.

In conclusion, personality is a complex trait that is influenced by a combination of genetic

and environmental factors. While genetics may predispose individuals to certain personality
traits, environmental factors can also influence how those traits are expressed. It is
important to understand the interaction between genetics and environment when studying
personality, as both factors play significant roles in shaping who we are as individuals.

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How Genetics and Environment Affect Personality

Personality is a complex and multifaceted trait that is influenced by a combination of genetic

and environmental factors. While genetics play a significant role in shaping our personality,
environmental factors such as upbringing, socialization, and life experiences also contribute
to its development. In this article, we will explore how genetics and environment affect
personality.

The Role of Genetics in Personality

Genetics play a crucial role in determining our personality traits. Studies have shown that
certain personality traits such as extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness have a
heritability factor of around 50%. This means that half of the variation in these traits can be
attributed to genetic factors. However, it is important to note that genetics do not determine
our personality entirely. Environmental factors also play a significant role in shaping our
personality.

The Influence of Environment on Personality

Environmental factors such as upbringing, socialization, and life experiences can

significantly impact our personality. Our family, friends, and cultural background can shape
our beliefs, values, and behaviors. For example, children who grow up in a supportive and
nurturing environment are more likely to develop positive personality traits such as empathy,
kindness, and self-esteem. On the other hand, children who experience neglect or abuse may
develop negative personality traits such as aggression, anxiety, and low self-esteem.

The Interaction between Genetics and Environment

The interaction between genetics and environment is complex and dynamic. While genetics
provide the foundation for our personality traits, environmental factors can either enhance or
diminish their expression. For example, a person with a genetic predisposition towards
anxiety may develop the disorder if they experience a traumatic event or chronic stress. On
the other hand, a person with the same genetic predisposition may not develop anxiety if they
have a supportive environment and effective coping skills.

Conclusion

In conclusion, personality is a complex trait that is influenced by a combination of genetic

and environmental factors. While genetics provide the foundation for our personality traits,
environmental factors such as upbringing, socialization, and life experiences also play a
significant role in shaping our personality. Understanding the interaction between genetics
and environment can help us appreciate the complexity of human personality and develop
effective strategies for personal growth and well-being.

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The Influence of Environment on Personality

Personality is a complex and multifaceted construct that encompasses a wide range of traits,
behaviors, and characteristics. While genetics play a significant role in shaping our
personality, research has shown that environmental factors also have a significant impact. In
this article, we will explore the influence of environment on personality.

The Role of Family Environment

The family environment is one of the most important factors that shape our personality. Our
parents, siblings, and other family members play a crucial role in shaping our beliefs, values,
and attitudes. For instance, children who grow up in a nurturing and supportive family
environment tend to develop a more positive and optimistic outlook on life. On the other
hand, children who grow up in a hostile or abusive family environment may develop negative
personality traits such as aggression, anxiety, and depression.

The Impact of Culture and Society

Culture and society also play a significant role in shaping our personality. Our cultural
background and social norms influence our beliefs, values, and behaviors. For example,
individuals from collectivist cultures tend to prioritize the needs of the group over their own
needs, while individuals from individualistic cultures tend to prioritize their own needs over
the needs of the group. Similarly, social norms regarding gender roles, sexuality, and other
aspects of identity can shape our personality in significant ways.

The Influence of Life Experiences

Our life experiences also have a significant impact on our personality. Traumatic experiences
such as abuse, neglect, or violence can lead to the development of negative personality traits
such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). On the other hand,
positive life experiences such as travel, education, and personal growth can lead to the
development of positive personality traits such as resilience, optimism, and openness to new
experiences.

In conclusion, personality is shaped by a complex interplay between genetics and

environment. While genetics provide the foundation for our personality, environmental
factors such as family environment, culture and society, and life experiences play a
significant role in shaping our beliefs, values, and behaviors. By understanding the influence
of environment on personality, we can gain a deeper insight into ourselves and others, and
work towards personal growth and development.

