Application of Derivatives

One Shot
Nishant Vora
B.Tech - IIT Patna
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Rate of Measure
Interpretation of dy/dx as a rate measure
If water is poured into an inverted hollow cone whose semi-vertical
angle 30°, such that its depth (measured along axis) increases at the
rate of 1 cm/sec, find the rate at which the volume of water increases
when the depth is 24 cm.

Water
A man 1.6 m high walks at the rate of 30 metre per minute away from
a lamp which is 4m above ground. How fast does the man’s shadow
lengthen?
If the surface area of a cube is increasing at a rate of 3.6 cm2/sec,
retaining its shape ; then the rate of change of its volume (in cm3/sec.),
when the length of a side of the cube is 10cm, is :

A. 18
(JEE Main 2020)
B. 10

C. 20

D. 9
A spherical iron ball of 10cm radius is coated with a layer of ice of
uniform thickness that melts at a rate of 50 cm3/min. When the
thickness of ice is 5 cm , then the rate (in cm/min) at which of the
thickness of ice decreases, is :

A. 5 / 6π
(JEE Main 2020)
B. 1 / 54π

C. 1 / 36π

D. 1 / 18π
Approximation
Approximation & Differentials
Using differentials, find the approximate value of
Tangents and
Normals
Tangent and Normal

Normal

Tangent
Curve
Which of the following points lies on the tangent to the curve
x4ey+ 2√y + 1 = 3 at the point (1, 0) ?
(JEE Main 2020)
A. (2, 2)

B. (2, 6)

C. (-2, 6)

D. (-2, 4)
If the tangent to the curve, y = f(x) = xlogex, (x > 0) at a point (c, f(c)) is
parallel to the line segment joining the points (1,0) and (e, e), then c is
equal to : (JEE Main 2020)

A.

B.

C.

D.
The length of the perpendicular from the origin, on the normal to the
curve, x2 + 2xy - 3y2 = 0 at the point (2, 2) is :
(JEE Main 2020)
A. √2

B. 4√2

C. 2

D. 2√2
If the tangent to the curve y = x + sin y at the point (a, b) is parallel to
the line joining (0, 3/2) and (1/2, 2), then :
(JEE Main 2021)
A. b=a

B. |b-a|=1

C. |a+b|=1

D. b = π/2 + a
If the curve y = ax2 + bx + c, x ∈ R, passes through the point (1,2) and
the tangent line to this curve at origin is y = x, then the possible value
of a, b, c are (JEE Main 2021)

A. a = 1, b = 1, c = 0

B. a = -1, b = 1, c = 1

C. a = 1, b = 0, c = 1

D. a = 1/2, b = 1/2, c = 1
If the tangent to the curve, y = ex at a point (c, ec) and the normal to
the parabola, y2 = 4x at the point (1, 2) intersect at the same point on
the x - axis, then the value of c is (JEE Main 2020)
The slope of the tangent to the curve (y - x5)2 = x(1 + x2)2 at the point (1, 3) is

JEE Adv. 2014

 Angle of
Intersection
between two Curves
Angle of intersection of two curves

Angle b/w 2 curves = Angle b/w tangents at POI

Let θ be the acute angle between the tangents to the ellipse x2/9 + y2/1 = 1
and the circle x2 + y2 = 3 at their point of intersection in the first quadrant.
Then tanθ is equal to :
(JEE Main 2021)

A. 5 / 2√3

B. 2 / √3

C. 4 / √3

D. 2
If the curves x = y4 and xy = k cut the right angles, then (4k)6 is equal
to
(JEE Main 2021)
If the curves y2 = 6x, 9x2 + by2 = 16 intersect each other at right angles, then
the value of b is

[JEE 2019]
A. 9/2

B. 8/15

C. 7/17

D. 8/17
 Length of Tangent,
Normal, Sub-tangent,
Sub-Normal
Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent &
Subnormal

P(h,k)

T M N
sub-tangent sub-normal
Length of Tangent, Normal, Subtangent &
Subnormal

1 Length of tangent (PT) = |k|

2 Length of subtangent (MT) =

3 Length of normal (PN) = |k|

4 Length of subnormal (MN) = |km|

For the curve xy = c2 the subtangent at any point varies as

A. x

B. x3

C. y2

D. y3
For the curve xy = c2 the subnormal at any point varies as

A. x

B. x3

C. y2

D. y3
Shortest
Distance
Shortest Distance is always along common normal
The shortest distance between the line x - y = 1 and the curve x2 = 2y is

A. 1/2 (JEE Main 2021)

B. 0

C. 1/2√2

D. 1/√2
Let P(h, k) be a point on the curve y = x2 + 7x + 2, nearest to the line,
y = 3x - 3. Then the equation of the normal to the curve at P is :

