Quantitative Research

- systematic investigation of observable phenomena where the researcher gathers quantitative

or numeral data and subjects them to statistical methods
- overall goal is to convey numerically what is being seen in the research and to arrive at a
specific and observable conditions
- uses statistical methods such as Pearson’s r, which measures the relationship between
variables

Types of Quantitative Research Methods

1. Correlational Research
- Goal, determine the relationship between variables without looking in to the cause
- Variables and experimental manipulation, experimental manipulation is not used
- Data collection technique, questionnaire, test, observation
2. Descriptive Research
- Most widely-used research design as indicated by the theses, dissertation and research reports
of institutions
- Means of obtaining information is questionnaire, personal interviews with the aid of study guide
or interview schedule, and observation either while participatory or not.
3. Ex-Post Facto Research (After-the-fact Research or Causal Comparative Research)
- Investigation starts after the fact has occurred
- Manipulation is not possible
- Identifies the events that has been already occurred
4. Quasi-Experimental Design
- Designs ate used to study cause-and-effect relationship
5. Experimental Research
- Scientific approach where one or more independent variables are manipulated and applied to
one or more dependent variables to measure their effect on the latter

Variable
- May take different forms
- Age, gender, IQ level, lifestyle, temperature, medical treatment used
- Anything can be a variable
- Something that a researcher is interested in
- An entity that takes on different values
- Aspect of a theory that can vary or change as part of the interaction within the theory
- Anything that can affect change the results of a study
- That can vary can be considered a variable; these are needed to understand differences

Nominal (Polychotomous)
- Categorizes
- Have more than two categories or values
- Examples are hair color, marital status, blood type, mode of transportation, source of income
and citizenship
- Can’t be organized in logical sequence
- Examples are learning styles, language spoken, plate numbers and blood type
- For classification only
Ordinal (Dichotomous)
- Countable number of values
 - Exhibit characteristics of both quantitative types
- Can be ranked or ordered, can also be numerical
- Can take a value which can be logically ordered or ranked
- Example is clothing size, academic ranking, salary scale, levels of satisfaction
- Have an inherent order to the relationship among the different categories
- An implied ordering of categories
- Quantitative distance between level is unknown
- Distances between levels may not be the same
- Meaning of different levels may not be the same for different individuals

Independent Variables
- Presumed to cause changes in another variable
- Usually manipulated in an experiment
- Variable that the researcher changes
Dependent Variables
- That change because of another variable
- Usually affected by the manipulation if the independent variables
- Monitored in an experiment
- Affected by the change in the independent variable

Research Problem
- Statement about an area of concern
- Condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to be eliminated
- Practice that points to the need for a meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation
- It is what the researcher aim to answer later on as they go through the research endeavor
Research Problem should be:
SMART
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Time Bound

Research Title
- Give weight and reputation to the research
- Starts with a tentative title

Elements of Research
Aim- Purpose
- Why do I want to conduct this study?
Topic- Subject Matter
- What do I want to study about?
Place – Locale
- Where do I conduct the study?
Period
- How long will it take for me to finish my study?
Population- Respondents
 - From whom will my data come from or collected?

Conceptual Framework
- Represents the researchers synthesis of literature on how to explain a phenomenon
- Maps out the action required in the course of the study given his previous knowledge of others
researchers point of view and his observations on the subject of the research
- Offers rationale basis on the entire research
- Shows the researcher’s understanding of how the particular variables connect with each other
- Analytical tool that explains the main concepts to be studied or investigated in one’s research
- Could be the key factors or variavles being investigated and presumed relationship among these
variables
- Defines the scope and limitatiobs of the study identifies what will and what will not be
investigated
- Shows the organization, order and direction of a research study
- Enables the readers to obtain a general understanding of the research that gives them a notion
on the research activities that will be performed, as well as the manner on how these are camed
out
- Serves the purpose of clarifying concepts and their relationships with one another in a research
study
- Enables the readers to clearly see in their minds the basic structure of the research and the
relationship of variavles and other factual things involved in the study
Pointers in writing a conceptual network
- Familiarize yourself with the objective of the conceptual network
- Base the contents of the conceptual framework on your own understanding of the elements and
of the relationships of the research features
- See to it that all aspects of the conceptual framework are related to the objective of the research
- Let others read your conceptual framework for comments or feedback for improvement
purposes
Framework
- Comprised of different concepts and theories that serve as the building blocks (or the skeleton)
to strongky clarify the basis of the study
- Being familiar with the conceptual framework of a study allows us to be aware of the scope and
range of a concept or construct
Hypothesis
- A proposition presented for testing through research
- Derived from a theory or a researchers “hunch”
- Prediction about the relationship between/among research questions into a precise prediction
of outcomes
- A claim or statement about a property of a population
- An educated guess about the population parameter

