karKNnamuxkat;rmYl

Design for torsion

rmYlkñúgFñwm
• sßanPaBEdlGacekItmanm:Um:g;rmYl
L

P
z
T= Pz

T= Pz z
L

w in kN/m2 S

mt = wS2/2

1
 rmYlkñúgFñwm
• sßanPaBEdlGacekItmanm:Um:g;rmYl
L
Mt = T
T Mt = T

Mt = mt L
mt mt rmYlÉksNæan
Mt = mt L

T1 T2 MtA
T1 ( b − c ) + T2c
A B M tA = L MtB
a b c T a − T2 ( a + b ) a b c
L M tB = 1
L

rmYlkñúgFñwm
• sßanPaBEdlGacekItmanm:Um:g;rmYl
L
T B Tb T
M t1 = Mt1
Mt1 Mt2
L Mt2
a b ; Mt2 =
Ta a b
L

mt
mt L Mt1
Mt1 Mt1 M t1 =
2 Mt1
L L

2
 kMlaMgépÞrmYlkñúgFñwm (torsional stresses)

• m:Um:g;rmYl T nwgbgár kMlaMgkat; dV elImuxkat; dA Ekgnwg kaMrbs;muxkat;.

dUecñH T = ∫ rdV → dV = v dA → T = ∫ rv dA
• kMlaMgépÞkat; (shear stress) Gtibrma ekItenARtg;épÞxageRkArbs; rgVg;. Rtg;
cMnucEdlmankaM r nig kMras; dr eyIgGacKNna m:Um:g;rmYl tam
dT = ( 2π r dr ) vr
R
→ T = ∫ ( 2π r dr ) vr
0

• sMrab;muxkat;Rbehag/ eyIg)an³
R
T = ∫ ( 2π r dr ) vr
R1

kMlaMgépÞrmYlkñúgFñwm (torsional stresses)

• sMrab;muxkat;tan;/ eyIg)an
2π
R R

→ T = ∫ ( 2π r 2 ) max dr
r v r
v = vmax →T = vmax ∫ r 3 dr
R 0
R R 0

2π R 4 π R3 2T
→T = vmax = vmax → vmax =
R 4 2 π R3
π R4
• muxkat;rgVg;man m:Um:g;niclPaBvil esμInwg
J=
2
TR
→ vmax =
J

3
 m:Um:g;rmYlkñúgFñwmmuxkat;ctuekaN
• sMrab;muxkat;ctuekaN/ karKNnakMlaMgépÞrmYlmankarBi)ak b:uEnþ eyIgGacKNna
tam v = α Tx y
max 2

Edl T KWCa m:Um:g;rmYl

sMKal;³ kMlaMgépÞGtibrma ekItman
x KWCa RbEvgRCugxøI
enAtam bnÞat;p©itrbs; RCugEvg y.
y KCa
KWCa RbEvgRCgEvg
RbEvgRCugEvg
α KWCa emKuNGaRsy½nwgpleFob y/x EdltMélrbs;va bgðajxageRkam.

y/x 1 1.2 1.5 2 4 10

α 0.208 0.219 0.231 0.246 0.282 0.312

m:Um:g;rmYlkñúgFñwmmuxkat;ctuekaN
• sMrab;muxkat; pSMBI muxkat;ctuekaNeRcIn dUcCa L, T rW I/ enaH tMél α Gacsnμt
esμInwg 1/3. v =
3T
sMKal;³ kalNa y/x <10/
∑x
max 2
i iy
Edl xi KWCa RbEvgRCugxøI rbs;cMEnkctuekaN i nig
eyIgKYr eRbI rUbmnþ xag
yi KWCa RbEvgRCugEvg rbs;cMEnkctuekaN i eRkamenH
3T
x1 vmax =
∑ ⎡⎣ x y (1− 0.63x / y )⎦⎤
2
i i i i

y y1 1

2 x2
y2
x

4
 bnSMkMlaMgkat; nig m:Um:g;rmYl
• kñúgkrNICak;Esþg/ eRKOgbgÁúMsMNg; GacrgdMNalKña nUvkMlaMgkat; nig m:Um:g;rmYl.
kMlaMgkat;TTwg begáIt kMlaMgépÞkat; v1 tamTisedA kMlaMgkat;TTwg rWÉ m:Um:g;rmYl
begáIt kMlaMgépÞkat; v3 > v2. kMlaMgépÞkat; GtibrmaRtg;RCugmçag v1+v3 nig
Gb,rma enARCugmçageTot v1-v3. muxkat;RtUvEtKNnaedIm,ITb; nwg v=v1+v3.
V V
v2 v2

y v3 T v3 v1 v1 v1-v3 T v1+v3

v2 Outer
v2
tube
x

RTwsþIm:Um:g;rmYl sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMebtug
• sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMebtug/ viFIKNnaEdlniymeRbI KW ³ RTwsþIbegáagbBaäit (skew
bending theory) nig RTwsþIRbBnæ½RtIekaNlMh (space truss analogy).

