Chapter 9 Combined Stress

➢ Basic three (03) types of loading; (i) Axial, (ii) Torsional, (iii) Flexural

❑Previous chapters deal one of these three loading on a structure at a time, however
this chapter concerns the cases of two or more loading on a structure at a time.

➢ Basic three loading and their corresponding stresses;

1. Axial loading: sa = P/A
2. Torsional loading: t = Tr/J
3. Flexural loading: sf = My/I
The possible combination of these stresses are: ± sa ± sf , ± t ± sf , ± sa ± t ± sf

➢ This chapter focuses on: ± sa ± sf (Combined axial and flexural)

 ❖ Analysis for Combined Axial and Flexural stress
➢ Considered a Simply supported beam with section b × h and a concentrated load
Q on the beam as shown in Fig. below
Q
h
NA

b
Stress distribution: compression in upper tension in lower
part, Maxi value: ± sf = My/I ; y = h/2

➢ Considered the same Simply supported beam with section b × h and an axial
load P on the beam as shown in Fig. below
P P h

b
Stress distribution: uniform tension over the section, Maxi
value: sa = P/A ; A = bh
 ❖ Analysis for Combined Axial and Flexural stress
➢ Considered the same Simply supported beam with section b × h and the
both loads simultaneously on the beam as shown in Fig. below
Q sf sa
P P h NA
+
b
sf - sa
h NA (new)

b sa + sf
Stress distribution: NA shifted to a new location and max
compression in upper is sc = sf – sa and max tension in
lower part is st = sa + sf .
 ❖ Analysis for Combined Axial and Flexural stress
Problem 902
Compare the maximum stress in
bent rod 1/2 in. square, where
the load P is 1/2 in. off center as
shown in Figure with the
maximum stress if the rod were
straight and the load applied
axially.

½ in

½ in
 ❖ Analysis for Combined Axial and Flexural stress
Problem 903
A cast iron link is 40 mm wide by 200 mm
high by 500 mm long. The allowable
stresses are 40 MPa in tension and 80 MPa
in compression. Compute the largest
compressive load P that can be applied to
the ends of the link along a longitudinal
axis that is located 150 mm above the
bottom of the link.
❖ Analysis for Combined Axial and Flexural stress
 ❖ Analysis for Combined Axial and Flexural stress
Problem 906
For the 2-in. by 6-in. wooden beam shown in Figure.
Determine the normal stress at A and B. Are these
the points of maximum normal stress? If not, where
are they located and what are their values?
 ❖ Analysis for Combined Axial and Flexural stress
Problem 906
For the 2-in. by 6-in. wooden beam shown
in Fig. P-906. Determine the normal stress
at A and B. Are these the points of
maximum normal stress? If not, where are
they located and what are their values?
❖ Analysis for Combined Axial and Flexural stress
 Eccentrically Loaded Short Compression Member
(Load applied off axes of symmetry) P
➢ Special case of combined axial and
flexural loading when a short strut carries C
a compressive load with an eccentricity -sa
P
P e M=Pe M=Pe

T C
-sf
sf P
m n M=Pe

T C

-sa + sf NA -sa - sf
 Eccentrically Loaded Short Compression Member
(Load applied off axes of symmetry)
P
P M=Pe
P e M=Pe

T C

-sa + sf -sa - sf
a NA
m n

➢ Location of new NA 0 = −𝜎𝑎 + 𝜎𝑓

can be obtained by 𝑃 𝑀𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑎
= =
knowing distance 𝐴 𝐼 𝐼
𝐼
where stress is zero 𝑎=
𝐴𝑒
 Eccentrically Loaded Short Compression Member
(Load applied off axes of symmetry) P
e M=Pe
P e
T C

b -sa + sf -sa - sf
a NA
m n h
0 = −𝜎𝑎 + 𝜎𝑓
➢ Compression member is 𝑃 𝑀𝑦 𝑃𝑒𝑎
week for tensile load, what = =
𝒉 𝑰 𝐴 𝐼 𝐼
is the value of eccentricity ➢ 𝒂 = 𝟐 = 𝑨𝒆 𝑎=
𝐼
for that why no tensile 𝐴𝑒
𝟐𝑰 𝟐𝒃𝒉𝟑 𝒉
load occur? ➢ 𝒆= = 𝟐 =
𝑨𝒉 𝟏𝟐𝒃𝒉 𝟔