A. x + 3y + 26 = 0 (JEE Main 2020)

B. x + 3y - 62 = 0

C. x - 3y - 11 = 0

D. x - 3y + 22 = 0
Monotonic
Functions
Monotonicity of a function at a point

y
y

x x
a-h a a+h a-h a a+h
Monotonicity of a function at a point

Function need not be Continuous and Differentiable

B.
Monotonicity of a function at a point

Function need not be Continuous and Differentiable

B.
Monotonicity in an Interval (for differentiable fn)

≥0 ⇒ Increasing

≤0 ⇒ Decreasing

may be equal to zero at discrete

points
Find the interval where function is SI and SD?
f(x) = 2x3- 9x2 + 12x + 5
Let f : R ⟶ R be defined as

(JEE Main 2021)

increasing function in the interval

A. (-1/2 , 2)

B. (0, 2)

C. (-1, 3/2)

D. (-3, -1)
 (JEE Main 2021)

A. (-5, -4) U (4, ∞)

B. (-5, ∞)

C. (-∞, -5) U (4, ∞)

D. (-∞, -5) U (-4, ∞)

Let f(x) = 3 sin4 x + 10 sin3 x + 6 sin2 x - 3,

(JEE Main 2021)

A. Increasing in (-π/6, π/2)

B. Decreasing in (0, π/2)

C. Increasing in (-π/6, 0)

D. Decreasing in (-π/6, 0)
Let f be a real valued function, defined on

Then in which of the following intervals, function f(x) is increasing ?

A. (-∞, -1) U ([1/2 , ∞) - {1}) (JEE Main 2021)

B. (-∞, ∞) - {-1, 1}

C. (-1, 1/2]

D. (-∞, 1/2] - {-1}

The function
(JEE Main 2021)

A. increases in [1/2, ∞)

B. decreases (-∞, 1/2]

C. increases in (-∞, 1/2]

D. decreases [1/2, ∞)
Maxima & Minima
Local Maxima

y
y

x x
a-h a a+h a-h a a+h
Global Maxima

y
Local Local
maxima maxima Local
maxima
Local
maxima
Local
minima
Local
Local minima
minima
x
Maxima/Minima at a point
Maxima/Minima at a point
Maxima/Minima at a point
Stationary points and Critical Points

Stationary points Critical points

f’(x) = 0 f’(x) = 0 or N.D.

Tests for local maxima/minima (When f(x) is derivable)

First order derivative test

y y

a x a x
Tests for local maxima/minima (When f(x) is derivable)

First order derivative test

y y

a x a
Point of Inflection (P.O.I.)

POI is the point where Curvature of graph changes

Tests for local maxima/minima (When f(x) is
derivable)

Second order derivative test at x=a

f’’(a) > 0 ⇒ Concave up ⇒ minima

f’’(a) < 0 ⇒ Concave down ⇒ maxima

f’’(a) = 0 ⇒ 2nd derivative test fails

Find the points of maxima and minima of the function
f(x) = 12x5 - 45x4 + 40x3 + 40
Tests for local maxima/minima (When f(x) is derivable)

nth derivative test

f’(a) = f’’(a) = f’’(a) = ….. fn-1(a) = 0 and fn(a) ≠ 0

n = Even fn(a) > 0 Local Minima

n = Even fn(a) < 0 Local Maxima

n = Odd fn(a) > 0 POI and Increasing

n = Odd fn(a) < 0 POI and Decreasing

Let f be a function on R (the set of all real numbers) such that
f’(x) = 2010 (x - 2009) (x - 2010)2 (x - 2011)3 (x - 2012)4 for all x ∈ R.
If g is a function defined on R with values in the interval (0, ∞) such
that f(x) = ln (g(x)), for all x ∈ R then the number of points in R at
which g has a local maximum is
(JEE Adv. 2010)
 (JEE Main 2021)
A.

B.

C.

D.
The least value of a ∈ R for which 4∝x2 + ≥ 1, for all x > 0, is

A. B. C. D.

JEE Adv. 2016

Let ‘a’ be a real number such that the function f(x) = ax2 + 6x - 15, x ∈ R is
increasing in (-∞, 3/4) and decreasing in (3/4 , ∞). Then the function
g(x) = ax2 - 6x + 15, x ∈ R has a :

A. Local maximum at x = -3/4 (JEE Main 2021)

B. Local minimum at x = -3/4

C. Local maximum at x = 3/4

D. Local minimum at x = 3/4

Let P(x) be a real polynomial of degree 3 which vanishes at x = -3. Let P(x)
have local minima at x = 1, local maxima at x = -1 and ∫1-1 P(x)dx = 18,
then the sum of all the coefficients of the polynomial P(x) is equal to _

(JEE Main 2021)

Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree 6 in x, in which the coefficient of x6
is unity and it has extrema at x = -1 and x = 1. If limx→0 f(x)/x3 = 1,
then 5. f(2) is equal to
(JEE Main 2021)
The maximum slope of the curve y = 1/2 x4 - 5x3 + 18x2 - 19x occurs at
the point :

A. (2, 9)

B. (2, 2) (JEE Main 2021)

C. (3, 21/2)

D. (0, 0)
Suppose f(x) is a polynomial of degree four, having critical points at
-1, 0, 1. If T = {x ∈ R| f(x) = f(0)}, then the sum of squares of all the
elements of T is :

