NHỮNG CÁCH PARAPHRASE TRONG WRITING TASK 1

Paraphrase thời gian

1. Introduction
 from 1990 to 2000 → between 1990 and 2000// over a period of 10 years//
over a 10-year period starting from 1990.
 every year → each year// per year// yearly// annually// on an annual basis
 every day → each day// per day// daily// on a daily basis
 every week → each week// per week// weekly// on a weekly basis
2. Body
 from 1980 to 1990 → between 1980 and 1990// during the first 10 years
 from 1990 to 2000 → between 1990 and 2000// during the following 10
years
 from 2025 to 2030 → between 2025 and 2030// during the last 5 years

Ngoài ra còn một số paraphrase khác:

 during the period shown → during this time frame → during the given
period

Paraphrase các nhóm tuổi

Những người thuộc nhóm tuổi từ 40 tới 49, ta có những cách nói sau (tương tự đối với
những nhóm tuổi khác)
 people who fall into the 40 to 49 age group = people falling into the 40 to 49
age group
 people who are between 40 and 49 years old = people between 40 and 49
years old
 people who are aged 40 to 49 = people aged 40 to 49.
 40-to 49-year-old people
 40-to 49-year-olds
 the 40-49 age group
 the 40-49s
 people who are in their forties = people in their forties.
 People in the age range of 40 to 49
People aged 65 or more = elderly/older people aged 65 or over

Thay vì lặp lại, chúng ta có thể gộp các nhóm tuổi bằng cách sử dụng “the younger age
group” và “the older age group), hay “younger people” và “older people”.
Một số paraphrase khác:
 People aged 65 or more = people aged 65 and over = people aged 65 or older
 People aged 20 or under = people aged 20 or younger

Paraphrase quốc gia

 Nếu trên đề bài có nêu tên các quốc gia cụ thể, ví dụ “…in the US, Japan and
China” → ta sẽ paraphrase thành “in three different countries/nations”.
 Ngược lại, nếu đề bài không đề cập tới các quốc gia cụ thể mà chỉ nói “in
three different countries” → ta sẽ nêu tên các quốc gia cụ thể đó ra.

Paraphrase chi tiêu

Khi muốn nói sự chi tiêu cho sản phẩm X nào đó, ta có rất nhiều cách viết:
 spending on X → expenditure on X// the amount of money spent on X
Nếu bài là phần trăm (%), ta có thể paraphrase:
 the percentage of spending on X → the proportion of spending on X → the
proportion of money spent on X

Paraphrase tỷ lệ thất nghiệp

unemployment rates → levels of unemployment// levels of joblessness// unemployment
levels// the proportion of people who were unemployed// the proportion of people who
were jobless// the proportion of people without work

Paraphrase sự nghèo khó

 poor people → people living under the poverty line → people living in
extreme poverty
 poverty rates → poverty levels

Paraphrase sự tiêu thụ và sản xuất

Khi muốn nói sự tiêu thụ X ta có các cụm từ:
 the consumption of X → the amount of X consumed// the number of X
consumed// X consumption
Khi muốn nói sự sản xuất X ta có các cụm từ:
 the production of X → the amount of X produced// the number of X
produced// X production
Lưu ý:
 the amount of + danh từ không đếm được
 the number of + danh từ đếm được số nhiều + V (số ít)
  a number of + danh từ đếm được số nhiều + V (số nhiều)

Paraphrase phương tiện giao thông

 car, bus and train → three different forms of transport
 forms of transport → means of transport → modes of transport
 the number of people driving to work → the number of car users// the
number of people traveling by cars
 the number of people traveling by train → the number of train users// the
number of rail passengers
 travel = commute (v): đi lại

Một số paraphrase khác:

 show → compare// indicate/ illustrate// give information about…
 People in the UK → British people// the British
 People in the USA → American people
 the percentage of → the proportion of
Practice:
1.The diagram below shows one way of manufacturing ceramic pots.
→ The shown chart gives information about how ceramic pots are produced.

2.The bar chart shows the percentage of young people in higher education in 2000, 2005
and 2010.
→ The column chart illustrates the proportion of the young generation/ youngster
entering higher education every 5 years starting from 2000.

2. The bar chart below shows the percentage of Australian men and women in
different age groups who did regular physical activity in 2010.
→ The column chart illustrates the proportion of people in Australia regarding/ in terms
of gender and age who exercised regularly in 2010.

3. The bar chart below shows the top ten countries for the production and
consumption of electricity in 2014.
→ The column chart gives information about the top ten/ 10 highest-ranking nations for
the generation and spending of electricity in the year 2014.

4. The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in
Britain.
→ the column below/ given chart illustrates the consumption of junk foods each week of
the British/ how much money people in Britain spent on junk food.

5. The charts below show the results of a survey of adult education. The first chart
shows the reasons why adults decide to study. The pie chart shows how people
think the costs of adult education should be shared.
→ the diagrams illustrate the findings of a research of adult education. The first gives
information about the explanations why grown-up people choose to study. The second
compares the way people think the amount of money spent on adult education should be
allocated shared.