• RTwsþIbegáagbBaäit (skew bending theory)

• eKalRKwHrbs; begáagbBaäit KWCa ragPaB)ak;Ebk rbs;Fñwmmuxkat;ctuekaN
eRkamrmYl EdlekIteLIg edaybegáageFobnwg GkS½RsbnwgRCugEvg y ehIy
bBaäitmuM 45o eFobnwgGkS½beNþay rbs;Fñwm. dUecñH m:Um:g;rmYlGb,rma Tn
GacKNna)antam³
⎛x y⎞2
T =⎜
n ⎟f Edl fr : modulus of rupture ehIy f = 0.42 f '
r r c
⎝ 3 ⎠

5
 RTwsþIbegáagbBaäit (skew bending theory)
⎛ 2.4 ⎞ 2
• m:Um:g;rmYlFn;edayebtug KW TC = ⎜ ⎟ x y f 'c
⎝ x⎠
α1 ( x1 y1 At f y )
• m:Um:g;rmYlFn;edayEdk KW Ts =
s
Tn = Tc + Ts

RTwsþIsm<næ½RtIekaNlMh (Space Truss Analogy)

• RTwsþIsm<næ½RtIekaNlMh KWEp¥kelI karsnμtfa lTæPaBrmYlrbs; muxkat;ebtugEdk KW
Fanaeday ebtu ebtgEdleRsabEdk
gEdleRsabEdk ehykñ
ehIykgkrNI
úgkrNenH
enH mumxkat;
xkatCBa¢
CBaaMagesþ
gesIg edrtY
edIrtCaCa
sm<næ½RtIekaN lMh. bnÞHebtugrvagsñameRbHeFVIkarsgát; rWÉ EdkbeNþayRtg;RCug
nImYy² nig Edkkg eFVIkarTaj eBlEdlmuxkat;rgrmYl.
T
sñameRbHEdlGacman
sameRbHEdlGacman
EdkkgmanKMlat s

EdkTajbeNþay Alfs

6
RTwsþIsm<næ½RtIekaNlMh (Space Truss Analogy)
• eyIgeXIjfa muxeBleRbH ebtugeFVIkarxøaMgTb;nwg kMlaMgépÞrmYl ehIy EdkGac
sntfami
snñ tfamnTaneFV
nTan;eFIkar. eRkayeBleRbH/
eRkayeBleRbH crklkç
criklkN³eGLasI
N³eGLasÞkElgekI
Elgektman
tman ehy
ehIy
muMrmYl bþÚry:agrhs½ nigbnþrhUtdl;lTæPaBrmYlGtibrma. lTæPaBrmYlrbs;
muxkat;rmYl eRkayeBleRbH GacKNnatam³
⎛ At f y ⎞
Ts = 2 ⎜ ⎟ x1 y1
• Edl ⎝ s ⎠

At KWCaépÞmuxkat;Edkkgmçag ehIy s KWCaKMlatEdkkg

x1, y1 cMgayxøInigEvg KitBIp©itrbs; EdkkgbiT rW EdkbeNþaytamRCug.

RTwsþIsm<næ½RtIekaNlMh (Space Truss Analogy)

• Solanki )an eFVIkarbgðaj rUbmnþgaymYy kñúgkarKNna lTæPaBRTRTg;rbs;
FñFwmebtu
ebtgrgrml.
grgrmYl. rUrbmnenaH
bmnþenaH KCa
KWCa kenSamxageRkam³
1/ 2
⎡⎛ ∑ As f sy ⎞ ⎛ Ah f hy ⎞⎤
Tu = 2 A0 ⎢⎜ ⎟⎟ × ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎜
⎣⎢⎝ P0 ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎦⎥
• Edl
A0 KWCaépÞhMedayEdkkgbiT ehIy s KWCaKMlatEdkkg

P0 KWCabrimaRtrbs;lMhUkMlaMgkat; ¬brimaRtrbs; A0¦

ΣAsfst KWCakMlaMgFn;rbs;EdkbeNþay
Ahfhy KWCakMlaMgFn;rbs;Edkkg.

