ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

SUPPLY AND CASTING OF PLAIN CONCRETE

FOR FOUNDATIONS

A Report
Submitted to the Management Department
Faculty of Engineering – Alexandria University
Course Title: Project 1
Prof.Dr. Sherif Hafez

By:

Kholoud El-Shennawy

Undergraduate

2023
 Contents

List of Figures ...................................................................................................................I

List of Abbreviation ....................................................................................................... II

1 | Abstract ................................................................................................................... 3

2 | Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3

3 | Plain Concrete Description.................................................................................... 4

3.1. Composition ................................................................................................................... 4
3.2. Properties ........................................................................................................................ 4
3.3. Types of Plain Concrete ................................................................................................. 4
3.4. Applications of Plain Concrete in Foundations .............................................................. 6

4 | Material Description .............................................................................................. 7

4.1. Material Specifications ................................................................................................... 7
4.2. Mix proportions .............................................................................................................. 8
4.3. Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 8

5 | Labour for Plain Concrete Works ........................................................................ 9

6 | Equipment for Plain Concrete Works................................................................ 10

7 | Cost Breakdown Analysis of Plain Concrete for Foundations ........................ 13

8 | Conclusion............................................................................................................. 14

9 | List of References ................................................................................................. 15

10 | Plagiarism Check ............................................................................................. 15

List of Figures
Figure 1: comparison between normal .......................................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Air-Entrained plain concrete ......................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: Types of shallow foundations ......................................................................................... 6
Figure 4: Excavation for foundation construction......................................................................... 8
Figure 5: Formwork for foundations ............................................................................................. 9
Figure 6: Concrete pouring ........................................................................................................... 9
Figure 7: Concrete mixer............................................................................................................. 10
Figure 8: Concrete pump ............................................................................................................. 11
Figure 9: Concrete truck ............................................................................................................. 11
Figure 10: Formwork .................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 11: Concrete vibrator....................................................................................................... 11
Figure 12: Wheelbarrow.............................................................................................................. 12
Figure 13: Trowel Figure 14: Float .............................................................................. 12
Figure 15: Illustration for safety equipment ................................................................................ 12

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List of Abbreviation

• PC Plain Concrete

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1 | Abstract
Plain concrete, a fundamental building material, plays a crucial role in construction due
to its versatility, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Its ability to withstand the load-
bearing requirements of structures and resist environmental factors is essential for
ensuring the stability and longevity of foundations. Plain concrete foundations have
demonstrated commendable performance in various construction applications. They are
commonly used for residential, commercial, and industrial structures, providing a solid
and stable base. The durability of plain concrete ensures long-term structural integrity,
while its cost-effectiveness makes it a practical choice for a wide range of projects. This
report provides a comprehensive overview of the application of plain concrete in the
construction of foundations. It discusses the properties that make plain concrete suitable
for this critical role, highlights materials considerations, and explores the performance of
labor and equipment used in plain concrete foundations in various construction scenarios.

2 | Introduction
Plain concrete, also known as non-reinforced or mass concrete, is a composite material
comprised of cement, aggregates (such as sand and gravel), and water. This blend, when
properly proportioned and cured, results in a robust substance that serves as a bedrock for
a myriad of architectural and engineering marvels. Foundations, as the literal and
metaphorical underpinnings of structures, demand a material that can bear substantial
loads, resist environmental pressures, and endure the test of time—qualities that plain
concrete inherently possesses.
One of the primary reasons for the widespread use of plain concrete in foundations is its
impressive compressive strength. The material's ability to withstand significant vertical
loads is crucial for ensuring the stability of structures. The workability of plain concrete
during construction allows it to adapt to various forms and shapes, making it a versatile
choice for foundations with diverse designs and requirements.
However, the design and construction of plain concrete foundations extend beyond mere
mixing and pouring. Engineers and architects must meticulously consider factors such as
soil conditions, the magnitude and distribution of loads, and potential environmental
stresses. Such considerations influence decisions related to mix design, thickness, and the
inclusion of reinforcement elements to enhance tensile strength and mitigate potential
issues like cracking and settlement.
As we delve into the intricacies of plain concrete foundations, it becomes evident that this
seemingly simple material plays a crucial role in ensuring the structural integrity of
buildings. Its cost-effectiveness, combined with the ability to deliver reliable and durable
foundations, makes plain concrete a cornerstone in construction practices. The following
sections will delve deeper into the specific properties, material considerations, and
performance aspects that define plain concrete in the realm of foundation construction.

