A relation is a set of ordered pairs. If x and y are elements of these sets and if a relation exist between x and y, then we say that x corresponds to y or that y depends on x. We may represent it as the ordered pair of (x, y), A relation from set 4 to set B is defined to be any subset of AxB. If R is a relation from A to B and (@) € R, then we say that “ais related to b” and it is denoted as a R b Example 1: Let A = (Christmas, New Year's Day, Valentine’s Day, Independence Day} be the set of occasions, and let B = (December 25, January 1, February 14, June 12} be the set of calendar dates. Then ANB gives all possible pairings of occasions and calendar dates. Let the relation R from A to B be given by R= ((Christmas, December 25), (Christmas, January 1), (Christmas, February 14), (Christmas, June 12), (New Year's Day, December 25), (New Year's Day, January 1), (New Year's Day, February 14), (New Year's Day, June 12), (Valentine’s Day, December 25), (Valentine's Day, January 1), (Valentine's Day, February 14), (Valentine's Day, June 12), (Independence Day, December 25), (Independence Day, January 1), (Independence Day, February 14), (Independence Day, June 12)}. Then R might tell us, for example, which occasions are assigned to calendar dates. A. Domain and Image Let Rbe a relation from set A to the set B. The domain of Ris the set dom R defined by dom R= {a ¢ Aj (a,b) € R for some b ¢ B} The image (or range) of R is the set of im R defined by im R=(b € B (a,b) e R forsomea e A} Example 2: Let A = (4, 7}, Then AxA = ((4, 4), (4, 7), (7, 4), (7, 7)}. Let 6 on A be the description of xy © x+yis even. Then (4, 4) € ¢, and (7,7) € 6. B. Relations on Multiple Sets Given two sets $ and T, a binary relation from $ to T is a subset of SxT. Given n sets Si, Sa... Sn, 0 > 2, an neary relation on S1 x $2x ... x Suis a subset of $1 x $2x ... x Se. relation if itis reflexive, symmetric andal kind of rel mathematics. An unde! ncepts in the study of 1 interest in the field tion is function, one of the most imp y for those with standin, of the concept is necess dealing with quantitative relationships. of mathematics, physics, engineering, or any discipli A function is a relation in which, for each value of the first component of the ordered pairs, there is exactly one value of the second component. The set X is called the domain of the function, For each element of x in X, the corresponding element y in Y is called the value of the function at x, of the image of x. The set of all images of the elements of the domain is called the range of the function. A function can also be expressed as a correspondence or mapping from one set to another. The mapping in Figure 8.10 is a function that assigns to holidays to its specific dates, Figure 8.10 * yf) Domain Range ‘The domain of the function is {Christmas, New Year, Valentine's Day, Independence Day}, while the range is (December 25, January 1, February 14, June 12). _ Let us have another example by using set of ordered pairs of the relations. Now let us whether each of the following relation is a function. A=((L,3), 2 4), 3,5), 4, 6)) 7), (1,3), (0,1), (1,5), 2 5)} 0), 3, 2), (7, 4), (9, } Figure 8.11 fe)ati aa woe B are functions, because for each x-values, there is only one y-value. Notice tion, sve ordered pairs have the same y-value. This does not violate the definition of . a Rreatee arent first component (x-value) has