6. The table below shows the consumer durables (telephone, refrigerator, etc.) owned
in Britain from 1972 to 1983.
→ The graph illustrates the consumption of long-lasting appliance owned by the British
over a period of 11 years

GRAMMAR IN TASK 1
Khi bắt tay vào viết task 1, việc nhận biết yêu cầu đề bài và xác định đúng thì là rất quan
trọng.

1. Hiện tại đơn (Present simple)

 Cấu trúc thì hiện tại đơn:
 Với động từ tobe:
Khẳng định: S + is/am/are
Phủ định: S + is/am/are + not

 Với động từ thường:

Khẳng định: S + V/Vs,es
Phủ định: S + do not/ does not + V
 Ví dụ:
 The line graph illustrates the cost of watching films. The pie charts show the
change in the percentage of market share represented by the three forms.
  The bar chart compares twelve countries in terms of the overall number of medals
at the Olympic Games. It is clear that USA is by far the most successful Olympic
medal winning nation

2. Quá khứ đơn (Past simple)

 Cấu trúc thì quá khứ đơn:
 Với động từ tobe:
Khẳng định: S + was/were
Phủ định: S + was/were + not

 Với động từ thường:

Khẳng định: S + V quá khứ
Phủ định: S + did not + V

 Ví dụ:
 In 1971, almost half of all British households did not have regular use of a car.
Around 44% of households had one car, but only about 7% had two cars.
 During the period from 2000 to 2002, the average income rose up to 10%.

3. Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past perfect tense)

 Với động từ tobe:
Khẳng định: S + had been + V (P2)
Phủ định: S + had not been + V (P2)

 Với động từ thường

Khẳng định: S + had + V (P2)
Phủ định: S + had not + V (P2)

 Ví dụ:
 The average price had reached a peak of almost $550 before decreasing to $420 in
2005.
 The percentage of laborers aged from 25 to 30 had increased tremendously before
it experienced a sudden fall in 1999.

4. Tương lai đơn (Future simple tense)

 Cấu trúc ngữ pháp:
 Với động từ tobe:
Khẳng định: S + will be
Phủ định: S + will be + not

 Với động từ thường:

Khẳng định: S + will + V
Phủ định: S + will not +

 Ví dụ:
 The average income will not rise by the end of 2022.
 In 2024, the percentage of male will be less in comparison with that of females.

Cấu trúc dự đoán

Động từ Danh từ

predict prediction

expect Expectation

forecast forecast

anticipate anticipation

1. Cấu trúc 1:

Predictions show (that) S + will + V

Expectations express
Anticipations
Forecasts

Ví dụ:
1. Anticipations express that the average life expectancy will increase to 75 in 2050.
2. Expectations show that the number of visitors coming to France will be doubled in the
next 10 years.
→ Anticipations express that the percentage of people who fall into the age 65 or over
group in Sweden will increase to 25% in 2040.
2. Cấu trúc 2:

It is predicted that S + will + V

expected
anticipated
forecasted

Ví dụ:
1. It is anticipated that the amount of unemployment will go down to 20% in 2039.
2. It is forecasted that the amount of sustainable energy will increase to nearly 74% in
2025
- It is forecasted that the figure for car users will increase to 9 millions in 2030
 the number of = the figure for

3. Cấu trúc 3:

S to be predicted To V
expected
anticipated
forecasted

Ví dụ:
1. The number of visitors coming to France is expected to be double by the end of this
year.
2. The amount of unemployment is predicted to fall to 20% in 2039.
→ the figure for citizens/people who are aged over 65 is expected to fall to 55% in 2050

Cấu trúc miêu tả xu hướng:

1. Cấu trúc 1:
Time, S + V + adv
Ví dụ:
1. In 2004, the number of lecturers in Hanoi University grew dramatically.
2. By the end of 2025, the number of public transportation in Vietnam is expected to
rocket.
- in 1985, the proportion of travellers to Scotland who went to Castle increased vividly
2. Cấu trúc 2:
There + to be + a/an + adj N + in S time
Ví dụ:
1. There was a significant drop in the number of smartphones sold in 2005.
2. There was a moderate growth in the number of literate citizens in Africa in 2007.
- There will be a significant increase in the number of Japanese who are aged 65 or over
in 2030
3. Cấu trúc 3:

S saw a/an adj N time

witnessed
experienced

Ví dụ:
1. The number of literate citizens in Africa experienced a moderate growth in 2007.
2. The population of China witnessed a tremendous rise in the past 5 years.

- The figure for bus users witnessed a stability in 1980

4. Cấu trúc 4:

Time witnessed a/an adj N in cụm N

experienced

Ví dụ:
1. The year 2007 witnessed a moderate growth in the number of literate citizens.
2. The 3 consecutive: liên tiếp years from 2000 experienced a tremendous rise in the
population of China.

