‘The exponential function with base a is defined by the equation y=f(x)=a, where a>Oanda#1. The domain of the exponential function is the set of real numbers and the range is a set of itive real numbers. Now let us look at some graphs of exponential function. Given y = fl) = 2* Jet us plot the graph of the function. Figure 11.1 Notice how the curve of fx) = 2" comes very close to the x-axis but never touches it. The x-axis is an asymptote for every exponential function. Remember that lz) is always positive, so the range | of function fis the set of positive numbers [ (whereas the domain is the set of real | numbers) as reflected in Figure 11.1. When the base is greater than one, as x increases, f(x) increases faster and faster (that is curve gets steeper). +H First is to collect some coordinates of the function, Now lets us graph the function (x) Figure 11.2 shows that the curve of g(x)-_1 also comes very close to the x-axis but never touches it (asymptotic). It also have the same range and domain with f (x) = 2’. Note that in the given function as x increases, ¢(x) decreases faster and faster (that is curve gets steeper). Figure 11.2 [alAs shown in Figure 11.3, the graph of g(x) = 1 can also be found by comparing to the graph 7 of fix) = 2*. Since (x)= = 2 * = f(x), y-values for function g are the same as the y-values for function f on the opposite side of the y-axis, In other words, the graph of function g is the reflection of the graph of function f through the y-axis. Figure 11.3 ee of y= fix) =a Domain: all real numbers x. Range: all positive numbers y. The function is increasing when a > 1, and it is decreasing when 0 1 and for 0. 1 and toward the right for 0Q and a#1. Domain: all positive numbers x. Range: all real numbers y. The function is increasing when a > 1, and it is decreasing when 0 1 and it is concave up for 0 1 and in the upward direction for 0 0, y=log xi y=In 1, Write as a single logarithmic expression with a coefficient of 1. a. 2log A—5log B—4logC b Blog A+} log B->logC 2, Expand the logarithmic expressions. ‘A a no gheetes b. Liner ‘A. Exponential Equation Example 1; Solve for the value of x in each exponential equation.b. Represent 625 as 5* Equate the exponents : Collect like terms. Combine like terms. Divide both sides by 3. logo" =log 6 ‘Take the logarithm of both sides. Gr+Dlog9=log6 Apply logarithmic property 8. ar41— 788 Divide both sides by log 9. log? log 6 Brewood, Add -1 to both sides. log9 1/log6 pee Multiply both sides by %. 3 (log 9 ) oa ms 1/ 0.7781512504 gly(0:7781512504 _ Apply logarithm. 3 (sete 1) pate = 5 (1.226294386 -1) Simplify x= 0.0754 Simplify. de In exponential expression involving ¢ raised to a power, it is best to take the natural logarithm of each side of the equation. Ine=1n27 Take the natural logarithm of each side, (x-1) ne=In27 Apply logarithmic property 8 x-1=In27 Ine=1. x=In27+1 Add 1 to both sides. 295836866 +1 Apply natural logarithm. x= 4.2958 Simplify. | # Enrichment Exercise 11.44 | Solve for the value of x in each exponential equation. a, #1 = 1024 b. 4:=15 c= 23 _B. Logarithmic Equation equations, we will be guided by the steps below.e the properties of logarithms to rewrite the logarithmic expressions as a single | logarithmic expression. . Use the definition of logarithm to rewrite the expre: tial form. 1 in expo ind solve for the variable. Check your answer by substituting it into the original equation, Exclude from the solution any logarithm of a negative numbe Simplify the exponential expressios ase L . Example &: Solve for the value of x in each logarithmic equation. a log, (5x+7)—log ,(x-3 ©. log(x+5) + log(x—2) = log(x 2) b. log 4 = 2-log(x +5) d. logx = log(3x+8) uch value is called extraneous solution. Solution: a log, (5x +7)log ,(x-3)=2 Apply logarithmic property 7. Write equation in exponential form. Evaluate 42 ve ro |a—a) Multiply both side by (x - 3). es 5x+7=16(x~3) Simplity, 5x +7 = 16x —48 Distribute 16. 