only one second component (y-value). Figure 8.11 illustrates the relation of the domain and range of the given ordered pairs. Relation C is not function, because the first tw st two ordered pairs have -value, but different in y-values. This violates the definition ofa function. have the same x y B. Vertical Line Test for a Function ite ee hine cuts the graph of a relation in more than one point, then the relation does not represent a function. For example, the graph shown in Figure 8.12 is not a graph of the function since a vertical Tine test can cut the graph in more than one point, while in the graph in Figure 8.13 does represent a function since the Figure 8.12 vertical line test cuts the graph on a single point = ¥ Figure 8.13, ' " | 1 Le ’ 4 IE) | t ie |_| i 1 Tel t 7 it 1 ~~ i 1 1 x t ie | 1 | | 1 | t i T ' l f Bee yeher men T | L H i To say that y is a function of x means that for each value of x from the domain of the function, there is exactly one value of y. To emphasize that y is a function of x, or that y depends on x, it is common to denote y = fx), with f(x) read “f of x”. (Take note that, the parentheses do not indicate multiplication.) For example, y= 2x + 1, we emphasize that y is function of x by writing y = 2x +1 as f(x) = 2x +1. h, are often use to name functions. Since the choice of letter is arbitrary, the 2x+Lorh(x)=2x+1. 2-1)!Set of ordered pairs: (1, 22, 5) {yi yor yo} {Ga vi), (a2 2), (xs, ya)} Where x, 4.x, #x, and Wi FY A Ys Linear Function: y {xjr € R} tyly € ¢) Linear Function: y= mx +b {xbx € R) tyly € R) Quadratic Function: | yeaxttbrtea>0 (xr € R} ty €® y> to) Bt yraxtbxtca<0 {xlx © R} tyly eR, y< 4H bey Rational Function: y = £@) g(x) {xlx € R, g(x) #0} | fyly © R, gy) 4} Solve for xin terms of y, x - JW) sty) - Radical Function: ¥=V Fe) nis an odd integer, (re eR} yy eR) nis an even integer, {x eR, fl) 20) | tyly eR, y2 0} Absolute Value Function {axle € R} {yly € R, y= 0} Example: Determine the domain and range of the following functions. a. ((,2),8,5),67) £ ae b. y=7 mya © y=2x+9 z= aus Beret ice + 2x42 Range: (2, 5,7} Range: {yly = 7}yrx+9 Domain: {xjx ¢ R) y=8-2r41 Domain: {x/x € R} 4ac-h 4a => y> 4Q-(2° 41) Range: (uly € R, y > 0} yr-xt+2x+2 Domain: (x\x € R} ve dac— — = y<4H@)- Q)* 4(-1) Range: {yly © R, y <3) x+3 Range: (yly © R} > 4-4 Domain: x-240>x=2= (xj 8, x42} Range: Solve for x in terms of y, y= SB ue 2)= x43 xy~2y = x43 xy—x=2y 43> x(y-1) =2y+39x=— x y-14#0>y=1> tyly eR, y#1) y=Vx4+5 Domain: {xjx € R} y=vx-8 -820= (xx eR, x28} 2y+3 y-1 Range: {yly < 8} Range:{yly € R, y 2 0} Range: (yly € Ry > 0} |If fand g are functions and x is an element of the domain of each function, then (f+ 9) = F004 9) (F-90) = fO-9(0) Fe 9)0) = fide gi) fx) oS) six) #0 \s si Example: Let f and ¢ be two functions defined as f(x) = x? + 3x + 2 and g(x) = x + 2. Find the following: a. (f+g)2) (fg) & (feg)(-1) 4(2}o Solution: & F+g)2)=F(2)+ g(2)= (2 + 3x 42) + (+2) = [22+3(2) +2] + (242) 124+ 4 = 16 Bb. f= sl) =f (1) - g(1) = (2 + 3x +2) - (x +2) = [12 + 3(1) +2] - (1 +2) = 6-3 =3 & Fe gh -1)=FC1) # gl) = (a? + 3x +2)(x + 2) = [(-1)? + 3-1) + 2-1) + 2] = 001) = 0 &. (Lg) £0) _ 28 43442 _ 3° +39)42 _ 94942 _ (g} gs) x42 342 5 & Enrichment Exercise 8.6 | | Let fand g be two functions defined as f(x) = 2x? -3x +5 and g(x) =x? -2, find the following. | (2 +92) b. (F-g)0) «&. (F#8)(0) a (Z}o ‘Composition of function is another way of