TLE - Basic Electricity-1

Exclusively for My Review Coach online LET review. Not for redistribution. © 2011 My Review Coach of Philippines.
• To most people, electricity is a very

abstract phenomenon.
• Difficult to visualize and hence, difficult to

imagine.
• Everything is made of atoms
• There are 118 elements, an atom is a
single part of an element
• Atom consists of electrons, protons, and
neutrons
• Electrons (- charge) are attracted to protons (+
charge), this holds the atom together
• Some materials have strong attraction and
refuse to loss electrons, these are called
insulators (air, glass, rubber, most plastics)
• Some materials have weak attractions and
allow electrons to be lost, these are called
conductors (copper, silver, gold, aluminum)
• Electrons can be made to move from one atom
to another, this is called a current of
electricity.
• Surplus of electrons is called a negative
charge (-). A shortage of electrons is
called a positive charge (+).
• A battery provides a surplus of electrons
by chemical reaction.
• By connecting a conductor from the
positive terminal to negative terminal
electrons will flow.
• Biomass Energy
– From solid material of animal or vegetable
origin
• Geothermal Energy
– Heat energy of the Earth
• Hydropower
– From force of moving water from rivers or
storage reservoirs
• Ocean Power
• Solar Energy
– Provided by the sun
• Wind Power
– Wind turbines
• Coal Energy
– From coal (carbon)
• Nuclear Energy
– Energy trapped inside atoms
• Natural Gas
– Methane (hydrogen and carbon); formed when plants and
animals are trapped beneath sedimentary layers of the
Earth
• Electric charge
– Amount of electrons involved; measured in
Coulombs (C)
– 1 Coulomb contains 6.022 x 1023 electrons
• Electric current
– Movement or flow of electrically charged
particles
– Measured in Amperes (A); 1A = 1C/s
• Anytime electrons move, this is called current.
• Electric Field
– Influence produced by an electric charge on
other charges in its vicinity
– Amount of energy converted or transferred
by the moving electrons
• Electrical Energy
– Form of energy present in an electric field or
magnetic field.
– Measured in Joules (J)
• Electric potential
– Capacity of an electric field to do work;
measured in Volts (V)
• Electromagnetism
– Interaction between the magnetic field and
the presence and motion of an electric
charge
• Electric Power
– Name given to electrical energy production
and distribution
• Direct Current
– Flow of electron in a conductor is in only one
direction
– Alternating Current
– Flow of electrons changes alternately
• Current (I)
– Intensity of the flow of electrons
• Voltage (V/E)
– Electromotive force (EMF) that enables or pushes
the electrons to flow
• Resistance (R)
– Force that opposes the flow of electrons
• Power (P)
– Total measure of electrical energy consumed in a
circuit
• Current is directly proportional to
voltage and inversely proportional to
resistance.
• An increase in voltage will result to an
increase in current.
– An increase in resistance will result to a
decrease in current.
Find Current Find Voltage Find Resistance
I= V V
V=IxR R=
R I
www.spacetec.org
Current equals Voltage equals Resistance equals
voltage divided current multiplied voltage divided
by resistance by resistance by current
POWER -The amount of electric energy
converted to another form in
a given length of time.
Power = Voltage x Current
Watts = Volts x Amperes
P=VxI
www.spacetec.org
• Energy is measured in Joules or kWh
• Energy is stored in a battery or a gallon of gasoline
– ……..Or stored in water behind a dam
– ……..Or stored in a body in motion
• Energy can be converted from one form to another
• We pay for electricity based on energy used
• Power is the RATE at which Energy is transferred or
consumed
• Power is measured in Watts or Horsepower
• 1 Watt = 1 Joule/second
• 1Joule = (1Watt) x (1second)
www.spacetec.org
SOLVING EXAMPLE
Energy = Power x Time

E = (100 W) (300 s)
E = 30,000 J
E = 30 kJ
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ENERGY - Electric energy refers to the
energy of moving electrons

kWh = kilowatts x hours
Measured with a
kilowatthour
energy meter
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SOLVING EXAMPLE 20-6
= (4.2 kW) x (20 h)
= 84 kWh
Cost = Energy x rate per kWh

= (84 kWh) x ($0.12)
= $10.08
Rated for 4.2 kW
Used 20 h/month
Cost of 12¢ per kWh
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• What is the voltage required by an
automatic pressure cooker having a
resistance of 30 ohms when the current
flowing is 8 amperes?
a. 480 volts
b. 160 volts
c. 120 volts
d. 240 volts
• Circuit
– Complete flow of current through a conductor
or path from the source to the load and back
to the source.
Load
Control
Device
Device
Electron
current Conductor
flow
Protective
Power
Device
Source
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• Series Circuit
– Loads are connected end to end along the
path of current in a single closed loop
• Same current through each component
• Sum of voltage drops = supply voltage
(Kirchoff Voltage Law)
• Largest resistance has the largest
voltage drop.
IT
– Add resistance
• Lowers current
– One open the circuit fails.
– The total resistance is the sum of all
resistors:
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
STEPS IN SOLVING PROBLEM 12-2
Voltage Current Resistance Power