16x 5; Collect like terms uw Combine like terms. Divide both side by 11. Checking: log ,[5(5)+7]—log,, (5-3) =2 Replace x by 5. log ,(25+7)-log, 2=2 log, 32-log, 2=2 log, 16 =2 True. —log(x +5) g4+log(x+5)=2 Add log (x + 5) to each side. 1 Apply logarithmic property 6. Simplify. Write equation in exponential form.Checking; log4 log(20+5) 2-log 25 log4 0.6020599913 = 0.6020599913 © log(x+5)+log(x—2) = log(x-2) ) = log(x-2) (x +5)(x-2)=x-2 ¥+3x—10 =x-2 10+2=0 log(x + 5)(x-2 x+3x x+2x-8 (e+ 4)(x-2) x+4=0 x=-4 Checking: log(4+5) +1og(4-2) = log(4-2) log 1+log(-6) = log(-6) log(2+5) +1og(2-2) =log(2-2) log7 +log 0 =log0 Replace x by 20. It checks, Apply logarithmic property 6. Apply logarithmic property 9. FOIL method Collect like terms. Combine like terms Factor. Solve for x. Replace x by ~4. Replace x by 2. We can discard ~4 because it leads to taking the logarithm of zero and also 2 which leads a negative number, which is also not permissible. Thus, there is no solution: d. logx =log(3x +8) x=3x+8 3x-x=-8 2x=-8 x=4 Checking: log(-4) =log[3(-4) +8] log(-4) =log(-4) Apply logarithmic property 9. Collect like terms. Combine like terms. Divide both side by 2. Replace x by ~4. There is no solution, since -2 is an extraneous solution because it leads to negative logarithm. Exercise 11.4B ‘of x in each logarithmic equ ation. : b. log(x +6) +log(x +2) =log(x +20) e applied to describe an increase or decrease in populations, and decay of radioactive elements of these applications.There are two important formulas that will apply in the following examples the periodic growth and the continuous growth. Periodic growth is growth that este ea ane rval (euch as yearly, quarterly, monthly, etc.), while continuous growth are gr vvtha th events continually at each instant. The formula for continuous growth is used in ae a te ie be of growth periods is relatively large (e.g, population, number of bacteria, etc). ares A. Periodic Growth Formula ‘al amount P growing at an annual rate r with periodic compounding m times a B. Continuous Growth and Decay Formula For an original amount P growing (decaying) continuously at a rate r for a time f, A= Pe“. If +>0, there is growth; if r <0, there is decay. Example 1: How many years will take an investment of P25,000 to double in value if interest is compounded quarterly at a rate of 10%? Solution: Given P=25,000, A=2(25,000)=50,000, r=10%=0.10, n=4, A= »( + 2) 1 50,000 = 25,000(1 = on) Substitute the given. 2=(1+0.025)" Divide both sides by 25,000. 2=(1.025)* Simplify. log2=log(1.025)*" Take the logarithm of both sides. log2 = 4# log(1.025) Apply logarithmic property 8. pining 2k Solve for t. Tog(1.025) 03010299957 BOIS0102999878 Apply logarithm. 0.04289546157 : #=7.017758631 Calculator approximation. t=7 The investment'will double in value in approximately 7 years. ation of a small island is growing continuously at the rate of 2% per year. nearest thousand the population of the island after 20 years, given 1 is now 70,000.A=70,0000%° Simplify power of ¢ 0,000(1.491824698) Evaluate e. 104,427.73 Calculator approximation. 104,000 At the end of 20 yea the population will be approximately 104,000. Example 3: Carbon 14 decays continuously at a rate of 0.01245% per year. When living tissue dies, it no longer absorbs Carbon 14; any Carbon 14 present decays and is not replaced. An archeologist has determined that only 29% of the Carbon 14 originally ina plant specimen remains. Estimate the age of this specimen Solution: Given A=0.29P, r=-0.01245% = -0.0001245, A=Pe' 0.29P = Pe-oamass Substitute the given 0.29 = eons: Divide both sides by P. 1n 0.29 = In ¢ “0mm Take the natural logarithm of both sides. In. 0.29 =~0.0001245¢ In e Apply logarithmic property 8. In 0.29 = -0.0001245t Ine=1. pelos 029 Solve for t. = 0.001245 $= 9,942.77 Calculator approximation. The specimen is approximately 10,000 years old. Example 4: If the number of bacteria in a certain culture doubles every hour and there are 250 bacteria present initially, then the number of bacteria present hours is found by the formula x=250(2'). Find the approximate number of bacteria present after 20 minutes. Solution: Let x be the number of bacteria after 20 minutes. tis 20 minutes or % hour. x=250(2') x=250(2"”?) Substitute % for f. x= 250(1.25992105) Evaluate 2°, x=314.98 Calculator approximation. After 20 minutes, there will be approximately 315 bacteria, # Enrichment Exercise 11.5 derived from radioactive isotopes can be used to supply power to space vehicles. The the radioactive power supply for a certain satellite is given by the function