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3 | Plain Concrete Description
Plain concrete, commonly referred to as "normal" or "ordinary" concrete, is a fundamental
construction material widely used for various applications, including foundations. Here
is an item description of plain concrete for foundations.

3.1. Composition
• Primary Ingredients: Plain concrete is composed of three main ingredients:
cement, aggregates, and water. The most common type of cement used is Portland
cement.
• Aggregates: Aggregates include coarse aggregates (such as gravel or crushed
stone) and fine aggregates (usually sand).
• Additives:

3.2. Properties
• Strength: Plain concrete for foundations typically has a compressive strength in
the range of 2,500 to 4,000 pounds per square inch (psi), depending on the specific
requirements of the project.
• Workability: The mix is designed to have sufficient workability to allow for
proper placement and consolidation during construction. This ensures that the
concrete can be easily placed into formwork and adequately compacted.
• Setting Time: The setting time of plain concrete is controlled to allow enough time
for placement and finishing while ensuring that the concrete gains strength over
time. Retarders or accelerators may be added to adjust the setting time as needed.
• Durability: The concrete mix is formulated to provide durability against
environmental factors, such as moisture, temperature variations, and chemical
exposure. This is crucial for the long-term stability and performance of the
foundation.
• Density: The density of plain concrete is typically around 2,400 kilograms per
cubic meter (kg/m³). This density contributes to the overall mass and stability of
the foundation.

3.3. Types of Plain Concrete

While the term "plain concrete" typically refers to a basic mix of cement, aggregates, and
water, variations exist based on specific project requirements and intended applications.
Here are some common types of plain concrete:

• Normal Concrete: This is the standard mix used in construction, typically

consisting of Portland cement, aggregates (sand and gravel or crushed stone), and
water. It is suitable for a wide range of applications, including foundations, slabs,
and structural elements.
• High-Strength Concrete: High-strength plain concrete is formulated to achieve
higher compressive strength compared to normal concrete. This type of concrete
is used in projects where increased strength is a critical requirement, such as high-
rise buildings or structures subjected to heavy loads.
• Lightweight Concrete: Lightweight plain concrete incorporates lightweight
aggregates, such as expanded clay or shale, to reduce overall density. This type of

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 concrete is beneficial when weight considerations are important, such as in precast
elements or structures with specific load requirements.
• Heavyweight Concrete: Heavyweight plain concrete incorporates dense
aggregates, like barite or magnetite, to increase density. This type of concrete is
used in applications where increased mass is desirable for purposes such as
radiation shielding or balancing buoyancy in underwater structures.
• Pervious Concrete: Pervious or porous concrete is designed with a higher porosity
to allow water to pass through, promoting better drainage and reducing surface
runoff. It is commonly used in areas where stormwater management is crucial,
such as parking lots and pavements.

Figure 1: comparison between normal

concrete and pervious concrete

• Air-Entrained Concrete: Air-entrained plain concrete

contains small air bubbles distributed throughout the
mix. This type of concrete is more resistant to freeze-
thaw cycles, making it suitable for climates with
temperature variations.
Figure 2: Air-Entrained
plain concrete

• Temperature-Controlled Concrete: Temperature-controlled concrete is

formulated to resist the effects of temperature extremes during curing. This type
of concrete is used in situations where temperature differentials can impact the
quality of the final product.
• Rapid-Setting Concrete: Rapid-setting plain concrete is formulated to achieve
higher early strength and set more quickly than normal concrete. This type of
concrete is beneficial in situations where a shorter construction timeline is
essential.
• Colored Concrete: Colored plain concrete incorporates pigments to achieve a wide
range of colors. This type of concrete is often used for decorative purposes in
sidewalks, patios, and other architectural elements.
• Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete: Shrinkage-compensating concrete is
designed to minimize the effects of drying shrinkage. It incorporates materials that
expand as the concrete sets, helping to offset potential cracking.