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Humans are complex beings, with their personalities and behavioral patterns being perhaps
their most intricate aspects. The fascination with this aspect of human behavior can be seen in
popular debates such as Nature v.s. Nurture, or in social theories such as the Bouchard Twin
Study. Social psychology scientists have long studied human behavior and whether we are
the result of our biology or our environment, aiming to answer the question "Is personality
genetic?".

If our personalities result from genetics, then we develop them early on and will remain the
same throughout our lifetime. However, if they are a result of our environment, then our
personalities may evolve throughout our lifetime, and our experiences will have a more
significant effect on them. Studies have concluded that human personalities and
temperaments are shaped by both genetics and our environment; while we may be born with
certain personality traits, there still is the possibility to develop others as we experience life.

Is personality genetic?

Often, a person might seemingly inherit their parent’s short temper or perfectionist
tendencies. That same child may inherit their parent’s big blue eyes and thick curly hair.
While it may be clear that the physical characteristics are genetic correlations, it is difficult to
know whether the behavioral traits result from genetics or learned thanks to years of exposure
throughout childhood.

Personality traits like openness to experience or intimacy seem to be shaped by a child’s

upbringing. In contrast, more stable characteristics like distractability or agreeableness seem
to be rooted within a child’s DNA. You may wish to take a personality traits test to determine
your personality type and behavioral characteristics. Specific characteristics are associated
with different genomes, making them reliant on genetics, and other features may be
developed later on due to external factors. While it is understandable to assume that
personality is the result of genetics, it is important to consider that personalities are
hereditary and a result of environment or other factors.

What determines personality: 2 study based factors

Genetics

Multiple variables shape our traits, genetics being one of them. In fact, a study found
that 20%-60% of our temperament is determined by genetics. They also found that specific
primary genes are involved in the communication of cells within the brain, which directly
affect someones' personality and behaviors. Possessing certain genes can significantly impact
sociability, predisposition to anxiety or depression, self-control, and more.

The same study suggested that while our personality traits may evolve as we grow into
adulthood thanks to life experiences and events, our core temperament generally remains the
same. This suggests that at our core temperament, we are made up of specific traits that have
genetic components.

Temperament is usually associated with heritability and includes common behavioral traits
that influence how we do things--such as being persistent or shy. Subsequently, personality is
generally associated with why we do things--like openness to experience or agreeableness--
and is shaped by our genetics and upbringing.

Environmental

If genetic variants comprise only 20%-60% of our personality, where does the other portion
come from? Environmental factors, such as upbringing, culture, geographic location, and life
experiences, greatly influence our personality. For example, a child raised in a harmonious
environment may have a more positive or calm outlook and disposition. In contrast, a child
raised in a turbulent household may be more inclined to develop aggression or other adverse
traits.

Proving this theory further is the famous Minnesota Study of Twins. From 1979 to 1999,
researchers studied both identical and fraternal twins separated at birth to determine the
effects of genes and environment on their personalities as they aged. This study found that
identical twins shared about 50% of the same traits, whereas fraternal twins shared about
20%. The study also found 70% of the variance in IQ was linked to genetic variations, while
the remaining 30% was due to environmental effects.

In studying different pairs of twins and their genetic differences and aspects of
personality, scientists also found that while these genetic effects greatly influence personality,
other factors such as leading a healthy lifestyle and engaging in intellectual activities played a
great role in their overall well-being and development.

Environmental factors that influence human behavior

Here are some of the environmental influences that can affect personality characteristics and
development:

Culture
Culture is defined as the shared values, customary beliefs, traditions, and social norms of a
group. It is perhaps one of the most powerful drivers in individual differences and personality
dimensions. For example, someone raised in an individualistic culture may value
independence or personal success. In contrast, someone raised in a more collectivist culture
may value social harmony and the group’s needs over their own.

Geographic location

Similar to culture, geographic location directly impacts human behavior. Depending on your
location, you are exposed to different experiences, hardships, cultures, and more. For
example, in a fascinating study, 1.5 million people across the United States were evaluated
based on personality characteristics. The study found three distinct regional personality
differences across the country:

Cluster 1: The Upper Midwest and Deep South are mainly comprised of people with a
"friendly and conventional personality.”

