Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 1

Dr. Rehman Akhtar

 Mechanics of Materials

•Simple stress can be classified as:

•normal stress,
•shear stress,
•and bearing stress.
 Mechanics of Materials
Normal Stress
•The resisting area is perpendicular to the applied
force, thus normal.
•Types of normal stresses;
• tensile stress
•compressive stress.
•A positive sign will be used to indicate a tensile stress
(member in tension) and a negative sign to indicate a
compressive stress (member in compression).
•Tensile stress applied to bar tends the bar to elongate
while compressive stress tend to shorten the bar.
 Mechanics of Materials
Normal Stress FBC (tension)
Mechanics of Materials
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.

F P

lim

A

ave
A

A
0

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P
 A
 
dF

ave 
dA 
A

• Material cutting example

 Mechanics of Materials
Shear Stress (Tangential stress)
•Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the
resisting area. Forces parallel to the area resisting the force
cause shearing stress.
•It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are
caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act.
𝞃 = V/A
•where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through
the centroid of the area A being sheared.
 Mechanics of Materials
Shear Stress (Tangential stress)
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of
section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force distribution
is defined as the shear of the section and is equal to
the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
ave
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be
uniform.
 Mechanics of Materials
Shear Stress (Tangential stress)
Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
ave
  ave
 
A A A2A
 Mechanics of Materials
Single Shear Stress
 Mechanics of Materials
Single Shear Stress
 Mechanics of Materials
Single Shear Stress
 Mechanics of Materials
Double Shear Stress
 Mechanics of Materials
Double Shear Stress
 Mechanics of Materials
Double Shear Stress
 Mechanics of Materials
Double Shear Stress
 Mechanics of Materials
Double Shear Stress
 Mechanics of Materials
Bearing Stress
•Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the
separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is
an internal stress caused by compressive forces.
 Mechanics of Materials
Bearing Stress
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.

• The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b 
A td
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials
Mechanics of Materials