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 3.4. Applications of Plain Concrete in Foundations
Plain concrete foundations can take various forms based on the specific needs of a
construction project. The choice of foundation type depends on factors such as the soil
conditions, load-bearing requirements, and the structure to be supported. Listed below are
applications of plain concrete in foundations:

• Shallow Spread Footings: Spread footings, also known as pad or isolated

footings, distribute loads directly to the soil. They are suitable for supporting
individual columns and walls in structures like houses.
• Continuous Footings: Continuous footings are similar to spread footings but
extend continuously beneath a row of columns or walls. They provide additional
support for structures with closely spaced loads.
• Slab-on-Grade: Slab-on-grade foundations involve a single, thick layer of plain
concrete that serves as both the foundation and the floor of the structure.
Commonly used in residential construction, especially for single-story homes.
• Mat or Raft Foundations: Mat foundations, also known as raft foundations, are
large, thick slabs that cover the entire area beneath a structure. They distribute
the load over a wide area and are suitable for soft or variable soil conditions.
• Strip Footings: Strip footings are long, continuous strips of concrete that support
walls or load-bearing elements. They are used in structures where loads are
distributed along a line, such as in the case of load-bearing walls.
• Combined Footings: Combined footings are used when two or more columns are
close to each other, and their individual footings would overlap. A single, larger
footing is used to support multiple columns.
• Pier and Beam Foundations: Pier and beam foundations involve elevated
structural elements (pier) supporting beams, which, in turn, support the structure.
The space beneath the structure allows for ventilation and access.
• Floating Slab Foundations: A floating slab foundation is a type of slab-on-grade
where the concrete slab is "floated" on a bed of crushed stone or sand, providing
flexibility and minimizing the impact of soil movement.

Figure 3: Types of shallow foundations

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4 | Material Description
Plain concrete is composed of a few basic materials, and its properties are influenced by
the specifications, quality, and the proportions in which these components are mixed.

4.1. Material Specifications

Specifications for plain concrete materials outline the requirements and characteristics of
each component used in the concrete mix. These specifications ensure that the concrete
meets the desired performance standards and properties for a particular construction
project.

• Cement:
Description: Cement is the binding agent in concrete, responsible for the cohesion of the
mixture. The most common type of cement used in concrete is Portland cement, which is
made from a mixture of limestone, clay, and other materials.
Role: Cement hydrates with water to form a paste that binds the aggregates together,
creating a solid and cohesive structure.
Specification: Specify the type and grade of cement, such as Portland cement Type I, II,
or III, and ensure compliance with relevant ASTM or other standards. Identify the
source of cement, including the manufacturer and location. Define proper storage
conditions to prevent moisture absorption or contamination.

• Aggregates:
Description: Aggregates in concrete consist of fine and coarse particles. Fine aggregates,
such as sand, contribute to the workability of the concrete mix, while coarse aggregates,
such as gravel or crushed stone, provide strength and bulk.
Role: Aggregates form the skeleton of the concrete, contributing to its compressive
strength and dimensional stability.
Specification: Specify the gradation and quality of sand, adhering to ASTM C33 or
relevant standards. Source and location of sand extraction. Specify gradation, size, and
quality of coarse aggregates, following ASTM C33 or relevant standards. Source and
location of extraction.

• Water:
Description: Water is a crucial component that reacts with cement during the hydration
process. The quality and quantity of water affect the workability and strength of the
concrete.
Role: Water activates the cement, initiating the chemical reactions that lead to the
hardening of the concrete. It also facilitates the mixing and placement of the concrete mix.

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Specification: Specify that water used in the concrete mix must be clean, free from
impurities, and suitable for drinking. Specify water temperature limitations to prevent
adverse effects on the concrete mix.

• Admixtures:
Description: Admixtures are additional materials added to the concrete mix to modify its
properties. They can enhance workability, reduce water content, accelerate or retard
setting time, improve durability, or impart special characteristics.
Role: Admixtures provide flexibility in adjusting concrete properties to meet specific
project requirements and environmental conditions.
Specification: Clearly define the type and purpose of any admixtures, such as
plasticizers, accelerators, retarders, or air-entraining agents. Specify the recommended
dosage range for each admixture. Identify the source of admixtures and ensure
compatibility with other concrete materials.

