Fourth Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

4 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:
Pure Bending

J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Pure Bending
Pure Bending Example 4.03
Other Loading Types Reinforced Concrete Beams
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Sample Problem 4.4
Bending Deformations Stress Concentrations
Strain Due to Bending Plastic Deformations
Beam Section Properties Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Properties of American Standard Shapes Plastic Deformations of Members with a Single
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section Plane of Symmetry
Sample Problem 4.2 Residual Stresses
Bending of Members Made of Several Examples 4.05, 4.06
Materials Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Example 4.03 Example 4.07
Reinforced Concrete Beams Sample Problem 4.8
Sample Problem 4.4 Unsymmetric Bending
Stress Concentrations Example 4.08
Plastic Deformations General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Pure Bending

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Other Loading Types

• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple.

• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple.

• Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

• Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
• These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
Fx    x dA  0
M y   z x dA  0
M z    y x dA  M

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,

L     y 
  L  L     y      y
 y y
x     (strain va ries linearly)
L  
c c
m  or ρ
 m
y
 x   m
c

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Stress Due to Bending

• For a linearly elastic material,
y
 x  E x   E m
c
y
   m (stress varies linearly)
c

• For static equilibrium,

• For static equilibrium,
y
Fx  0    x dA     m dA
 y 
c M    y x dA     y    m  dA
  c 
0   m  y dA   I
c M  m  y 2 dA  m
c c
First moment with respect to neutral Mc M
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral m  
I S
surface must pass through the y
section centroid. Substituti ng  x    m
c
My
x  
I

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Beam Section Properties

• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
m  
I S
I  section moment of inertia
I
S  section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress.
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S   1 bh 3  1 Ah
c h 2 6 6

Between two beams with the same cross-

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
• Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Properties of American Standard Shapes

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

• Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1   1 Mc
 m  m 
 c Ec Ec I
M

EI

• Although cross-sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are non-zero,
y y
 y   x   z   x 
 

• Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1 
  anticlasti c curvature
 

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