Cluster 2: The West is mainly comprised of people who are relaxed, creative, calm, and
emotionally stable.

Cluster 3: The Northeast is mainly comprised of people who are people who are exposed to
more stress and therefore more likely to experience irritableness or depression

Community

Within a geographic location and culture, smaller groups called communities form. These
communities are generally people who live in the same place and share certain traits, goals,
or interests. Community influences could include role models, religion, and neighborhood
context. For example, a theory conceived by RJ Sampson called "Social Disorganization
Theory" suggests that when people live together in a community, emergent properties
develop: characteristics that cannot be predicted from the individual characteristics of the
residents. Meaning, that personality development for a community as a whole is actually
impacted by its' residents. Therefore, the link between community and personality is quite
strong.

Education
Another environmental factor that plays a role in personality characteristics is the schools
people went to and their education. Studies found that various school experiences were
associated with personality changes. For example, a student who prioritizes studying and
doing their homework may experience an increase in conscientiousness. In contrast, a student
exposed to a stressful or volatile school environment may increase neuroticism.

Genetic personality traits (inherited from parents)

While there are endless possibilities for how a person behaves and perceives the world, five
primary traits are often measured. Personality models such as The Big Five measure
agreeableness, openness, extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. From these main
characteristics, a personality type can be determined. While environment certainly plays a
role in personality development, genetic influences tend to have an even more significant
effect. Through family studies and genetic studies, many genes and resulting behavioral traits
have been found to be directly linked to heritability. Here are some other inherited
personality traits:

Distractability

Specific learning disabilities resulting from high levels of distractibility, such as ADHD, have
been found to be linked to numerous inherited genes. Unfortunately, there are no genetic tests
to determine whether someone has ADHD; however, after nearly 2,000 studies, it has been
found that the genes typically linked to ADHD often run in families. Usually, if a person is
easily distracted and diagnosed with a condition such as ADHD, another blood-relative or
parent also having it is very likely.

Leadership

In a newer study, specific inherited DNA sequences were found to correlate with leadership
abilities. In this study, a particular genotype was found associated with passing leadership
abilities down through generations. While leadership may still be thought of as a skill to have
or develop, it is important to note the role behavioral genetics plays.

Neuroticism
During the Minnesota twin studies, scientists found that certain traits, including neuroticism,
were inheritable. People with this trait are more vulnerable to stress and are often seen as
more nervous and sensitive to stimuli, while those without may have a more positive and
calm demeanor. Doctors theorized that people with higher levels of this trait could potentially
benefit from therapy, although a life of low stress would be most beneficial.

Environmental influences on personality traits

Patience

The environment in which a child is raised can influence their level of patience and reaction
to stressors. A study measuring the patience of children abroad found that those residing in
more remote and rural locations tended to be more patient than those living in more
industrialized city locations. The ability to be patient and tolerant of uncertainty varied
significantly based on the location, suggesting that the environment greatly influenced this
trait.

Intimacy

Another trait measured during the Minnesota twin studies is the need for intimacy, which
seems to be more based on the environment rather than genetics. Researchers found that two-
thirds of this personality trait depended on past experiences. Someone raised in an unloving
or individualistic environment may have low amounts of this trait- meaning they tend to keep
to themselves and do not have a strong desire to be in emotionally intense relationships or
situations. Doctors also stated that this gene, in particular, can be greatly strengthened
through quality interactions with family; this trait will develop more in children exposed to
emotional and physical intimacy during adolescence.

Etiquette

People within different communities or cultures will have contrasting practices when it comes
to manners and etiquette. A polite person who practices good manners typically will have had
a different upbringing than a person who acts oppositely. Certain standards of decorum,
acceptable behaviors, and morality result in a learned expression of how a person behaves in
different settings. For example, in American culture, it is polite to say "please" and "thank
you" and to send "thank you" letters after receiving a gift. In Spain, it is polite to greet others
with a kiss. Etiquette varies depending on culture and therefore has differing effects on
personality development.

