Peshawar Model School Nowshera Campus

Subject: G. Science

Class: 6th
Prepared by: Iqra Ameer
Unit # 03
Immunity and Diseases

Short Question Answers:

Question # 01
Which line of defence act last in immune response? List its components.
Answer:
Second line of defence acts last in immune response. Its components are white blood
cells, chemical and fever.

Question # 02
Which line of defence are not concerned with recognition of the pathogen intruder?
Answer:
The first line of defence which include physical and chemical barrier is not concerned
with the recognition of pathogen intruder.

Question # 03
Some chemicals can make you sick but these chemicals are not included in the list of
pathogen .why?
Answer:
Chemicals are not included in the list of pathogens because they are not living
organisms. While those chemicals which make you sick, it’s because of many
mechanism such as toxicity or allergic reaction.

Question # 04
Adaptive immune response increases with time. Why?
Answer:
The adaptive immune response take time to develop because it is a complex and
highly specific defense mechanism that requires coordination and activation of
specific immune cells.

Long Question Answers:

Question # 01
Explain different types of immunity.
Answer:
There are three types of immunity i.e.
(1)Innate immunity.
(2)Adaptive immunity.
(3)Passive immunity.
1. Innate Immunity
Innate immunity or nonspecific immunity is the natural defence of body against any
intruder. This immunity acts-
1. First line of defence.
2. Second line of defence.
2. Adaptive Immunity:
Adaptive immunity include third line of defence. It identifies the germs and start
making special type of white blood cells i.e. T cells, B cells.
3. Passive Immunity:
This type of immunity is short lived and cannot protect the body.

Question # 02
Explain the mechanism of antibody formation.
Answer:
1) There are two ways to start antibody formation by your immune system.
2) Your immune system requires exposure of pathogen to activate and start antibody
formation.
3) A vaccine work by training the immune system to recognize and fight against
pathogen.
4) Vaccine can be in the form of oral drops e.g polio vaccine, or injection e.g
Covid_19 vaccine.

Unit # 04
Physical and Chemical Changes
Short Question Answers:
Question -1
Why is boiling of egg a chemical change and boiling of water is a physical change?
Answer
Boiling of egg is considered a chemical change because the protein in egg undergoes a
chemical reaction when exposed to heat. While boiling of water is a physical change
because it undergoes a phase from liquid to vapours.
Question -2
What is the chemical property?
Answer
A chemical property is a property which describes how a substance interacts or
undergoes a chemical change or reaction.
Question -3
What is flammability? Identify examples of flammable matter.
Answer
Flammability is defined as how easily can a substance burn.
Example
Wood, gasoline, acetone, ether etc.
Question -4
Define the chemical property called rusting
Answer
A chemical property of iron is that it is capable of combining with oxygen to form iron
oxide.

Long Question Answers:

Question -1
Distinguish between physical and chemical changes. State with at least two examples
from daily life.
Answer
Physical Change
1) Physical changes are mostly reversible.
2) No new substances are formed.
3) The substance retains its chemical property
Example
1) Melting
2) Boiling
Chemical Change
1) Chemical changes are not reversible, one or more new substances are formed
2) The new substances formed have different properties from those of original
substances
Example
1) Combustion
2) Rusting
Question -2
What is rusting? Suggest any three ways to prevent the rusting of iron
Answer
The process of formation of a reddish brown substance on the surface of the iron
objects in the presence of moisture and air, is called rusting
Three ways to use to prevent rusting are as follow.
1) Oiling
2) Applying paints
3) Galvanizing

Question -3
Describe combustion with the help of word equation? Explain the harmful effect of
combustion on the environment.
Answer
1) The reaction typically gives off heat and light as well
2) The general equation for a complete combustion reaction is
Fuel+O2 CO2+H2O
3) It is a leading cause of global climate change and the acidification of oceans.

Unit # 06
Chemical Bonds
Short Question Answers:
Question -1
Why the valency of group 2 element is 2.
Answer:
The second group of the periodic table is the group specific with the filling of the S
orbit. Thus the element in the second group of the periodic table will have an outmost
S orbital filled with two electrons of different spins. Hence the number of valence
electrons in group 2 is two.
Question # 02
By using valency, write the chemical formula of carbon dioxide.
Answer:
The valency of carbon in carbon dioxide Co2 is four.
Question # 03
In the formation of an ion why magnesium atom loses two electrons.
Answer:
Magnesium will lose electrons when forming an ionic bond, hence to become more
stable and have a complete outer shell, magnesium needs to lose two electrons.
Question # 04
How could you relate the formation of chemical bond with valence electrons?
Answer:
Valence electrons are the electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom. Atoms
lose or gain these valence electrons which leads to chemical bonding.
Question # 05
How are H+1 ion and O-2 ion different from each other?
Answer:
Hydrogen ion has one unpaid electron whereas, oxygen ion has two unpaired
electrons.

Long Question Answers:

Question # 01
Mention the steps for writing a chemical formula. Illustrate with few examples.
Answer:
1) Identify the types of reactant and product.
2) Write the chemical formula for each of the reactants and products.
3) Balance the equation

Question # 02
How chemical bond is formed? Explain in detail with the help of an example.
Answer:
Bonds form when atoms share or transfer valence electrons.
Example
An example is the sodium chloride which is made up of a cation (Na+) and anion (CL-).
The two ions of sodium chloride are held together by an ionic bond.