A. 4

B. 6 (JEE Main 2020)

C. 2

D. 8
If f(x) is a non-zero polynomial of degree four, having local extreme
points at x = -1, 0,1; then the set S = {x R : f(x) = f(0)} contains exactly

A. Four irrational numbers

B. Four rational numbers

C. Two irrational and two rational numbers JEE M 2019

D. Two irrational and one rational number

Greatest & Least
Value of a
Function
Greatest & Least Value of a Function

Global maximum/minimum in [a, b]

Step 1

Find the critical points of f(x) in (a, b)

Let c1, c2, ……., cn be the different critical points

Step 2

M1 = max {f(a), f(c1), f(c2), …... , f(cn), f(b)}

M2 = min {f(a), f(c1), f(c2), …... , f(cn), f(b)}
Greatest & Least Value of a Function
Greatest & Least Value of a Function
Let f(x) = 2x3 - 9x2 + 12x + 6. Find the greatest and least value of
f(x) in [0, 2]
The maximum value of the function f(x) = 2x3 - 15x2 + 36x - 48 on the
set A = {x|x2 + 20 ≤ 9x} is

(JEE Adv. 2009)

 Rolle’s
Theorem
Rolle’s Theorem

1. f(x) is a continuous function in [a,b]

2. f(x) is a differentiable function in (a,b)
3. f(a) = f(b)

Then there exists at least one point x = c such that f’(c) = 0 where
a<c<b
Rolle’s Theorem
Lagrange’s Mean
Value Theorem
(LMVT)
LMVT theorem (Lagrange’s Mean value theorem)

1. f(x) is a continuous function in [a,b]

2. f(x) is a differentiable function in (a,b)

Then there exists at least one point x = c such that

where a < c < b

LMVT theorem (Lagrange’s Mean value theorem)
If Rolle’s theorem holds for the function f(x) = x3 - ax2 + bx - 4, x ∈ [1,2]
with f’ (4/3) = 0, then ordered pair (a, b) is equal to :

A. (-5, 8)

B. (5, 8) (JEE Main 2021)

C. (5, -8)

D. (-5, -8)
For all twice differentiable functions f : R ⟶ R, with
f(0) = f(1) = f’(0) = 0

A. f”(x) ≠ 0 at every point x ∈ (0, 1)

B. f” (x) = 0, for some x ∈ (0, 1)

(JEE Main 2020)
C. f” (0) = 0

D. f” (x) = 0, at every point x ∈ (0,1)

The value of c in the lagrange’s mean value theorem for the function
f(x) = x3 - 4x2 + 8x + 11, when x ∈ [0, 1] is :

A. 4 - √5 / 3

B. 4 - √7 / 3
(JEE Main 2020)
C. 2/3

D. √7 - 2 / 3
Let f be a twice differentiable function on (1, 6). If
f(2) = 8, f’(2) = 5, f’(x) ≥ 1 and f”(x) ≥ 4, for all x ∈ (1, 6), then :

A. f(5) + f’(5) ≤ 26

B. f(5) + f’(5) ≥ 28 (JEE Main 2020)

C. f’(5) + f”(5) ≤ 20

D. f(5) ≤ 10
Let f : (a, b) ⟶ R be twice differentiable function such that f(x) = ∫xa g(t) dt
for a differentiable function g(x). If f(x) = 0 has exactly five distinct roots in
(a, b), then g(x)g’(x) = 0 has at least :

A. Twelve roots in (a, b)

(JEE Main 2021)
B. Five roots in (a, b)

C. Seven roots in (a, b)

D. Three roots in (a, b)

(JEE Main 2021)
JEE Adv. 2020
If f : R ⟶ R is a twice differentiable function such that f’’(x) > 0 for all x ∈ R,
and , then

A. f’ (1) ≤ 0 B. 0 < f’(1) ≤ C. < f’(1) ≤ 1 D. f’ (1) > 1

JEE Adv. 2017

 Maximizing &
Minimizing Problems
Find two positive numbers x and y such that x + y = 60 and x3y is maximum.
Rectangles are inscribed inside a semi-circle of radius r. Find the rectangle
with maximum area.

(0, 0)
A cylindrical container is to be made from certain solid material with the following
constraints: It has a fixed inner volume of V mm3, has a 2 mm thick solid wall and
is open at the top. The bottom of the container is a solid circular disc of thickness 2
mm and is of radius equal to the outer radius of the container. If the volume of the
material used to make the container is minimum when the inner radius of the
container is 10 mm, then the value of V/250π is
JEE Adv. 2015
Fixed inner volume = V mm3,
Thickness = 2 mm
Bottom is a solid circular disc of thickness 2 mm
Volume of the material is minimum when the inner radius = 10 mm
Find the value of V/250π is
If a rectangle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side length 2√2 as
shown in the figure, then the square of the largest area of such a rectangle
is _
(JEE Main 2021)
The area (in sq. units) of the largest rectangle ABCD whose vertices A
and B lie on the x - axis and vertices C and D lie on the parabola,
y = x2 - 1 below the x - axis, is :

A. 2 / 3√3
(JEE Main 2020)
B. 1 / 3√3

C. 4/3

D. 4 / 3√3
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