CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS OF TWO ANGLES 3.3 Sum and Difference Identities for Cosine Consider any two angles a and B in standard position drawn in a unit circle with terminal points M & N, respectively. Let a be larger than B, and let 8=a~B as shown in the figure below.(cos6,sin8) By the distance formula, (MN) 2 = (cos a —cos B )? +(sina—sin B )* = cos *a—2 cos acos B + cos” B+sin2?a—2sinasinB+sin?B =2-2 cosacosB-2sinasinB since cos 2a + sin?a = 1 andcos?B+sin*B=1 Likewise, by the distance formula, (QP)? =(cos®-1)? +(sin 8-0)? = cos 78 -2cds8+1+sin? 6 (QP)? =2-2cos® But @ = a— and cos @ = cos (a- 8). Consequently, (QP)? =2-2cos(a-8). PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY 100Since arc MN = arc QP, it follows that chord MN = chord QP. Consequently, (MN) ? = (QP)?. Thus, 2-2 cos acos B~2 sina sin B = 2-2 cos (a—B) —2 cos a cos B- 2 sinasin B= —2cos (a-) Dividing both sides by -2, we get the formula for the cosine of the difference of two angles; cos (a—8) =cosacos B+sinasinB To derive the formula for cosine of the sum of two angles, we replace B by—B and use the fact that cos (-0) = cos @ and sin (-8) = - sin @. Thatis, cos (a + B) = cos (a (-8)) = cos a cos (-8) + sina sin (-B). = cos a cos B - sinasin B Hence, we get the following formula for cosine; cos (a+B)=cos acos B-sinasinB3.4 Sum and Difference Identities for Sine To derive a formula for sin(@~/3) , we use sin 8 = cos (90° 8) Replacing 8 by (a — 8), we obtain sin (a—) = cos (90°~ (a-8)) = cos [(90 °~ a) + B) = cos (90 °- a) cos B — sin (90°—a) sinB But a and (90 °—a) are complementary angles, so cos (90 °-a) = sin aand sin ( (90: °.q)=cos a. It follows that sin (a-B)=sinacos B- cos asin. | Now, we replace B by — 8 and applying the derived formula for sine difference of two angles, we obtain the formula for sin (a + 8) Thatis, sin(a+) =sin(a-—(-8)) = sina cos (-B) — cos asin (-B) = sina cos B + cos a sin B (Signs of Negative Angles) sin(a+)=sinacosB+cosasinB This gives us the addition formula for sine. 3.5 Sum and Difference Identities for Tangent - To derive the addition formula for tangent, we use the quotient identity ‘sin, iB cosp sear cosa \ cos 8Example: For nos. 1-3.Find the exact values 1. cos 15° (use 45° and 60°) Solution: cos 15° = cog (60°- 45°) = Cos 60°cos 45° + sin 60° sin 45° DE) = 12 V6 _ V2+V6 Nid rar rare 2. sin 75° (use 45° and 30°) Solution: sin 75°= sin (45°+ 30°) = sin 45°cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30° V2)( V8), (v2 (3) PL ge} a2 eB Fs AeA nd 3 .tan 105° (use 45° and 60°) Solution: tan 105° = tan (45° + 60°) tan45°+ tan60° ~ 1-tan45°tan60° = ee ~ (2/3)Note: The sum and difference identities for the remaining trigonometric functions can be found by using the reciprocal identities. For example: csc(a+f) = u sin(a+)” Example 4: 5 If sna=~,a in Qi and cosB=—,B in Ql, find the following; a.sin(a—B) c. cos(a+B) e. Quadrant where (a + §) lies. b.tan(a+B) d. csc (a—f) Solutions: We first find the values of cos @, sin #, tan @ and tan# as follows: 3 By definition, sina= Z =5 hence y=3 andr=5. Thus, by the Pythagorean theorem, x= +r? -y* = V5 - 3° =- ; ee 4 xis negative since a € Qll. Consequently , cosa = a andtana = “3. aoe x_5 Similarly, ees =33 ; hence x = 5 and r= 13. Thus, by the Pythagorean theorem, y = tV¥r x? =J13?—5? =12, 12 y is negative since B < QI. Consequently , sinB = Z and tanp = S We are now ready to use the sum and difference identities as follows: a. sin(a-B)=sinacos B-cosasinf HCl 15 48b. tan(a +p) = tana + tanp 1-tanatanp Bele “4+ Laue e 1-(-2/2 4hs 38) 256) cos(a +) = cosacos — sina sinB Bind (Moe eS lz +2513) Se) 56 4265p 1 Sc (a-f)= Sin(a—p) sinacosp—cosasinB il Gos) Since tan (a+ A)is positive and cos (a + £)is negative, then (a + f) lies in the third quadrant.Ta Example 5. Find the exact value of sec —> ie 7m H i 1 Solution: Since ee z4m and sec then sec x : eh O04 120 Tn 12 Tm cos, cos} — += 12 3 4 Now, cos( $+) = cos cos? sin sin? 4