SCIENCE

1ST QUARTER

GAS POSTULATES

GAS – a state of matter that has particles that are POSTULATES – statement that is accepted as
freely moving and are widely far from each other, being true.
which makes them highly compressible; have
undefined shape and volume. ASSUMPTION – a claim that is something true.

COMMON GASSES AND THEIR USES FIVE POSTULATES:

1. Gases are composed of many particles that
GAS FACTS USES behave like hard spherical objects in a state of
AIR Air is all around Without this constant, random motion and straight-line
us. gas, we cannot motion.
78% nitrogen, breathe and
21% oxygen & fire does not 2. Gas particles move in a straight line until they
1% trace gases. burn. It collide with another particle or the walls of the
supports container.
balloons and
airplanes. 3. Gas particles are much smaller than the distance
NATURAL Natural gas Used as a fuel between particles; therefore, the volume of a gas
GAS comes from the and for is mostly empty space.
ground. heating.
OXYGEN We cannot Used for 4. There is no force of attraction between gas
breathe or breathing and particles or between the particles of the walls of
create fire, manufacturing the container.
without this gas. metals.
CARBON Needed by The gas in 5. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules
DIOXIDE plants when carbonated depends on the temperature of the gas.
they make food. drinks and
used in fire PROPERTIES OF GASES
extinguishers.
NITROGEN Main gas in the Used to make QUALITATIVE – refers to the attributes
air. plant food
(fertilizer) and COMPRESSIBILITY – ability to be pressed together;
also used in force into less space.
explosives.
MISCIBILITY – ability to be capable of being mixed.
Nitrogen – the most abundant gas in the
atmosphere. EXPANDABILITY – ability to spread out; extend into
more space.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY FLUIDITY – ability of a substance to flow; opposite
of viscosity.
3 PROPONENTS OF THE KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY: QUANTITATIVE – refers to numbers
• Rudolf Clausius
• Ludwig Boltzmann PRESSURE (P) – exertion of force upon a surface
• James Clark Maxwell by an object.

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY – five postulates

that describe the behavior of molecules in a gas.

1
 YSL:

UNIT OF PRESSURE:
• Pascal (Pa) (if there is no direct conversion)
• kilopascal (kPa) Convert 20 atm to mmHg
• atmosphere (atm)
• milimeter of mercury (mmHg) Since there is no direct conversion from atm to
• torr (torr) mmHg, first convert atm to torr then convert torr to
mmHg.
CONVERSION OF UNITS OF PRESSURE:
1 kPa = 1000 Pa 760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
20 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = = 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 20 𝑥 760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
1 torr = 1 mmHg 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
1 Pa = 9.8629x10-6 atm = 𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒓
1 atm = 760 torr
1 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
15 200 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 = = 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
1 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
TEMPERATURE (T) – degree or intensity of heat = 1 𝑥 15 200 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 𝟏𝟓 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈
present in a substance or object.
2. TEMPERATURE – substitutions
UNIT OF TEMPERATURE
• Celsius (C) – Andrei Celsius Convert 30°F to Celsius
• Fahrenheit – Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
𝐹 − 32 30 − 32 −2
• Kelvin (K) – William Thomson aka Lord 𝐶= = = = −𝟏. 𝟏𝟏°𝑪
Kelvin 1.8 1.8 1.8

3. VOLUME
CONVERSION OF UNITS OF TEMPERATURE:
C = (F-32) / 1.8
(if there is direct conversion)
F = 1.8 (C) + 32
Convert 20 L to mL
K = C + 273.15
1000 𝑚𝐿
VOLUME (V) – space occupied by gas particles. 20 𝐿 = = 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙 𝐿 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿
1𝐿
= 𝟐𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝑳
UNIT OF VOLUME
• milliliter (mL) (if there is no direct conversion)
• liter (L) Convert 20 L to m3
• cubic centimeter (cm3)
• metric cube (m3)
1000 𝑚𝐿
CONVERSION OF UNITS OF VOLUME: 20 𝐿 = = 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙 𝐿 = 20 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝐿
1𝐿
1L = 1000 mL = 𝟐𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝑳
1 cm3 = 1 mL
1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3 1 𝑚𝐿 = 1 𝑐𝑚3
20 000 𝑚𝐿 = 20 000 𝑐𝑚3
AMOUNT OF GAS – number of gas molecules in a
certain container. 1 𝑚𝐿
20 000 𝑐𝑚3 = = 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑚3
1 000 000 𝑐𝑚3
EXAMPLES OF CONVERSION 20 000 𝑥 1
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝟑
1 000 000
1. PRESSURE