➢ To avoid tensile stress, resultant load should be in the middle third of the section
 Eccentrically Loaded Compression Member
(Consideration for general cases)
➢ Consider the cross-section below. A compressive load P is applied at any point (ex, ey) with
respect to the principal axes x and y. The moment of P about these axes are respectively

Mx=Pey and My=Pex

The stress at any point (x, y) of the cross-section is
𝑷 𝑴𝒙 𝒚 𝑴𝒚 𝒙
𝝈=− ± ±
𝑨 𝑰𝒙 𝑰𝒚
To determine the neutral axis NA, Set s = 0
𝑷 𝑷𝒆𝒚 𝒚 𝑷𝒆𝒙 𝒙
𝟎=− ± 𝟐
±
𝑨 𝑨𝒓𝒙 𝑨𝒓𝟐𝒚
𝒆𝒚 𝒆𝒙
± 𝟐 𝒚 ± 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 Rearranging
𝒓𝒙 𝒓𝒚
It is straight line intersects x-axis and y-axis
Eccentrically Loaded Compression Member
(Consideration for general cases)
Equation of NA which is a straight line intersects x-axis and y-axis
𝒆𝒚 𝒆𝒙
± 𝒚± 𝟐 𝒙−𝟏=𝟎
𝒓𝟐𝒙 𝒓𝒚
➢ Assume it intercepts x- and y- axis at
the points those are u and v from origin
𝒓𝟐𝒚
For x-intercept of NA, set y = 0 and x = u 𝒖=−
𝒆𝒙
𝒓𝟐𝒙
For x-intercept of NA, set x = 0 and y = v 𝒗=−
𝒆𝒚

The NA passes through the quadrant that is opposite to the quadrant

containing P, and in general, it is not perpendicular to the direction OP.
 Kern of a Section
From the knowledge of eccentrically loading, the compressive load P causes compressive stress in the
region filled with blue dots and tensile stress in the region hatched with green dotted lines (shown in
figure below). These two regions (compression and tension regions) are separated by the neutral axis,
NA.

➢ There is a location of compressive force P in a

section so that P won’t produce any tensile
stress anywhere in the section. The extremities
of such location will enclose an area called
the kern of the section.

➢ When a compressive force will act at any point in the kern

area, the direct compressive stress equals or exceeds the
maximum flexural tensile stress at any point in the section.
Hence, the whole section is subjected to pure compression.
 Kern Area of Rectangular Section
In the case of rectangular section, the extremities of the kern area can be determined by allowing the NA
to pass through one corner of the rectangle so that the stress at the corner containing the NA is zero.

➢ From the figure above, it is assumed ab is the locus of points of

application of P for which corner B has zero stress.
Similarly, cd is the locus of loads that cause zero stress at
corner C. The hatched region in diamond shape is the kern
region.
 Kern Area of Rectangular Section
NA

We know the stress at any point (x, y) of the

cross-section is
To find the locus of ab or the equation of the
𝑷 𝑴𝒙 𝒚 𝑴𝒚 𝒙 extremities of the kern area (NA passes through
𝝈=− ± ±
𝑨 𝑰𝒙 𝑰𝒚 conner point B), set σ = 0 at (x, y) = (h/2, b/2).
𝒃 𝒉
𝑷 𝑷𝒆 𝒚 𝟐 𝑷𝒆 𝒙 𝟐
𝟎=− ± 𝟑
±
𝒃𝒉 𝒃𝒉 𝒃𝒉𝟑
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
 Kern Area of Rectangular Section

