ECE461 & ECE455- SELECTED TOPICS IN

SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS

LECTURE
Multiple Antenna Systems

Dr. Fatma Newagy

Prof. of Communications Engineering
Fatma_newagy@eng.asu.edu.eg
Today’s Lecture
• Overview of MIMO communications
• Linear MIMO Receivers
• Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
MIMO: Overview
MIMO: Overview
Single-user MIMO
Single-user MIMO benefits: Capacity gains
Narrowband MIMO System Model
Spatial Cases
• Nt: n=1  receive diversity SIMO

• Nr: m=1  transmit diversity MISO

• n=m=1  SISO
Receive Diversity
Implementing Receiver Diversity
Transmitter Diversity
Open-loop Transmit Diversity
(Alamouti code)
Open-loop Transmit Diversity
Closed-loop Transmit Diversity
Closed-loop Transmit Diversity
Closed-loop Transmit Diversity
Closed-loop Transmit Diversity
Linear MIMO Receivers
Zero-Forcing MIMO

Sender Receiver
Linear MIMO Receivers
Linear MIMO Receivers
 Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
• The insight lies in a special way of “factoring” matrix H

• Any matrix H has an SVD: H  UΛV*

• Λ is a diagonal matrix (contains zeroes off-diagonal)
• U and V are unitary (UU* = U*U = VV* = V*V = I)

nt nr nt
nt

nr H = nr U × Λ × V*
nr nt
Interpreting the SVD Steps
• Λ matrix with the 𝑚 = min 𝑛𝑡 , 𝑛𝑟 singular values 𝝀𝟏 , ⋯ , 𝝀𝒎
• One per significant radio channel path

• V* translates to the radio channel path coordinate system where

channels are decoupled

• U translates back, to antenna coordinate system (undoes the V*

translation)
nt nr nt
nt

nr H = nr U × Λ × V*
nr nt
 SVD in a Practical System
• Alone, SVD does nothing (just analyzes what H does)

• Want to put data into the radio channel coordinate system

Insight: VV* = I (Unitary property)

 SVD in a Practical System
• Sender precodes with V, receiver “post-codes” with U*
• V is unitary, so V*V = I (same for U)
• So data sees independent channels
• This is called MIMO eigenmode transmission (Spatial
Multiplexing)

No effect

Sender Receiver
 A Model for Eigenmode Transmission
Spatial Multiplexing
• Performance model for the eigenmode transmitter/receiver
𝑃𝑖 𝜆2𝑖
• All channels decoupled, transmit power Pk  SNR on ith channel: 𝜎2

Sender Receiver
 Performance: Uniform Power Division
• At high SNR (the common case in wireless LANs), with total
transmit power P evenly divided over spatial paths

𝑘 𝑃𝜆2𝑖
• Data rate = 𝑖=1 log 1+
𝑘𝑁0
≈ 𝑘 log(SNR)

***
• How can we do better?
• Idea: Allocate different transmit powers 𝑃𝑖 to different
radio channel paths i
 28

Waterfilling for MIMO Power Allocation

Allocated transmit
power Pi

𝜎2
𝜆2𝑖

Physical Channel Path / Eigenmode i

MIMO Capacity
• MIMO Eigenmode transmission:

• Transmitter sends directionally, along spatial paths of the radio channel

• Receiver listens directionally, along same spatial paths
• Achieves the MIMO channel capacity