(if there is direct conversion)

Convert 20 kPa to Pa

1000 𝑃𝑎 20 𝑥 1000 𝑃𝑎
20 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = = 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙 𝑘𝑃𝑎 =
1 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1
= 𝟐𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒂

2
 YSL:

GAS LAWS GENERAL FORMULA:

𝑉1 𝑇2 = 𝑉2 𝑇1
BOYLE’S LAW (VOLUME-PRESSURE) – states
that the volume of a given mass held at a constant If Initial Volume (V1) is missing:
𝑉𝑇
temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure. 𝑉1 = 2𝑇 1
2
• Robert Boyle
If Final Volume (V2) is missing:
When volume increases, pressure decreases. 𝑉𝑇
𝑉2 = 1𝑇 2
When pressure increases, volume decreases. 1

GENERAL FORMULA: If Initial Temperature (T1) is missing:

𝑉𝑇
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑇1 = 1 2
𝑉2

If Initial Pressure (P1) is missing:

𝑃 𝑉 If Final Temperature (T2) is missing:
𝑃1 = 𝑉2 2 𝑉𝑇
1 𝑇2 = 𝑉2 1
1

If Initial Volume (V1) is missing:

𝑃 𝑉 PROBLEM 2:
𝑉1 = 𝑃2 2 If a gas at 5.0 liters and 20 degrees Celsius is cooled
1
to -10 degrees Celsius while the pressure remains
If Final Pressure (P2) is missing: constant, what will be its final volume?
𝑃 𝑉
𝑃2 = 𝑉1 1
2 GIVEN:
𝑉1 = 5.0 𝐿 𝑇1 = 20° 𝐶 𝑇2 = −10°𝐶
If Final Volume (V2) is missing:
𝑃 𝑉
𝑉2 = 1 1 𝑇1 = 20°𝐶 + 273.15 = 293.15 𝐾
𝑃2
𝑇2 = −10°𝐶 = 263.15 𝐾
PROBLEM 1:
(5.0 𝐿)(263.15 𝐾) 1315.75
A gas occupies a volume of 8.0 liters at a pressure 𝑉2 = 293.15 𝐾
= 293.15
= 𝟒. 𝟒𝟗 𝑳
of 4.0 atm. If the volume is doubled while keeping
the temperature constant, what will be the new
pressure? GAY LUSSAC’S LAW (PRESSURE-
TEMPERATURE) – it states that the pressure of a
GIVEN: fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to the
𝑃1 = 4.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑉1 = 8.0 𝐿 𝑉2 = 16.0 𝐿 absolute temperature.
• Joseph Louis Gay Lussac
FORMULA:
𝑃 𝑉
𝑃2 = 𝑉1 1 When pressure increases, temperature increases.
2
When temperature increases, pressure increases.
(4.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(8.0 𝐿) 32
𝑃2 = (16.0 𝐿)
= 16 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒕𝒎 GENERAL FORMULA:
𝑃1 𝑇2 = 𝑃2 𝑇1

CHARLES’S LAW (VOLUME-TEMPERATURE) – it If Initial Pressure (P1) is missing:

states that the Kelvin temperature and the volume of 𝑃 𝑇
𝑃1 = 𝑇2 1
the gas are directly proportional when there is no 2

change in the pressure of a gas.

• Jacques Alexandre Charles If Final Pressure (P2) is missing:
𝑃 𝑇
𝑃2 = 𝑇1 2
1
When volume increases, temperature increases.
When temperature increases, volume increases. If Initial Temperature (T1) is missing:
𝑃 𝑇
𝑇1 = 𝑃1 2
2

3
 YSL:

If Final Temperature (T2) is missing:

𝑃 𝑇
𝑇2 = 𝑃2 1
1

PROBLEM 3:
A gas has a pressure of 4.0 atm at 300 K. If the
temperature is decreased to 250 K while keeping the
pressure constant, what will be the final pressure of
the gas?

GIVEN:
𝑃1 = 4.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑇1 = 300 𝐾 𝑇2 = 250 𝐾

(4.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(250 𝐾) 1000

𝑃2 = 300 𝐾
= 300
= 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒎

TEST

PROBLEM 4:
A gas is initially at a temperature of 400 K and a
pressure of 3.0 atm. If the pressure is decreased to
2.0 atm while keeping the temperature constant,
what will be the final temperature of the gas in
Celsius?