7
 rmYlrbs;ebtugsuTæ (Torsional strength of plain
concrete)
• kMlaMgépÞkat;bNþalBIrmYl GacKNnatam³
3T
vtc = ≤ 0.5
0 5 f 'c
φ ∑ x2 y
3TL
nig muMrmYl θ=
x3 yG
• Edl G = 2134 f ' c

• sMrab;ebtuugsuuTæmuxkat;ctuuekaN/ rmYYlFn;KW³
Tc = 0.17φ x 2 y f 'c
• sMrab;ebtugsuTæmuxkat;ctuekaNpSM/ rmYlFn;KW³
Tc = 0.17φ f 'c ∑ xi2 yi

rmYlrbs;ebtugEdk ACI (Torsion in reinforced concrete,

ACI)
1- PaBTUeTA
• eBlEdl m:Um:g;rmYl FMCag rmYlFn;rbs;ebtug/ EdkkgrmYl (closed stirrup or
hoop) nig EdkbeNþaytamRCug RtUveRbIR)as;.

• brimaNEdk caM)ac;sMrab;rmYl RtUvbUkbEnßmeTAnwg brimaNEdk EdlcaM)ac; sMrab;

kMlaMgkat;/ m:Um:g;begáag nig kMlaMg sgát;cMp©it.
• eBlEdl EdkrmYlRtUvKNna/ m:Um:g;rmYlFn; φT RtUvKNnaedayKitfa T Fn;eday
n u

EdkkgrmYl nig EdkbeNþayrmYl eBalKW T =0. RsbeBlCamYyKñaenH/

c

kMlaMgkat;Fn; rbs;ebtug v minpøas;bþÚreT eRkamvtþmanrbs; rmYl.

c

8
 rmYlrbs;ebtugEdk ACI (Torsion in reinforced concrete,
ACI)
2-)a:ra:EmRtFrNImaRtrmYl
• BaküeBcn¾¾eRbIIsMrab;;KNnarmYl mandUcteTA³
Acp épÞhMedaybrimaRteRkArbs; muxkat;
Pcp brimaRteRkArbs; muxkat;Edlman épÞ Acp/
A0h épÞhMeday brimaRtp©it rbs; Edkkg
A0 épÞhMeday pøÚvkMlaMgkat; (shear flow path) ehIyykesμInwg 0.85A0h.
Ph brimaRtrbs;rbs; ebtug hMedayEdkkgrmYl
θ muMrbs;Ggát;RTUgsgát; rvag 30o nig 60o ehIyGacykesμInwg 45o.

2-)a:ra:EmRtFrNImaRtrmYl
• karkMNt; A0 nig A0h.
x1 x1

y1
y0 y1 y1

x0 x0 x1

A0= x0y0;
A0h = x1y1 = shaded area

9
 2-)a:ra:EmRtFrNImaRtrmYl
• karkMNt;muxkat; T nig L.
b b

L<4t L<4t L<4t

h h
hw hw

bw bw

Effective flange width for T and L sections

and its component rectangle

rmYlrbs;ebtugEdk ACI (Torsion in reinforced concrete)

3-m:Um:g;rmYlbgáeRbH Tcr/
• rmYleRbH T GacKNnaedayCMnYs muxkat;eday muxkat;smmUlnwg bMBgCBa¢aMg
cr

esþIg kMras; t nigman épÞBT½æedaylMhUkat; A Edl³

0
2 1
t = 0.75
Acp
Pcp
; A0 = Acp
3
nig
τ=
3
f 'c

⎛2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ Acp ⎞
Tcr = 2 A0τ t → Tcr = 2 ⎜ Acp ⎟⎜ f 'c ⎟ ⎜ 0.75 ⎟
⎝3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎜⎝ Pcp ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ Acp ⎞
2

→ Tcr = f 'c ⎜
3 ⎜ Pcp ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎛ Acp2 ⎞
φT
ACI GnuBaØatþiminKit\TæiBl rbs; rmYlkalNa 4
1
Tu ≤ cr = φ f 'c ⎜
12 ⎜ Pcp ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
eBlNa Tu FMCag φT /4 enaH muxkat;TaMgmUlRtUvKNna Tb;nwg Tu Rtg;muxkat;
cr

d BITMr ehIy φ=0.85.

