NOTES: Ionic and Metallic

Bonding (CH 7)
Valence Electrons:

RECALL…

● Valence Electrons: The e- in the highest

occupied energy level of an element’s
atoms.
Valence Electrons:
● Also, recall…the number of valence
electrons for a representative element is
equal to the group number of that element

Examples:
● Group 1 elements (Na, K, Li, H): 1 valence e-.
● Group 2 elements (Mg, Ca, Be): 2 valence e-.
● Group 17 (7A) elements (Cl, F, Br): 7 valence e-.
OCTET RULE:
and RECALL…
● Octet rule: atoms react by changing the
number of electrons so as to acquire the
stable electron structure of a noble gas.
OCTET RULE:
● Atoms of METALS obey this rule by losing electrons.
Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Na+:
CATIONS:

● Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

● Na+:

● Mg: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

● Mg2+:
CATIONS:

● Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

● Na+: 1s2 2s2 2p6

● Mg: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

● Mg2+: 1s2 2s2 2p6
OCTET RULE:

● Atoms of NONMETALS obey this rule by

gaining electrons.
Cl: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Cl-:
ANIONS:

● Cl: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

● Cl-:

● O:1s2 2s2 2p4

● O2-:
ANIONS:

● Cl: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

● Cl-: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

● O: 1s2 2s2 2p4

● O2-: 1s2 2s2 2p6
Which elements form ionic compounds and
which elements form covalent (molecular)
compounds??
General Rule of Thumb:

metal + nonmetal = IONIC

metal + polyatomic anion = IONIC

polyatomic cation + anion = IONIC

nonmetal + nonmetal(s) = COVALENT

Why are ionic compounds so stable?

● IONIC BONDS:
-metal plus a nonmetal
-cations plus anions
-opposite charges attract
● Examples:
 Na+ and Cl- form NaCl
 Al3+ and Br- form AlBr3
IONIC BONDS:
● Anions and cations have opposite charges
● Ionic compounds are electrically neutral
groups of ions joined together by
electrostatic forces. (also known as salts)
 the positive charges of the cations must
EQUAL the negative charges of the
anions.
 we can use electron dot structures to
predict the ratios in which different cations
and anions will combine.
Examples of Ionic Bonds:

Na Cl Na+Cl- = NaCl

Al Br Al3+Br- = AlBr3

K O K+O2- = K2O

Mg N Mg2+N3- = Mg3N2

K P K+P3- = K3P
Properties of Ionic Compounds

● must contain an ionic bond

● crystalline solids at room temperature
● ions are arranged in repeating 3-D
patterns
● high melting point
● melted or dissolved in water they conduct
electricity
Metallic Bonds:

● METALS: made up of closely packed

cations surrounded by mobile
valence electrons
Metallic Bonds:

● METALLIC BOND = attraction of free-

floating (mobile) valence electrons for
the positively charged metal ions (sea of
electrons around the cations)
● Explains properties of conductivity of
electricity, malleability, and ductility
Metallic Properties:
● CONDUCTIVE: can conduct electricity because
electrons can flow freely in them

● DUCTILE: can be drawn into wires

● MALLEABLE: can be hammered or forced into

different shapes

WHY??...the sea of free-flowing electrons

insulates the metal cations from each other so
they slide easily past one another.
ALLOYS:

● most metallic items we use every day are

not pure metals…they are ALLOYS.

● ALLOYS: mixtures composed of 2 or more

elements, at least one of which is a metal.

● prepared by melting a mixture of the

ingredients together and then cooling
ALLOYS:
Examples:
● BRASS = Cu + Zn
● STERLING SILVER = Ag + Cu
● BRONZE = Cu + Sn
● CAST IRON = Fe + C
● STAINLESS STEEL = Fe, Cr, C, Ni
● SURGICAL STEEL = Fe, Cr, Ni, Mo