DIESEL POWER PLANT

INSTRUCTOR:
ENGR. ARNULFO G. RICAPLAZA
FORMULAS:
1. Heat generated by fuel, Qg
Qg =
where:
mf = mass flow of fuel
2. Heating value of fuel, Qh
Qh = 41,130 + 139.6oAPI , KJ/kg
3. Air-Fuel ratio, A/F:
A/F =
where:
ma =
4. Volume displacement, VD
VD =
where: 5. Piston Speed = 2LN, m/sec
D = bore
L = stroke
N = speed, rps (for 2 stroke)
N/2 = speed, rps (for 4 stroke)
c = number of cylinders
For Double Acting Engine:
a. Piston Rod Neglected: VD =

b. Piston Rod Considered: VD =

where: d = diameter of piston rod

6. Indicated power, IP
IP = Pmi x VD
where:
Pmi = indicated mean effective pressure
Using indicator diagram:
The diagram is used to measure the indicated power of the engine.
A = average area of the diagram = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐
𝟐
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 𝐀
Pmi = ( Spring Scale) = 𝐊
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 𝐋

where:
k = spring scale constant, Kpa/m or psi/in
 7. Brake power, BP
BP = Pmb x VD , KW
BP = 2TN, KW
where:
Pmb = brake mean effective pressure, Kpa
T = torque, KN.m
N = speed, rps
𝟐𝛑𝐓𝐍
8. Brake power, BP BP = , 𝐇𝐩
𝟑𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
where: T = torque, ft-lbs
N = speed, rpm
Using Prony brake to measure the brake power of the engine.
Torque = (Tare weight x Moment arm)
T = F x distance
9. Friction power, FP
FP = Indicated Power - Brake Power
10. Mechanical efficiency, m
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
m =
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

11. Generator efficiency, G

𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
G =
𝑩𝒓𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
12. Thermal Efficiency:
𝑰𝑷
a. Indicated Thermal Efficiency =
𝒎𝒇 𝑸𝒉
𝑩𝑷
b. Brake Thermal Efficiency =
𝒎𝒇 𝑸𝒉
𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
c. Combined Thermal Efficiency =
𝒎𝒇 𝑸𝒉
13. Volumetric Efficiency, (Air only)
nv = 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑽𝒂
=
𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑽𝑫
𝒎𝒂 𝑹𝑻
where: Va =
𝑷
14. Specific fuel consumption:
𝒎𝒇 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈
a. Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption = ,
𝑰𝑷 𝒌𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓

𝒎𝒇 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈
b. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption = ,
𝑩𝑷 𝒌𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓

𝒎𝒇 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈
c. Combined Specific Fuel Consumption = ,
𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒌𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓
15. Heat rate: 𝒎𝒇 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝒉 𝑲𝑱
a. Indicated Heat Rate = ,
𝑰𝑷 𝑲𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓

𝒎𝒇 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝒉 𝑲𝑱
b. Engine Heat Rate = ,
𝑩𝑷 𝑲𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓
𝒎𝒇 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑸𝒉 𝑲𝑱
c. Engine-Generator Heat Rate = ,
𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑲𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓

16. Generator speed, N

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇
N=
𝑷
where:
N = speed, rpm
f = frequency = 60 Hz (if not given)
P = no. of poles( must be even nos.)
17. Typical heat balance of the engine:
Useful Output (Brake Power)….........34%
Cooling Loss...................................30%
Exhaust Loss..................................26%
Friction, Radiation, etc....................10%
Total Heat Input............................100%
Mass balance in the engine:
m a + mf = m g
Heat balance in the engine:
Qg = Cooling loss + Friction loss + Exhaust loss + BP
18. Cooling Loss of the engine.
Cooling loss = mw cP (t2 – t1)
where:
mw =mass of water
Cp= 4.187 KJ/kg-K = 1 Btu/lb-R
Engine operating at higher elevation:
A. Engine Constants:
1. Friction Power at elevated point is constant.
2. Mass of fuel consumption is constant.
3. Volume of air required is constant.
4. Indicated Power is directly proportional to density of air.
B. Temperature and Pressure Relations at higher elevation.
1. Consider the temperature effect alone:
The temperature decreases 3.6oF for every 1000 feet elevation.
where:

Ps = Power at sea level

h = elevation, ft
Pe = Power at elevation
 2. Consider the pressure effect alone:
The pressure decreases 1 inch of Hg per 1000 feet elevation.

𝑩
𝑷𝒆 =𝑷𝒔 ( )
𝟐𝟗.𝟗𝟐𝒊𝒏 𝑯𝒈
where:
B = pressure at higher elevation
𝒉
= 29.92 in Hg -
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

3. Consider the pressure and temperature effect.

𝑩 𝑻
𝑷𝒆 = 𝑷𝒔 ( )
𝟐𝟗. 𝟗𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝑯𝒈 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝑹
Waste Heat Recovery Boiler
- recovers/ utilizes heat from exhaust loss

Exhaust loss 𝒎𝒔
𝒎𝒈 𝒕𝟏 steam
𝒉𝒔

feedwater
𝒉𝒇
𝒕𝟐
𝒎𝒈 𝑪𝑷 𝒕𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 = 𝒎𝒔 𝒉𝒔 − 𝒉𝒇

Where:
ms= mass of steam
mg= mass of gas