NA

𝒃 𝒉
𝑷 𝑷𝒆 𝒚 𝟐 𝑷𝒆 𝒙 𝟐
𝟎=− ± 𝟑
±
𝒃𝒉 𝒃𝒉 𝒃𝒉𝟑
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝒆𝒚 𝒆𝒙
𝟎 = −𝟏 ± ±
𝒃/𝟔 𝒉/𝟔
𝒆𝒚 𝒆𝒙
𝟎 = −𝟏 ± ±
𝒃/𝟔 𝒉/𝟔
This is the equation of the line in intercept form, coordinates are the following: (h/6, 0),
(-h/6, 0), (0, b/6), and (0, -b/6). Hence kern of a rectangular section is rectangle.
 Kern Area of Circular Section
𝑷 𝑴𝒙 𝒚 𝑴𝒚 𝒙
𝝈=− ± ±
𝑨 𝑰𝒙 𝑰𝒚
Position of force P at 1 so that the σa = 0. In the same manner, when P is at
2, 3, 4, ..., 7, the respective stresses σb, σc, σd, ..., σg are zero if P is of the
same radial distance as 1. The kern area, therefore is a circle and for its
radius:
𝑷 𝑴𝒙 𝒚 𝑴𝒚 𝒙
𝟎=− ± ±
𝑨 𝑰𝒙 𝑰𝒚
You can always orient the xy-plane so that the force P is directly on the y-axis, hence, My = 0
𝑷 𝑷𝒆𝒚 𝒚
𝟎=− 𝟐± 𝟒 ±𝟎
𝝅𝒓 𝝅𝒓 /𝟒
From the figure below, assign NA to pass through a, so that when force P is at 1 which is at distance
ey from the origin, the stress at a is zero.
𝑷 𝑷𝒆𝒚 (−𝒓)
𝟎=− 𝟐± ±𝟎
𝝅𝒓 𝝅𝒓𝟒 /𝟒
 Kern Area of Circular Section

𝒆𝒚
𝟎 = −𝟏 ∓
𝒓/𝟒
𝒆𝒚
∓ = −𝟏
𝒓/𝟒
𝒆𝒚 = ±𝒓/𝟒

Hence, for circular cross-sections, the kern region is a circle whose

radius equal to a quarter of the radius of the cross-section.
 Variation of stress with inclination
➢Inclination of force with respect to a plane or inclination of plane with respect
to the applied force cause variation in stress type and magnitude of stress

❑A body of arbitrary shape

(Fig. a) subjected to a no. of
forces of different
magnitude and direction.
Assume plane a-a’ (Fig. b)
in which resultant R is
perpendicular and plane b-
b’ (Fig. c) in which resultant
R is inclined.

In this regard, plane a-a’ is subjected to solely normal stress and b-b’ plane subjected to
both normal and shear stresses.
 Stresses at a Point
➢ Stress at a point can be defined as well by components acting in several directions represented as
acting on the differential elements enclosing that point. The stress at a point sx, sy, txy shown in
the figure (a) below act on the differential elements enclosing the point. …..

➢ The element is usually

represented by its front
view as shown in
Figure (b) left.

❑ Notation for normal stress denoted by single subscript corresponding to the face on which it acts.
Shear stress denoted double subscripts, first letter corresponding to face on which they act and
second letter corresponding to direction in which it acts.
Variation of Stress at a
Point: (analytical derivation)
➢ The stresses acting at a point is
represented by sketching the
stresses on the front face of the
element. The stress changes with
inclination of the plane. The Original state of stress Stress in inclined plane
analytical derivation focuses on
the determination of stresses at
any inclination, the planes of
maximum normal and shear
stress and their magnitude.

❖ Area of the inclined

face is assumed A.
Forces in inclined plane Point diagram of forces
 Variation of Stress at a Point: (analytical derivation)
➢ Applying the conditions of equilibrium along axes n and t (normal and transverse of
the inclined face)
෍ 𝐹𝑛 = 0, 𝐴𝜎 = 𝜎𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1)

෍ 𝐹𝑡 = 0, 𝐴𝜏 = 𝜎𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (2)

➢ Common term A can be cancelled, txy and tyx are numerically equal
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝟏 → 𝜎= + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 (3)
2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝟐 → 𝜏= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 (4)
2

➢ Plane for maximum or minimum 𝑑𝜎

= 0, 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = −
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
(5)
normal stress 𝑑𝜃 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
 Variation of Stress at a Point: (analytical derivation)
➢ Plane for maximum or minimum 𝑑𝜎
= 0, 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = −
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
(5)
normal stress 𝑑𝜃 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦

𝑑𝜏 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
➢ Plane for maximum in-plane shear stress 𝑑𝜃
= 0, 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑠 =
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
(6)

❖ (5), gives two values of 2q differ by 1800 , q = 900, plane on which max
and min normal stress occur are 900 apart