PROBLEM 5:
If a gas occupies a volume of 2.0 liters at 25 degrees
Celsius, what will be its volume at 75 degrees
Celsius when the pressure is held constant?

PROBLEM 6:
A gas is initially at a pressure of 4.0 atm and a
volume of 12.0 liters. If the volume is increased to
18.0 liters while keeping the temperature constant,
what will be the new pressure?

PROBLEM 7:
A gas has a pressure of 0.37 atm at 50.0°C. What
is the new pressure at standard temperature?

PROBLEM 8:
A tank holds 2785 L of propane at 830 mmHg. What
is the volume of propane at standard pressure?

PROBLEM 9:
Under constant pressure condition, a sample of
hydrogen gas initially at 850°C and 7.2 L is cooled
until its final volume is 4.1 L. what is its final
temperature?

4
 YSL:
BIOMOLECULES
BIOMOLECULES or MARCROMOLECULES –
molecules of compounds needed for life.
o Can only be found in living things.
o Polymers of smaller and simpler organic
molecules, containing Carbon (C), Hydrogen
(H), and Oxygen (O).
o Made from liking small subunits called
Monomers.
4 CATEGORIES:
CARBOHYDRATES
o Provides energy or fuels
o Major source of energy for the body
o Also known as saccharides
o Main function is to supply the cells with
“instant energy”
MONOSACCHARIDES – simplest sugar and basic
subunit of carbohydrate.
o 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6
3 COMMON MONOSACCHRIDES:
GLUCOSE or Aldohexose – corn sugar,
grape sugar and blood sugar.
FRUCTOSE or Levulose – sugar that comes
from fruits.
GALACTOSE – sugar from milk or dairy
products.
DISACCHARIDE – double sugar molecules
o 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11
o Formed by:
o Condensation reaction – two
molecules or parts of the same
molecule combine
o Hydrolysis reaction – the bond
between monosaccharides is broken
with the addition of a water molecule.
3 COMMON DISACCHARIDES:
SUCROSE – galactose and fructose
LACTOSE – galactose and glucose
MALTOSE – glucose and glucose
POLYSACCHARIDE – more than 2 carbohydrates
linked together by oxygen
3 COMMON POLYSACCHARIDES:
STARCH – chief storage of carbohydrates in
plants and the most important source of
carbohydrates in human nutrition.
GLYCOGEN – similar to starch but with a
higher degree of branching and is made by
animals.
CELLULOSE – basic components of
planets.
o Humans cannot digest cellulose but
when we eat fiber rich foods it speeds
up the movement of foods through
the digestive track.
LIPIDS (FATS)
o Has the job of storing energy for later use.
o Found in hormones and cell membrane
components.
o Acts as chemical messenger (steroid
hormone).
o Are made by linking chains of fatty acids.
COMMON LIPIDS
Fatty acids or Carboxylic Acids
o Fats – solid at room temperature and contain
saturated fatty acids; produced by animals
only.
o Oils – liquid at room temperature and contain
unsaturated fatty acids; produced by plants.
Neutral fats or Triglycerides – most abundant of the
lipids
Steroids – composed of fused rings of atoms.
o Cholesterol – sterol because of the presence
of alcohol or hydroxyl functional group.
Waxes
PROTEINS
o Also known as Polypeptides
o Made up of elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen
(H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and Sulfur (S).
o Made of amino acids bonded together in a
long chain
o Have structural and mechanical uses and
also participate in many cellular processes.
5
 YSL:

Functions as:
☺ Enzymes
☺ Pigment and steroid hormones

AMINO ACIDS – building block of proteins

o INSULIN – simplest protein, the substance
injected to diabetic patients.

PEPTIDE BOND – amide bond between amino

acids.
DIPEPTIDE – two amino acids are combined.
POLYPEPTIDE – more than 10 amino acid
residues are joined.

NUCLEIC ACIDS
o Largest and most complex molecules
o Transports, transmits, stores and translates
genetic information
o DNA & RNA

DEOXYRIBRONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) – found

only inside the nucleus of the cell; stores genetic
information.
☺ Chromosomes are formed from
coiled DNA.

RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) – found both inside

and outside of the nucleus; transports genetic
information.