Group 10 throws Number of Tails Number of Heads Deviation from

expected value
1 5 5 0%
2 5 5 0%
3 5 5 0%
4 4 6 20%
5 4 6 20%
6 4 6 20%
7 7 3 40%
8 4 6 20%
9 4 6 20%
10 5 5 0%
Total 47 53
Table 1. Tally sheet for single-coin toss (per group)
Table 2. Tally sheet for single-coin toss (class)

Group 10 throws Number of Tails Number of Heads Deviation from

expected value
1 5 5 0%
2 5 5 0%
3 5 5 0%
4 4 6 20%
5 4 6 20%
6 4 6 20%
7 7 3 40%
8 4 6 20%
9 4 6 20%
10 5 5 0%
Total 47 53
Group with 100 Number of Tails Number of Heads Deviation from
tosses each expected value
1 47 53 24%
2 56 44 64%
3 53 47 24%
4 52 48 16%
5 46 54 32%
6 54 46 32%
7 54 46 32%
8 52 48 16%
9 54 46 32%
10 50 50 0%
11 48 52 16%

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 12 50 50 0%
13 47 53 24%
14 51 49 80%
15 50 50 0%
16 46 54 32%
17 58 42 64%
18 45 55 40%
19 51 49 80%
20 53 47 24%
21 51 49 80%
22 47 53 24%
23 46 54 32%
Total
Questions:
1 1
1. In every group of 10 throws, did you always get exactly heads and tails?
2 2
 No
1 1
2. Did you ever get exactly heads and tails?
2 2
 Yes
1 1
3. Is the total for 100 throws closer to heads and tails than that for 10 throws?
2 2
 Yes
II. Deviation from Expected Value
1. How do the deviations of the small groups of 10 and 100 throws compare with the
deviations for the whole class?
 Compared to deviation of by group, the deviation in by class is not really close to
each other compared to when it is by group.
2. What is the importance of sample size in studies involving probabilities?
 Sample size determines the effect size in the probability. It is inversely
proportional. Therefore, the larger the sample size, the smaller the effect size
3. What is the relevance of sample size to the choice of test organism for genetic studies?
 Because the sample is the organism. If the sample size of the organism is too
small, therefore, the effect size is bigger thus making the studies in genetics not
credible or inaccurate.

III. Probability Laws

Table 3. Tally sheet for 2-coin toss (group)

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 Combinations Observed Number Expected Number Deviation from
Coin 1 Coin 2 expected
Head Head 29 25 16%
Head Tail 16 25 36%
Tail Head 30 25 20%
Tail Tail 25 25 0%
Total 100 100

Table 4. Tally sheet for 2-coin toss (class)

Group 1
Combinations Observed Number Expected Number Deviation from
Coin 1 Coin 2 expected
Head Head 589 575 20%
Head Tail 594 575 30%
Tail Head 579 575 10%
Tail Tail 538 575 60%
Total

Questions:
1. How did you obtain the frequency of each expected combination?
 For each toss we did, we recorded it and later on added up those who have the
same combination
2. Does combining the class results give a smaller deviation from the expected? Why?
 Yes because it means that the expected number is close to the observed number
3. What is the probability that any particular combination of the four will turn up? Show
your solutions, if necessary.
 4
4. How is the probability of a combination (HH, HT, or TT) related to possibilities of its
components (H or T)?
 Because each combination consists of either an H or T so it depends on it to have
such combinations.
5. State the product rule and sum rule of probabilities.

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  The sum rule is for finding the probability of either of two events that cannot
occur simultaneously. The product rule is for finding the probability of both of
two events that are independent.

LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 4

(Chance, Probabilities and Genetic Ratios)

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Group No. 13 Prof. Marita G. Geroy

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 Members:
Kristine Joy M. Mendez DATE SUBMITTED:
Justine Pauleen C. Padolina November 04, 2019

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