Unit # 07
Solutions
Short Question Answers:
Question -1
What is difference between saturated and unsaturated solutions?
Answer:
Saturated solution
1) Solution in which no more amount of solute can be added at a given
temperature.
2) With an increase in temperature the saturation of the solution decreases.
3) Does not show ppt at the bottom of the container.
Unsaturated solution
1) Solution in which more amount of solute can be added in a given solvent at a
given temperature.
2) Unsaturation increase with increase in temperature
3) It can show ppt at the bottom of the container.
Question -2
How does increase in temperature speed up the dissolving process?
Answer:
Heating up a solvent gives the molecules more kinetic energy.
Question -3
What happens when solution becomes supersaturated?
Answer:
There starts the formation of crystal when solution is supersaturated
Question -4
How does nature of solutes have an effect on the solubility?
Answer:
Solid solubility depends on the nature of solute as well as the solvent.
Long Question Answers:
Question # 01
What is the effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of solid in liquids?
Answer:
1) The effect of temperature on solubility of a substance depends on enthalpy of
solution.
2) When the substance dissolves in water by an endothermic process that is with
the absorption of heat its solubility increase with the increase of temperature
3) KCI is dissolve in water by endothermic process.
Question # 01
Explain the formation saturated and supersaturated solution
Answer:
1) The solution obtained by dissolving the maximum amount of solute at a given
temperature is known as a saturated solution
2) A solution that contains more amount of solute than the required to saturate is
known as a supersaturated solution.

Unit # 10
Heat and Temperature
Short Question/Answers:
Question -1
Define these terms: thermal energy, temperature and heat.
Answer:
Thermal energy
Thermal energy refers to the energy contain within in a system that is responsible for
its temperature.
Unit = Joules
Temperature
Temperature is a quantity which determines the direction of flow of heat on keeping
two bodies at different temperature in contact. Its unit is kelvin (K)
Heat
Heat is a form of energy which flows from hot to cold body.
Unit of heat is Joule (J)
Question -2
Why exhaust fans are connected near the room ceiling?
Answer:
Exhaust fans are typically installed towards the ceiling because warm air rise up owing
to convection and readily exits the kitchen through the exhaust fans.
Question -3
How can gliders fly very high without any engines? Give reason.
Answer:
Instead of using an engine, gliders (also known as sailplanes) use currents of rising air
called thermals and other weather phenomena to stay airborne. Gliders can fly for
hours and travel hundreds of kilometers without having to land.
Question -4
Why most materials become less dense if their temperature is increased?
Answer:
Because the molecules are spread apart they take up more space.
Question -5
Briefly explain the expansion joints use in the bridges
Answer:
Bridges expansion joints are what allow the concrete to naturally expand and contract
without cracking.
Question -6
Why base of cooking utensils is made up of steel but handles are made up of plastics
or wood
Answer:
The handles of utensils are made from plastic or wood because they are bad
conductors of electricity at heat.

Long Question Answers:

Question # 01
Differentiate between heat and temperature on the biases of kinetic molecular theory
Answer:
1) Heat is the total energy of the motion of the molecules of a substance
2) Temperature refers to the measure of the average energy of the motions of
the molecules in the substance.
Question # 02
What is conduction? How heat is transferred by conduction? Why metals are good
conductors?
Answer:
Conduction
1) The process by which heat flows from the hotter and to colder end in solids
is known as conduction.
2) Conduction is the process by which heat is transmitted through collisions
between neighboring atoms or molecules.
3) The electrons in them can move around easily and they can carry heat from
one part to another.
Question # 03
What is convection? How heat is transferred by convection.
Answer:
Convection
Convection is the process of heat transfer by the bulk movement of molecules within
fluids such are gases fluids and liquids.

Unit # 11
Technology in Everyday Life
Long Question Answers:
Question # 01
What is preservation of food? Describe any five ways in which food can be preserved.
Answer:
Preservation
1) Food preservation can be defined as the process of treating and handling food in
such a way that stops or greatly slow down spoilage and prevent foodborne
illness while maintaining nutritional value texture and flavor
2) You can use refrigeration, freezing, canning, sugaring, salting and even vacuum
packing for preserving the food.
Question # 02
Write the steps to make a stethoscope at the school.
Answer:
1) Cover the top of a funnel with a balloon
2) Wrap electrical tape around the balloon to hold it in place if needed.
3) Stick the end of the funnel into a piece of clear, flexible, plastic tubing
4) Add a second matching funnel to the other end if desired.

Unit # 12
Earth and Space
Short Question/Answers:
Question # 01
Differentiate between mass and weight of body.
Answer:
The mass of a body is the amount of matter contained within it while the weight of a
body is the force acting on it due to gravitational attraction.
Question # 02
What is difference in value of gravitational field strength on earth and on moon?
Answer:
The moon has a gravitational field strength of 1.6 N/Kg and on earth the gravitational
field strength is 10 N/Kg.
Question # 03
How does sun hold planets in their orbits?
Answer:
The sun’s gravity pulls the planets to orbit around it.
Question # 04
Briefly explain how axial tilt looks in season change on earth?
Answer:
The earth’s spin axis is tilted with respect to its orbital plane causing changes of
seasons on earth.
Question # 05
What is Constellation?
Answer:
A constellation is a group of stars that make an imaginary shape in the night sky,
because of the earths

Long Question Answers:

Question # 01
How does gravity help to keep the planets in their orbits around sun?
Answer:
1) The sun gravity is responsible for a pulling force on the planets and keeping
them in their orbits
2) Since the sun has a greater mass, it has a greater gravitational force that attracts
the bodies with lesser masses.