Genetics and personality: Key takeaways

The common debate, nature-vs-nurture, questions whether humans are a result of their
genetics or their environment. Various studies have found that the multiple aspects of
personality result from specific genes and environmental effects. Although many of our
personality traits may evolve as we grow and experience life, our core temperaments and
characteristics remain relatively consistent.

While environmental influences undoubtedly play a role in shaping our personality, how we
behave is primarily determined by genetics. Learning about your own personality type can
help you better understand your inner workings and behavioral patterns.

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Genetics plays a significant role in shaping our personality. Our personality traits, such as
introversion or extroversion, are inherited from our parents through genes. While
environmental factors such as upbringing and experiences also contribute to molding our
personality, genetics have a significant impact on determining our innate traits.

One of the ways genetics affect personality is through the inheritance of certain genes that
control specific behaviors. For example, the gene responsible for dopamine production
affects our reward and pleasure centers, which can influence our motivation and drive.
Similarly, the serotonin transporter gene influences our mood and emotional stability. These
genes can cause variations in personality traits such as impulsivity, anxiety, and aggression.

Another way genetics shapes our personality is through the interaction of multiple genes.
Studies have shown that certain combinations of genes can lead to specific personality traits.
For instance, the combination of the dopamine receptor gene and the serotonin transporter
gene can lead to introverted behavior. Similarly, the oxytocin receptor gene, which controls
social bonding, has been linked to empathy and altruism.

Furthermore, genetics also influence the development of our brain structure and functioning,
which can impact our personality traits. The prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-
making and self-control, develops differently in individuals with different genetic makeup.
Studies have shown that individuals with the COMT gene variant have a more active
prefrontal cortex, leading to better executive functioning and higher intelligence. This can
affect personality traits such as conscientiousness and openness to experience.

However, it is essential to note that genetics do not solely determine our personality.
Environmental factors such as upbringing, culture, and experiences also play a crucial role in
shaping our personality. Individuals with the same genetic makeup can have vastly different
personalities due to differences in their environment.

In conclusion, genetics have a significant impact on determining our personality traits. The
inheritance of specific genes can lead to variations in behavior, emotional stability, and social
bonding. However, environmental factors such as upbringing and experiences also play a
crucial role in shaping our personality. Understanding the complex interplay between
genetics and the environment can help us gain a better understanding of human behavior and
personality.

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The environment plays a significant role in shaping an individual's personality. The

environment includes everything around us, such as family, friends, school, culture, and
society. These factors can have a profound impact on the development of an individual's
personality.

One of the most important factors that shape an individual's personality is their family. The
family is the primary source of socialization, and it provides the first exposure to social
norms and values. Family members serve as role models, and their behavior and attitudes can
shape an individual's personality. For example, if a child grows up in a loving and supportive
family, they are more likely to have a positive outlook on life and develop a sense of self-
worth. In contrast, if a child grows up in a hostile and abusive family, they may develop
negative attitudes and behaviors that can affect their personality.

Another important factor that shapes an individual's personality is their peer group. Friends
have a significant influence on an individual's behavior and attitudes. Peer pressure can lead
an individual to adopt certain behaviors and attitudes that can shape their personality. For
example, if an individual's friends are involved in criminal activities, they may also be
influenced to participate in such activities, which can affect their personality.

School is another important environmental factor that can shape an individual's personality.
The school environment provides opportunities for learning and socialization, and it can
affect an individual's self-esteem and confidence. If a student receives positive feedback and
recognition for their achievements, they are more likely to develop a positive self-image and
a sense of self-worth. On the other hand, if a student is constantly criticized and receives
negative feedback, they may develop low self-esteem and a negative self-image.

Culture and society also play a crucial role in shaping an individual's personality. Different
cultures have different values, beliefs, and norms that can affect an individual's behavior and
attitudes. For example, in some cultures, individualism is highly valued, while in others,
collectivism is more important. These cultural differences can shape an individual's
personality and affect their behavior.
In conclusion, the environment plays a significant role in shaping an individual's personality.
Family, friends, school, culture, and society are all important factors that can affect an
individual's behavior and attitudes. By understanding how the environment affects
personality, we can better understand ourselves and others, and work towards creating a more
positive and supportive environment for personal growth and development.