1. Research Design
a. The research design is very stated
b. The research design is appropriate to the research study
c. The choice of the research is clearly justified
d. The method of research is identified as either qualitative, quantitative and mixed method
e. The research design is appropriate to research method
2. Population and Sample
 a. The population of the study is clearly identified
b. The sampling technique or the procedure on how the sample are drawn from the population is
discussed
c. Sample size is adequative and the representative of the population
3. Instrumentalization
a. The research instrument is identified and properly described
b. The research instrument has undergone validation and rialability test

Meaning
Types
Ordinal, Nominal Interval small medium large Variables Nature
Elements
Independent dependent intervening variables
What are the aspects in background
Theoretical conceptual concept
Null hypothesis
What do you think significance of the study
Describe what is the delimitation and scope
What can you say about the rrl
What is the purpose of citation (APA)
Lit rev
References sa laptop about 31 steps how to citation in word 35
Meaning of research deisign instrument
Sampling technique
Slovins Formula 41 – 45
Validity and Reliability explain are the reliability and validity and process of instrument
Community
- A group of people living in the same place or having particular characteristics in common
- Social, religious, occupational or other group sharing common characteristics or interests and
perceived or perceiving itself as distinct in some respect from the larger society within which
exists
Community Dynamics
- Process of change and development in communities of all living organisms – including plants,
microorganisms, and small and large creatures of every sort
Community Action
- Broad range of activities and is sometimes described as social action or community engagement
Importance of Community Action
- It is about putting communities at the heart of their own local services
Objectives:
1. Building Community and Social Capacity
2. Community Resilience
3. Prevention
4. Maintaining and Creating Wealth
Roles of Community
1. Community Consultation
2. Joint Planning
3. Joint Design
4. Joint Delivery
5. Community-led Activities

Concepts and Perspectives of Community

1. Systems Perspective – community is similar to a living creature, comprising different parts that
represent specialized functions, activities, or interest each operating within a specific boundaries
to meet community needs
2. Social Perspective – a community can also be defined by describing the social and political
networks that link individuals, community organizations, and leaders
3. Virtual Perspective – some communities map onto geographically defined areas, but today,
individuals rely more on computer mediated communications to access information, meet
people, and make decisions that affect their lives
4. Individual Perspective – own sense of community membership that is beyond definitions of
community applied by researchers and engagement leaders
5. Systems Perspective – similar to a living creature, comprising different parts that represents
specialized functions, activities, or interest, each operating within specific boundaries to meet
community needs
Cooperation
- allows people and various groups to work together in achieving a common goal or derive mutual
benefits
- exists at many levels and takes place between individuals and organizations as well as between
states and countries
- allows participants to exchange valuable information that helps with both sides improve their
knowledge and bases
- between and among parties is referred to as cooperative relationship
- participants share vital resources and knowledge
Comprises a community
1. Early Joiners
- Frontliners that lay down the norms for what can be deemed as acceptable behavior in the
community and ensure that it is adhered to
2. Information Specialist
- Are the ones who members look to forgetting connected new information
3. Conversationalists
- Mainly contributes to discussions that have been initiated by other members but normally don’t
initiate discussions on their own
4. Persuaders
- Powerful advocates of the community who message and send the word
5. Connectors
- People who have big networks of friends and acquaintance they can introduce to the community

Solidarity
- Unity, agreement or feeling
Importance of Solidarity
- More than unions
- Defying boundaries
- From communication to action

1. Direct Service
- Personal time and energy
2. Community Research
- Explore problems and issues
3. Advocacy and Education
- Educate and seminar
4. Capacity Building
- Creating space for everyone in the community
5. Political involvement
- Voting and campaign
6. Socially Responsible Personal and Professional Behavior
- Role models
7. Philanthropic Giving
- Donating and fundraising
8. Participation in Associations
- Participate in organizations in the community