Chapter 8 Trigonometric Identities Key Words: trigonometric identity fundamental identities reciprocal identities pythagorean identities quotient identities double-angle identities sum and difference identities _half-angle identities Learning Objectives: At the end of the chapter, the student should be able to: ¢ familiarize oneself with trigonometric identities. simplify and prove trigonometric expressions. determine values of circular functions under certain conditions. % solvea problem using sum and difference identities. olve a problem using double-angle identities a problem using half-angle identities. {ERICAL TRIGONOMETRYAn equation is said to be an identity if it is true for all values in its domain. A trigonometric identity is an equation that involves trigonometric functions and is true for all values in the domain. There are several fundamental identities that can be grouped into 3 kinds: reciprocal, quotient, and ‘Pythagorean identities. These fundamental identities are useful in simplifying trigonometric expressions, deriving other identities, and determining the values of the circular functions under certain conditions. 3.1 Fundamental Identities A. Reciprocal Identities < i qi sing=—- <—» csc = «> csc sind =1 ese sind 1 _—> seci= +> secdcosd=1 cos? 1 | 3, tand=—— «—+ cotd=—— +—+ cot tan = 1 cod tan@ Note: The symbol “4«——» means ° is equivalent to”Examples: Simplify the following trigonometric expressions 1 sit’B +.cos’B F tanB Solution: Apply the Pythagorean identity sin’?@+cos’0=1 and quotient identity. sin*B + cos?B 1 =—— = cot tanB tanB B tan@-2 Solution: Apply the Pythagorean identity tan26+1=sec"® and then factor the resulting trinomial. sec’8-4tan6+3 _ tan’6+1-4tan6+3 tane-2——ts«éitant@-2. _ tan’@-4tand+4 ~ tan@-2 +1) tan’@ = (csc’8 1) tan’ ; =(cot?6) tan’o=14. Iftan@ = $00) € lll, find the values of the other 5 circular functions. Solutions: First, we solve forr, thatis , f= (ay +(-1 y = V5. Now we use the fundamental identities to find the remaining circular functions. From reciprocal identities, From Pythagorean identities, sin = + 1-cos? @andsecé = +y1+ tan’ 6. Consequently, since the terminal point of 0 is in the 3rd quadrant then