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May be presence of
iv) Light pink, flesh Manganese ion.
colour
May be presence of
ii) Amorphous carbonate or Sulphide ion
(except Ammonium
carbonate).
2 SOLUBILITY
A little amount of the i) Soluble May be nitrate, sulphate,
salt was taken in a chloride or acetate ions.
test tube and shaken
well with water. May be carbonate (or)
ii) Insoluble
sulphide ions (except
ammonium carbonate)
3 ACTION OF HEAT
A pinch of the salt was i) Colourless, Odourless May be presence of
taken in a dry test gas which turned lime carbonate ion.
tube and heated water milky.
gently.
ii) a) Reddish brown gas a) May be presence of nitrate
evolved. ion.
b) Reddish brown gas b) May be presence of Lead
evolved with nitrate.
decripitation.
v) No characteristic
coloured flame
5 ASH TEST
To a little of the salt i) Green coloured ash. May be presence of Zn2+ ion.
taken in a watch glass
concentrated nitric ii) Blue coloured ash. May be presence of Aℓ3+ ion.
acid and cobalt nitrate
solution was added. A iii) White or pink May be presence of Mg2+ ion.
filter paper was coloured ash.
soaked in the solution
and ignited. iv) No characteristic Absence of Zn2+, Aℓ3+ and
coloured ash. Mg2+ ions.
6 ACTION OF DILUTE
SULPHURIC ACID
a) To a little of the salt i) Brisk effervescence May be presence of
in a test tube dilute due to the evolution of carbonate ion.
sulphuric acid was carbon dioxide gas
added. which turned lime
water milky.
ii) Evolution of a May be presence of Sulphide
colourless gas with a ion.
rotten egg smell
turning lead acetate
paper black was
observed.
iii) Reddish brown May be presence of Nitrite
vapour evolved which ion.
turned ferrous
sulphate paper black.
iv) Colourless vapours May be presence of acetate
with smell of vinegar ion.
which turned blue
litmus red.
v) No characteristic Absence of carbonate,
change. Sulphide, Nitrite and Acetate
ions.
A little of the salt was taken in a test tube, water was added and shaken well. This
solution is called aqueous extract or water extract.
1 CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR Pb2+
i) To a little of the original Yellow precipitate was Presence of Pb2+ ion is
salt solution potassium obtained. confirmed.
chromate solution was
added.
Pb2 K2CrO4 PbCrO4 2K
ii) To a little of the original Yellow precipitate was Presence of Pb2+ion is
salt solution potassium obtained. confirmed.
iodide solution was added.
Pb2 2KI PbI 2 2K
2 CONFIRMATORY TEST Blue precipitate Presence of Cu2+ ion is
FOR Cu2+ obtained which confirmed.
i) To a little of the original dissolved on addition
salt solution ammonium of excess of
hydroxide solution was ammonium hydroxide
added. and only blue
coloration was seen.
Cu 2 4 NH 4OH [Cu ( NH 3 )4 ](OH )2 2OH 4 H
ii) To a little of the original Chocolate brown Presence of Cu2+ ion is
salt solution potassium precipitate was confirmed.
ferrocyanide was added. obtained.
2Cu 2 K 4 [ Fe(CN )6 ] Cu2 [ Fe(CN )6 ] 4 K
3 CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR Aℓ3+
i) To a little of the original White precipitate was Presence of Aℓ3+ ion is
salt solution sodium obtained which confirmed.
hydroxide solution was dissolved in excess of
added. sodium hydroxide.
A3 3NaOH A(OH )3 3Na
A(OH )3 NaOH NaAO2 2H 2O
ii) To a little of the original Bright red lake was Presence of Aℓ3+ ion is
salt solution aluminon observed confirmed.
reagent and sodium
hydroxide was added.
4 CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR Zn2+
To a little of the original salt White precipitate Presence of Zn2+ ion is
solution sodium hydroxide soluble in excess of confirmed.
was added. sodium hydroxide.
Zn 2 2 NaOH Zn(OH ) 2 2 Na
Zn(OH ) 2 2 NaOH Na2 ZnO2 2 H 2O
5 CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR Ba2+
To a little of the original salt Yellow precipitate was Presence of Ba2+ ion is
solution potassium obtained. confirmed.
chromate solution was
added.
Ba 2 K 2CrO4 BaCrO4 2 K
6 CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR Ca2+ A white precipitate Presence of Ca2+ ion is
To a little of the original salt was obtained. confirmed.
solution (NH4)2C2O4 solution
was added.
Ca 2 ( NH 4 ) 2 C2O4 [COO ]2 Ca 2 NH 4
7 CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR Mg2+
To a little of the original salt Blue green precipitate Presence of Mg2+ ion is
solution sodium hydroxide was obtained. confirmed.
was added and a few drops
of magneson reagent was
also added.
8 CONFIRMATORY TEST
FOR NH4+
To a little of the original salt Reddish brown Presence of NH 4 ion is
solution sodium hydroxide precipitate was confirmed.
and Nessler’s reagent was obtained.
added.
2K2[ HgI 4 ] NH 3 3NaOH H 2 N .HgO.HgI 4KI 2H 2O 3NaI
RESULT
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