R1
12 V 3 mA 4 k 36 mW
R2
6V 3 mA 2 k 18 mW
R3
42 V 3 mA 14 k 126 mW
Total
60 V 3 mA 20 k 180 mW
www.spacetec.org

R1 Infinite 0
24 V 0 (open)
R2
0 0 0
4
Total
24 V 0 Infinite 0
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R1
40 V 10 mA 4 k 400 mW
R2
20 V 10 mA 2 k 200 mW
R3
0 10 mA 0 (Short) 0 mW
Total
60 V 10 mA 6 k 600 mW
www.spacetec.org
• Loads are connected side by side across
the path of current
• Current flowing in each branch is

independent from each other that when
one branch or load opens, the other
loads will still function.
• Same Voltage across all components
• Smallest resistance, most current.
• Add a branch:
– Increase Current
– Decrease Overall Resistance
• One branch opens, current is smaller
than normal.
• Resistance of Network is less than
smallest resistor
Parallel Resistor Network
From Kirchoff’s Current Law: IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + ------ +

IN
From Ohm’s Law: I = V/R and R = V/I
VT VT VT VT
IT = + + + ---- +
R1 R2 R3 RN
1 1 1 1
= + + + ---- + VT
R1 R2 R3 RN
1
RT = VT / IT = 1 + 1 + 1 + ---- + 1
R1 R2 R3 RN
STEPS IN SOLVING PROBLEM

R1
24 V 3A 8 72 W
R2
24 V 1.5 A 16  36 W
R3
24 V 1A 24  24 W
Total
24 V 5.5 A 4.36  132 W
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
V1 = 4V V2 = 8V V3 = 12V
VT = 24V VT = V1 + V2 +V3
VT - V1 - V2- V3 = 0
+24V - 4V - 8V - 12V = 0
www.spacetec.org
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
IT
(22A) I1 I2 I3
(12A) (6A) (4A)
(6A)
(10A) (4A)
IT = I1 + I2 + I3 IIN = IOUT
www.spacetec.org
• Series-Parallel Combination
– It is easier to analyze and solve the circuit by
grouping or designating points at the
branches
• Short Circuit
– When uninsulated conductors from line 1 and line 2
of a circuit come into contact with each other without
passing any load (may cause fire)
• Open Circuit
– When the flow of current in a circuit is incomplete
• Closed Circuit
– When there is a complete flow of current in the circuit
• Grounded Circuit
– When one un-insulated conductor in a circuit
touches the metal part of the appliance;
causes voltage drain (may cause
electrocution)
• Overloaded Circuit
– When the total current flowing in the circuit is
more than the current capacity of the
conductor
The larger the gauge number the smaller
the actual diameter of the conductor.
The primary cable selection criteria are

current rating and allowable voltage drop
CONDUCTOR FORMS
Solid wire
Stranded wire
Large stranded cable
Lamp cord
Multiconductor cable
www.spacetec.org
• Fuses
• Circuit breakers
• Overload
• Thermal shunt
FUSES
Ferrule-contact OR
cartridge fuse
Fuse symbol
Knife-blade
cartridge fuse
Glass cartridge fuse www.spacetec.org Plug fuse

CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Light Circuit breaker

duty symbol
Heavy
duty
High-voltage
www.spacetec.org
OVERLOADED CIRCUIT
360 W 600 W
120 W 120 V
120 V 1440 W 120 W
120 V
120 V 120 V
3A 1A 12 A 1A 5A
Total power = 2640 W

Branch circuit
Total current = 22 A
rating:
15 A / 120 V
1500 W www.spacetec.org

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Exclusively for My Review Coach online LET review. Not for redistribution. © 2011 My Review Coach of Philippines.

• To most people, electricity is a very

• Difficult to visualize and hence, difficult to

Power = Voltage x Current

Watts = Volts x Amperes

Energy = Power x Time

Energy = Power x Time

Cost = Energy x rate per kWh

Voltage Current Resistance Power

Voltage Current Resistance Power

Voltage Current Resistance Power

• Current flowing in each branch is

From Kirchoff’s Current Law: IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + ------ +

Voltage Current Resistance Power

The primary cable selection criteria are

Large stranded cable

Glass cartridge fuse www.spacetec.org Plug fuse

Light Circuit breaker

Total power = 2640 W

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