- The period from 1950 to 1990 witnessed a moderate growth by 10%/ a 10% growth in
the number of people aged over 65.
Cấu trúc so sánh
1. Cấu trúc so sánh hơn/kém:
- More: Nhiều hơn, đi với danh từ đếm được số nhiều
- Fewer: Ít hơn, đi với danh từ đếm được số nhiều
- Less: Ít hơn, đi với danh từ không đếm được

S to be fewer than S
less

Ví dụ:
- In general, the number of male game players is more than the number of female
gamers.
- Fewer mobile phones were bought in 2012 than 2013
- The number of primary students in Lao Cai in 2002 was fewer than t%hat in 2003.
- The amount of gas consumed in Vietnam is less than that in China.
- During the given/ surveyed period, the number of car users is more than the number of
bus users
2. Cấu trúc so sánh hơn nhất:
 take the lead/ take the lion share.
S To be the adj - est (đối với tính từ ngắn)
most + adj (đối với tính từ dài)

Ví dụ:
- It is clear that the USA is by far the most successful Olympic medal winning nation.
- The average diet contains the lowest percentage of carbohydrates but the highest
proportion of protein.
- the number of citizens aged over 65 occupies the largest percentage/ takes the lion share
3. Cấu trúc so sánh ngang bằng:

S1 to be similar to S2
the same as

Ví dụ:
- The percentage of girls attending the English training course was similar to that of boys
in 2002.
- The number of students in Spanish Department is the same as that in Chinese
Department
- the number of citizens aged over 65 in USA was the same as that of Swedish in 1998
4. Cấu trúc so sánh với số liệu:

S1 to be twice as many/much as S2
three/four... times (higher/greater than)

Ví dụ:
- The number of students in grade 1 is twice as many as the number of students in grade
2.
- The population in Hanoi is three times as much as the population in other capital cities
in the world.
- in 1985, the number of Aquarium's visitors was twice as many as that of Zoo
Mệnh đề quan hệ
Mệnh đề quan hệ được tạo nên nhờ đại từ quan hệ (who, which, whom, whose, that) và
trạng từ quan hệ (when, where, why).
Ví dụ:
 The number of lecturers in the English Department grew dramatically. The
number of lecturers in English Department was twice as many as the
number of lecturers in the Chinese Department.

= The number of lecturers in English Department, which was twice as many as that in
Chinese Department, grew dramatically
The number of lecturers in ED grew dramatically, which was twice as many as that in CD
- The number of visitors to festivals, which was three times as many as that of zoo,
decreased moderately.
- The number of Aquarium's visitors grew dramatically, which was twice as many as that
of festivals.
Câu phức và câu ghép
1. Câu ghép
Là những câu những câu được nối lại bằng các liên từ và hai mệnh đề với ý nghĩa độc
lập, bao gồm các từ như: and, but, or...
  Nếu liên từ kết hợp được dùng để liên kết 2 mệnh đề độc lập (mệnh đề có thể đứng
riêng như một câu) thì giữa hai mệnh đề phải sử dụng dấu phẩy
Ví dụ: The average diet contains the lowest percentage of carbohydrates, but it also
has the highest proportion of protein
 Nếu liên từ được dùng để kết nối 2 cụm từ (câu không hoàn chỉnh) thì dấu phẩy có
thể loại bỏ
Ví dụ: The rate of unemployment grew sharply in 2001 and then fell slightly in 2004.

2. Câu phức
Là câu được tạo ra từ một mệnh đề độc lập và một hay nhiều mệnh đề phụ thuộc. Mệnh
đề phụ thuộc có thể bắt đầu với các liên từ phụ thuộc như:

Liên từ đối lập Liên từ thời gian

 Although, Even though (Mặc dù) + mệnh đề  When/While + mệnh đề

 Despite/In spite of + N/Ving  During/Throughout + cụm
 Despite the fact that/In spite of the fact that + N
mệnh đề
 However/On the other hand, mệnh đề

Ví dụ:
 On the other hand, the average income is expected to increase in the next 2 years.
 During the period from 2013 to 2015, the rate of unemployment witnessed a slight
reduction.

Practice:
There are 5 mistakes in the below paragraph. Find and correct them
Participation in cultural activities, by age

16- 25-44 45-74 All aged 16 and over

24

% % % %

Any performance* 35 22 17 22
 Undertaking any crafts 11 17 22 19

Cultural purchases 11 17 18 16

Any visual arts 30 16 11 15

Any writing 17 6 5 7

Computer based 10 9 5 6

* Dancing, singing, playing musical instruments and acting

The table shows details of participation in a variety of cultural activities over a year,
according to the age of the participants.

Overall, any performance, which included dancing, singing, playing music instruments
and acting, had the highest level of participation, with 22% of respondents participating
in the previous 12 months. By contrast, computer-based activities had the lowest level of
participation (6 per cent).

People who aged between 45 and 74 years old were most likely to undertake any
activities to do with crafts (22 per cent), while performances were more likely to be
participated in by those aged 16 to 24 (35 per cent). The differences between age groups
were particularly marked in the case of visual arts and writing categories, where
participation rates were around three times higher for younger people than for the older
ones. It is clear from the evidence that aging plays a significant role in the popularity of
the cultural activities listed.