10
rmYlrbs;ebtugEdk ACI (Torsion in reinforced concrete)
4- rmYllMnwg nig rmYlcuHsMrug (Equilibrium Torsion and
compatibility
p y torsion))
karKNnamuxkat; rbs;eRKOgbgÁúMebtug Ep¥kelI sPaBbraCy½ rbs;eRKOgbgÁúM eRkam
bnÞúkdac;xat. kñúgrcnasm<næ½lMnwgRCul/ sV½yPaBEbgEckm:Um:g; (redistribution of
moment) GacekItman EdlCa ehtunaMeGay m:Um:g;KNna Gackat;bnßyxøH. rWÉ
kñúgrcnasm<næ½lMnwgRKb; dUcCa FñwmelITMrbnþúb rW Fñwmlan/ sVy½PaBEbgEckbnÞúk minGac
ekItman eT.
kñúgkarKNnarmYl/ krNIBIr GacekItman KW ³ rmYllMnwg (Equilibrium torsion)
nig rmYlcuHsMrug (Compatibility torsion)

rmYlrbs;ebtugEdk ACI (Torsion in reinforced concrete)

4-1/ rmYllMnwg (Equilibrium Torsion)
eBlEdl mUm:m:grmY
g;rmll RtU
RtvkarsM
vkarsrab
rab; lngrbs
lMnwgrbs; rcnasm<
rcnasmn½næ ng
nig T mnGacbnß
minGacbnyy eday
u

sVy½PaBEbgEckm:Um:g;. kñúgkrNIenH/ EdkrmYl RtUvKNnasMrab; Tb;nwg T TaMgmUl.

u

4-2/ rmYlcuHsMrug (Compatibility Torsion)

eBlEdl m:Um:g;rmYl Gacbnßyeday sVy½PaBEbgEckm:Um:g; eRkayeBleRbH
RsbeBlEdl PaBcuHsMrugénbMlas;TIRtUvrkSa.

11
rmYlrbs;ebtugEdk ACI (Torsion in reinforced concrete)
5- EdnkMnt;rmYlFn; (Limitation of Torsional strength)
bTdanan ACI kntThrbsmu
bTdæ kMnt;TMhMrbs;mxkat;
xkat edayeRb
edayeRbI smkarBrxageRkam³
smIkarBIrxageRkam³
k- muxkat;tan; (Solid section)
2 2
⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu Ph ⎞ ⎡⎛ V ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ 2 ⎟
≤ φ ⎢⎜ c ⎟ + f 'c ⎥
⎝ bw d ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 A0 h ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ bw d ⎠ 3 ⎥⎦
x- muuxkat;Rbehag ((Solid section))
⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu Ph ⎞ ⎡⎛ V ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎜ ⎟+⎜ 2 ⎟
≤ φ ⎢⎜ c ⎟ + f 'c ⎥
⎝ bw d ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 A0 h ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ bw d ⎠ 3 ⎥⎦

Edl Vc = 0.17 f 'c bw d KWCakMlaMgkat;Fn; rbs; ebtugTMgn;mFüm

rmYlrbs;ebtugEdk ACI (Torsion in reinforced concrete)

6- EdkrmYl (Torsion reinforcement or Web reinforcement)
eRkayeBlEdlFwmeRbHedayrmY
eRkayeBlEdlFñ eRbHedayrml/
l/ EdkEdlRtU
EdkEdlRtvbM
vbBak
Bak; manBrRbePT
manBIrRbePT KKW EdkTTg
EdkTTwg At

kñúgTMrg; CaEdkkg nig EdkbeNþay A . l

k- Edkkg At (Closed stirrup At)

Tu
2 A0 At f yv cot θ Tn = ; φ = 0.85
Tn = φ
s
At Tn Edl At mumxkat;
xkatrbseCgmY
rbs;eCIgmyrbs;
yrbsEdkkgbT
EdkkgbiT
rW =
s 2 A0 f yv cot θ fyv PaBFn;rbs;Edkkg/ f ≤ 400MPa
yv

s KMlatrbs;EdkkgbiT
A T ⎛ P ⎞
θ = 90 → t = n
o
s = min ⎜ 300mm, h ⎟
s 2 A0 f yv 8⎠
⎝