• Air (Optional):
Description: Air-entraining agents may be added to the concrete mix to introduce tiny air
bubbles. This enhances the concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles, making it more
durable in cold climates.
Role: Air-entraining agents improve the concrete's resistance to damage caused by
freezing and thawing cycles.
Specification: Specify the type and dosage of air-entraining agent if required. Establish
the desired air content range in the concrete mix.

4.2. Mix proportions

The proportions of cement, aggregates, and water are carefully controlled to achieve the
desired strength, durability, and workability. Common mix ratios include 1:2:4 (cement:
fine aggregate: coarse aggregate) for general use in foundations.

4.3. Procedure
a. Excavation: The construction process begins
with excavation to reach the desired depth for
the foundation. Excavation depth depends on
factors such as soil conditions, building loads,
and local building codes.

Figure 4: Excavation for

foundation construction

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 b. Formwork: Once the excavation is complete, formwork is set up to define the
shape and dimensions of the foundation. The formwork holds the concrete in
place during the pouring and curing process.

Figure 5: Formwork for foundations

c. Concrete Pouring: The plain concrete mix is prepared and poured into the
formwork. Care is taken to ensure proper consolidation and the elimination of
air pockets to achieve a strong and durable foundation.

Figure 6: Concrete pouring

d. Curing: After pouring, the concrete undergoes a curing process to achieve the
desired strength. Curing involves maintaining adequate moisture and temperature
conditions for a specified duration.

5 | Labour for Plain Concrete

Works
The size and composition of the labor crew needed for pouring plain concrete for
foundations depend on various factors, including the size of the foundation, the
complexity of the project, and the specific construction requirements. Below is a general
outline of the types of labor that may be required for a concrete foundation pouring job:

• Site Supervisor/Foreman: A site supervisor or foreman oversees the entire

construction process, ensuring that the work is carried out according to the plans,
specifications, and safety standards. They coordinate activities, manage the crew,
and address any on-site issues.
• Concrete Finishers: Concrete finishers are responsible for the final appearance
and texture of the concrete surface. They use tools such as trowels and floats to
smooth and finish the concrete after it has been poured.
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 • Concrete Workers/Masons: General concrete workers or masons assist with
various tasks, including mixing and pouring concrete, placing formwork, and
assisting in the finishing process. They work under the direction of more
experienced personnel.
• Formwork Carpenters: Formwork carpenters are skilled in constructing the molds
or forms into which the concrete is poured. They ensure that the forms are properly
aligned, secured, and capable of holding the concrete until it sets.
• Concrete Pump Operators: If a concrete pump is used to transport concrete to the
pouring site, an operator is needed to manage and control the pump. They ensure
that the concrete is delivered accurately and efficiently.
• Heavy Equipment Operators: Operators of heavy equipment, such as excavators
or backhoes, may be required for site preparation, excavation, and moving
materials.
• Laborers: General laborers assist with various tasks, including transporting
materials, cleaning the site, and providing support to other crew members as
needed.
• Surveyors (if required): Surveyors may be needed to ensure accurate placement
and alignment of the foundation based on the project's design.
• Quality Control Inspectors: Inspectors may be involved to monitor the quality of
the concrete mix, ensure proper curing procedures, and check that the work meets
specified standards.
It's important to note that the crew size and composition can vary based on the scale of
the project and the specific requirements of the foundation construction. Additionally,
adherence to local building codes, safety regulations, and professional construction
practices is essential. A qualified and experienced construction manager or contractor can
assess the project's needs and assemble an appropriate labor crew for the job.

6 | Equipment for Plain Concrete

Works
Pouring plain concrete for foundations involves several key pieces of equipment to ensure
the accurate and efficient placement of the concrete. The equipment used can vary
depending on the scale of the project, but for smaller to medium-sized residential or
commercial foundations, the following equipment is commonly used:

• Concrete Mixer: A concrete mixer is used to prepare the

concrete mix by combining cement, aggregates, and
water. The mixer ensures a consistent and uniform
blend of the ingredients, which is crucial for the quality
of the concrete.

Figure 7: Concrete mixer

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• Concrete Pump: In cases where the foundation is in a location that is difficult to
access, a concrete pump may be used to transport the concrete from the mixer to
the pouring site. This is especially useful for foundations in elevated or confined
spaces.