combining functions. This method of combining ns uses the output of one function as the input for a second function. e 8.14. It provides an illustration of the definition of composite anction g in f [g(x)] is done first. — Output Fls@)Iaemple 2: Suppoee that f(a) Waa. dand px) waxes Find! ASN) & (Fo fia) b. (go solution: tie 4. (gogi(x) & PosXe)=flats))= (2x81) = 3(2r-1)4406r-3.44m6r41 b (ge M)= SEF = g(8x44) = 203144) -1= 6148-12 6x47 © FANG)= AUECM = f08x44) =331-44)44 0x 41244 = 99-416 4. (geg)(2)= si8)]= g(2x—1) =22x-1)-1=4x-2-1=4y-3 Example 2: Suppose that f(x) =2x—3 and g(x) =2-5x. Find the following composite functions, and then find the domain of each composite function. a (Fesyl) — b. (go fy(-2) © (fefy(2) 4. (geg)(-1) Solution: a (fegi(x) = fla) = f(2—5x) =2(2-5x)-3=4—10x-3=—10x+1 (feg)() =—10(1) +1=-1041=-9 B. (ge f)(2) = SF) = 9(2x-3) = 2-5(2x—3) = 2-10 +15 =—10x+17 (g° f\(-2) =-10(-2) +17 = 20417 =37 C (fe f(x) = fLF(@)] = f(2x-3) = 2(2x-3)-3 = 4x-6-3= 4-9 (fe f)Q)=42)-9=8-9 =-1 4. (g0g)(x) = gla(2)] = g(2—5x) =2-5(2-5x) =2-10+25x = 25x-8 (seg) =25(-1)-8 =-25-8=-33Example: Determine whether or not the graph represents the graph on a one-to-one function. Figure 8.15 (a) () Solution: oe Note that Example (a), a horizontal line can intersect the graph at more than one point, ‘ erefore, the graph (quadratic function) in not a one-to-one function. On the other hand, Example (b) and (©), are graphs of a one-to-one function, since no more than one point, intersects the graph vertically and horizontally. B. Inverse of a Function The inverse of a function is a set of ordered pairs formed by reversing the coordinates of each ordered pair of the function. The domain of the inverse function is the range of the function, and the range of the inverse function is the domain of the function. Remember that a function f has an inverse if and only if fis one-to-one function. In addition, if two functions are inverses of each other, then their graphs are mirror images with respect to the graph of the line y =x. Figure 8.16 domain of f eae off range of f-! @ composition of a function and its inverse is shown in the given | fLfe@)=x- of a one-to-one function. The symbol f(x) is read “f ocal of f(x) but the notation for the inverse of a one-to-& Steps in Solving the inverse of a One-to-One Function | Replace f(x) by y \ Interchange x and y Solve for v in terms of Replace y with ¢ (4) Verify it f(xyand own (x) are inverses of each other. Example 1: The function fis one-to-one, Find the inverse and check the answer & f(x) = 2x44 b. Fy = Solution: a flx)=2x44 Replace f(x) by y. Interchange x and y. Solve for y. Divide both side of equation by 2. Apply partial fraction. | Simplify rational expression. | Replace y by f(x). | Checking: Z 1 i lf "ele f(Gx-2)=2{bx-2)s4ar-araer Seo= f7 Qx+4)= 5 2x+4)-2=242-2=x Domain f= Range f~! = (2, «) Range f= Domain f~1 = (0-20) __ Notice that the graph of the function f (x) and f-"(x) are symmetric with respect to the graph ofFigure 8.17 Replace f(x) by y. Interchange x and y. Multiply both side of equation by (y~7)- Solve for y- Divide both sides of equation by x. Simplify rational expression. Replace y by f""(x)- ee ee 2) 2x Bs pa) ase q ha) 742-72 2F Uf) f7 @x—3)= A988 2348 By Since, f[g(x)]=x and g[f(x)]=x, the functions f(x)=2x—3and g(x) = **3 are inverses of each a other. | Determine the inverse of each function. @ f()=F G1 bfx)