12
rmYlrbs;ebtugEdk ACI (Torsion in reinforced concrete)
x- EdkrmYlbeNþay AL (Longitudinal bars AL)

EdkrmlbeNaymi
EdkrmY lbeNþaymnRtU
nRtvtcCag
vtUcCag télxageRkam³
tMélxageRkam³
⎛A ⎞ ⎛ f yv ⎞ 2
Al = ⎜ t ⎟ Ph ⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟ cot θ
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ yl ⎠
⎛ At ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞
θ = 45o ; Ph = 2 ( x1 + y1 ) → Al = 2 ⎜ ⎟ ( x1 + y1 ) ⎜⎜ yv ⎟⎟
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ f yl ⎠
sMKal;³ EdkrmYl RtUvdak;bEnßmelI EdkEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;kMlaMgkat;/ begáag nig sgát;
EdlmanGMeBIRsbKñanwg m:Um:g;rmYl.

rmYlrbs;ebtugEdk ACI (Torsion in reinforced concrete)

lkçxNÐEdkrmYlbeNþay (Limitations of Longitudinal bars AL)

EdkrmYlbeNþay RtU
EdkrmlbeNay RtveKarBlkxNxageRkam³
veKarBlkçxNÐxageRkam³
1- EdkrmYlbeNþayRtUvmanGgát;p©it y:agtic D =max(10mm, s/24) Edl s Ca
b

KMlatEdkkg.
2- EdkrmYlbeNþay RtUvraytambrimaRt Edkkg EtminRtUvman KMlatFMCag 300mm.
3- y:agtic EdkbeNþaymYyedIm enAtam RCugnImYy².
4- EdkrmYlRtUvdak;enAcMgay (bt+d) BI cMnucEdlGnuvtþm:Um:g;rmYl Edl bt CaTTwgrbs;
muxkat;manEdkkgrmYl.

13
rmYlrbs;ebtugEdk ACI (Torsion in reinforced concrete)
EdkrmYlGb,brma (Minimum torsional reinforcement)

kalNa EdkrmY
Edkrmll RtU
Rtvkar
vkar brmaNGb,brma
brimaNGb,brma KYKrKNnatamrbmncageRkam
rKNnatamrUbmnþcageRkam
1- EdkkgGb,brma sMrab;rmYlnigkMlaMgkat;TTwg KW A + 2 A ≥ 0.35f b s
v t
w

yv

Edl A Camuxkat;TaMgBIrxagrbs;EdkkgsMrab; kMlaMgkat;TTwg

v

A Camuxkat;mçag rbs;Edkkg sMrab;m:Um:g;rmYl.

t

s Ca KMlatEdkkg/ f Ca PaBFn;rbs;Edkkg.
yv
⎡ ⎤
2- EdkrmYlbeNþayGb,brma sMrab;rmYl KW A = ⎢ 5 12f 'f A ⎥ − ⎜⎛ As ⎟⎞ P ⎛⎜⎜ ff
l ,min
c cp t
h
yv
⎞
⎟⎟
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ yl yl ⎠
⎛ A ⎞ 0.17b
Edl ⎜ s ⎟ ≥ f
t w

⎝ ⎠ yv

CMhanKNnarmYl ACI (Design steps of torsion)

kñúgkarKNnamuxkat; sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwg nig rmYl GacsegçbdUcxageRkam³

1- KNna kMlaMgkat;TTwgdac;xat Vu nig m:Um:g;rmYldac;xat Tu. tMélKNnayk

Rtg;cMgay d ¬kMBs;RbsiTæPaB¦ BIEKmTMr.
2- k/ Edkkgkat;RtUvkarkalNa V > φ V2 ; V = 0.17 f ' b d
u
c
c c w

φT ⎛A ⎞ 2
2-x// EdkkgrmlRtvkarkalNa
Y RU T >
u
cr 1
= φ f' ⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟ c
cp

4 12 ⎝ Pcp ⎠

14
 CMhanKNnarmYl ACI (Design steps of torsion)
3- KNnamuxkat;Edk sMrab;kMlaMgkat;TTwgdac;xat Vu
3 k KNnaklagFnkat
3-k/ KNnakMlaMgFn;kat; rbsebtu
rbs;ebtgg ng
nig klagkatEdlRtU
kMlaMgkat;EdlRtvTb;
vTbeday
eday Edkkg
Vu − φ Vc
Vc = 0.17 f 'c bw d →Vs =
φ
3-x/ eRbobeFob V nwg V .
s c2