Figure 8: Concrete pump

• Concrete Truck or Ready-Mix Truck: Ready-mix concrete trucks are commonly

used to transport large quantities of pre-mixed concrete to the construction site.
The concrete is mixed on the truck and delivered to the project when it's ready to
be poured.

Figure 9: Concrete truck

• Concrete Vibrator: Concrete vibrators are used during and

after the pouring of concrete to ensure proper
consolidation and removal of air bubbles. This helps in
achieving a dense and strong concrete structure.

• Formwork: Formwork is used to shape and contain the

poured concrete until it sets and gains enough strength Figure 11: Concrete vibrator
to stand on its own. It can be made of wood, metal, or
other materials, and it provides the structure and shape for
the foundation.

Figure 10: Formwork

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 • Wheelbarrows or Concrete Buggies: For smaller
projects or areas where equipment cannot access,
wheelbarrows or concrete buggies may be used to
transport and pour concrete manually.

• Floats and Trowels: Hand floats and trowels are used

for finishing the surface of the concrete. They help in Figure 12: Wheelbarrow
creating a smooth and flat surface.

Figure 13: Trowel Figure 14: Float

• Safety Equipment: Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as hard hats, safety
boots, gloves, and safety glasses should be worn by workers involved in the
pouring of concrete. Additionally, barriers or warning signs may be used to mark
off the construction area.

Figure 15: Illustration for safety equipment

It's important to note that the specific equipment used can vary based on the project's
requirements, site conditions, and the preferences of the construction team. Professional

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construction practices and safety measures should always be followed during the concrete
pouring process.

7 | Cost Breakdown Analysis of

Plain Concrete for Foundations

Total Direct cost = 1013.81 L.E/m3

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8 | Conclusion
In conclusion, plain concrete stands as a fundamental and indispensable building material
in the realm of construction, distinguished by its versatility, durability, and cost-
effectiveness. As the cornerstone of many structures, plain concrete plays a pivotal role
in providing stable foundations that withstand the test of time. The commendable
performance of plain concrete foundations is evident in their widespread use across
diverse construction applications, encompassing residential, commercial, and industrial
structures.

The inherent strength of plain concrete, particularly its impressive compressive strength,
makes it a reliable choice for foundations tasked with bearing substantial loads. Its
adaptability during construction, allowing for versatile shapes and designs, further
contributes to its popularity in various foundation types. However, the construction of
plain concrete foundations is a nuanced process that involves meticulous consideration of
factors such as soil conditions, load distribution, and potential environmental stresses.

As the report delves into the intricacies of plain concrete, it becomes evident that this
seemingly basic material plays a critical role in ensuring the structural integrity of
buildings. Beyond its mechanical properties, the cost-effectiveness of plain concrete,
coupled with its ability to deliver durable foundations, solidifies its position as a
cornerstone in construction practices. The comprehensive overview provided in this
report offers insights into the specific properties, material considerations, and
performance aspects that define plain concrete in the context of foundation construction.

The subsequent sections of the report provide a detailed exploration of plain concrete's
composition, properties, types, and applications in foundations. It outlines the key
materials involved, their specifications, and the meticulous procedures that contribute to
the formation of a robust foundation. Additionally, the labor and equipment required for
plain concrete works are discussed, shedding light on the collaborative efforts needed for
successful foundation construction.

The report culminates in a cost breakdown analysis of plain concrete for foundations,
providing a quantitative perspective on the financial aspects associated with this essential
construction material. As a whole, this report serves as a comprehensive guide for
understanding the role of plain concrete in foundation construction, emphasizing its
significance, characteristics, and practical considerations in the built environment.

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9 | List of References
https://worldsalaries.com/average-construction-worker-salary-in-cairo/egypt/
https://www.salaryexplorer.com/average-salary-wage-comparison-egypt-
construction-building-installation-c64f17?expand_article=1
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/types-concrete-applications/19779/
https://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/foundations.htm
https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/G02
https://www.wagnermeters.com/concrete-moisture-test/concrete-info/30-top-tools-
concrete-construction-site/
https://gocodes.com/concreting-tools-equipment/
https://www.methvin.org/estimating-production-rates/concrete-work/concrete-
placement

10 | Plagiarism Check

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