Vs >= Vc 2 = 0.67 f 'c bw d muxkat;FñwmRtUvdUr

Vs < Vc 2 = 0.67
0 6 f 'c bw d mumxkat;
xkatFñFwmRKbRKan/
RKb;RKan; karKNnaEdkkg Gacbnþ
Gacbn
3-K/ KNna Edkkgkat;TTwg
Av =
Vs s
rW Av V
= s Edl A Camuxkat; EdkkgTaMgsgxag
v
fyd s f yd

CMhanKNnarmYl ACI (Design steps of torsion)

3-X/ epÞógpÞat; brimaNEdkGb,brma ⎛⎜ As ⎞⎟ = 0.35f b
v w

⎝ ⎠ min y

4- KNnaEdkrmY
KNnaEdkrmll srabsMrab; T u

4-k/ kMnt;RbePTrmYl. ebI rmYlCarmYllMnwg yk T mkKNna EtebI rmYl u

CarmYlcuHsMrug enaH eyIgRtUvyk max ⎛⎜⎜ T ; φ3 f ' ⎛⎜⎜ AP ⎞⎟⎟ ⎞⎟⎟

2
cp
u c
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠ cp

4-x/ epÞógpÞat;PaBRKb;RKan; rbs;muxkat;sMrab;rmYl

2 2
⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu Ph ⎞ ⎡⎛ V ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎜ ⎟ +⎜ 2 ⎟
≤ φ ⎢⎜ c ⎟ + f 'c ⎥ sMrab;muxkat;tan;
⎝ bw d ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 A0 h ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ bw d ⎠ 3 ⎥⎦
⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu Ph ⎞ ⎡⎛ V ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎜ ⎟+⎜ 2 ⎟
≤ φ ⎢⎜ c ⎟ + f 'c ⎥ sMrab;muxkat;Rbehag
⎝ bw d ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 A0 h ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ bw d ⎠ 3 ⎥⎦
muxkat;FñwmRtUv BRgIk ebI lkçxNÐmin epÞógpÞat;

15
 CMhanKNnarmYl ACI (Design steps of torsion)
4-K/ KNnaEdkkgrmYl tamrUbmnþ At
=
Tn
s 2 A0 f yv cot θ

Edl Tn =
Tu
φ
; φ = 0.85 nig ⎜⎝⎛ As ⎟⎠⎞ ≥ 0.17
t 0 17b
f
w

yv

snμt A = 0.85 A = 0.85 ( x y )

0 0h 1 1

KMlatGtibrmarbs; Edkkg KW³ s = min ⎛⎜ 300mm, P8 ⎞⎟ h

⎝ ⎠
4-X/ KNnaEdkrmYlbeNþay A tamrUbmnþ l

⎛ A ⎞ ⎛ f yv ⎞ 2 ⎡ 5 f 'c Acp ⎤ ⎛ A ⎞ ⎛ f yv ⎞
Al = ⎜ t ⎟ Ph ⎜ ⎟ cot θ
⎝ s ⎠ ⎜⎝ f yl ⎟⎠
RtUvFMCag Al ,min = ⎢ ⎥ −⎜ t ⎟ Ph ⎜⎜ f ⎟⎟
⎢⎣ 12 f yl ⎥⎦ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ yl ⎠
Db = max(10mm, s/24) ehIy RtUvdak;raytamRCug

CMhanKNnarmYl ACI (Design steps of torsion)

5- KNnaEdkkg srub sMrab; kMlaMgkat; Vu nigm:Um:g;rmYl Tu
00.35
35bbw s
Avt = ( Av + 2 At ) ≥
f yv

Avt ⎛ Av 2 At ⎞ 0.35 bw
rW = + ≥
s ⎜⎝ s s ⎟⎠ f yv

⎛ P ⎞
edayyk Klatesμ
KMlatesInwg s = min ⎜ 300mm, h ⎟
8⎠
⎝

16
 ]TahrN_KNnarmYl (Design examples of torsion)
KNnaEdkkg srub sMrab; kMlaMgkat; Vu = 245kN nigm:Um:g;rmYlcuHsMrug Tu =
50kNm RRtg;muxkat; d BIépÞÞTMr. edayeRbI
R f’ = 25MPa nig f = 400MPa
c y

sMrab;EdkbeNþay nig Edkkg.

bw = 400 mm, h= 600mm nig c=50mm.

17