❖ (6), Similarly planes for maximum in-plane shear stress are apart by 900

❖ Eqs. (5) and (6) are negative reciprocal means the plane of maximum in-
plane shear stress is inclined at 450 with the plane max/min normal stress.
(2q aprt by 900)
 Variation of Stress at a Point: (analytical derivation)
➢ Plane for zero in-plane shear stress is
𝜏=0→ 4 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = −
2𝜏𝑥𝑦
(7)
obtained by setting t = 0 into Eq. (4) 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦

❖ Eqs. (5) and (7) are identical, Max/Min normal stress occurs on the plane
where in-plane shear stress is zero. The Max/Min normal stress is known as
principal stress, and the plane of Max/Min normal stress known a principal planes.

➢ Max/Min normal stress is obtained 𝜎1 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2

by setting condition (5) into Eq. (3) 𝜎2 = 2

±
2
+ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (8)

➢ Similarly Max in-plane shear stress is 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2

𝜏𝑀𝑎𝑥 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (9)
obtained by setting condition (6) into Eq. (4) 2

𝜎1 − 𝜎2
𝜏𝑀𝑎𝑥 =± (10)
➢ Comparing Eqs. (8) and (9) 2
 Variation of Stress at a Point: (MOHR’S CIRCLE)
❖ A visual interpretation of the Equations regarding stress at a point [Eqs. (3) and (4)]
provides a circle which could give the overall scenario of the stress of any
inclination, the circle is known as Mohr’s Circle devised by Otto Mohr.
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
➢ Rearranging of Equations (3) 𝟑 → 𝜎−
2
=
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 (11)
and (4) are shown respectively
in Eqs. (11) and (12) 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝟒 → 𝜏= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 (12)
2
2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
(11)2 + (12)2 → 𝜎− + 𝜏 = + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (13)
2 2

➢ In Eq. (13) sx, sx, and txy are constants

(stress of specified state); and s & t are (13) → 𝜎−𝐶 2
+ 𝜏 2
= 𝑅 2
(14)
variables. Hence Eq. (13) becomes a
equation of circle (Mohr’s).
Variation of Stress at a Point: (MOHR’S CIRCLE)
2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
(11)2 + (12)2 → 𝜎− + 𝜏 = + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 (13)
2 2

2 2 2
(13) → 𝜎−𝐶 + 𝜏 = 𝑅 (14)

➢ Eq. (14) is a equation of circle (Mohr’s) in which C is the value of offset

along x-axis and R is the magnitude of radius.

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
𝐶= ; 𝑅= + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2
 Construction of MOHR’S CIRCLE
➢ Therefore Stress at a point represented by front view of the Element can be
expressed by Mohr’s circle.
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
𝐶= ; 𝑅= + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2
• On rectangular axes (s, t),
point out (sx, txy) and (sy, tyx)
• Join the points by straight line
• The straight line cuts s-axis
which is centre, draw a circle
by these three points [centre,
(sx, txy) and (sy, tyx)]
• Coordinates of points on
circumference represent stress
components on a certain plane
• s-axis, T(+ve), C(-ve),
and t-axis, CW(+ve), • Angle of a certain plane w.r.t
CCW(-ve). principal axis is twice in M. cir
 MOHR’S CIRCLE
# Pro A state of stress is specified in Fig. below. Determine normal
and shear stress on (i) the principal planes, (ii) the plane of max in-
plane shear stress (iii) plane whose normal +36.80 with x-axis. Show
the results of parts (i) and (ii) in complete sketches.
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2
𝐶= ; 𝑅= + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2

32 − 10 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2
𝐶= = 11; 𝑅= + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 212 + 202 = 29
2 2

(i) 𝝈𝟏 = 11 + 29 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎; 𝝈𝟐 = −29 + 11 = −18 𝑀𝑃𝑎; 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 0

20
Angle bet 𝑥 − axis and principal plane 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = , 𝜽 = 21.8°
21

(ii) 𝝈𝟏 = 𝐶 = 11 𝑀𝑃𝑎; 𝝈𝟐 = 11𝑀𝑃𝑎; 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = ±29 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Plane of max in-plane shear stress is 450 CCW from principal plane, hence
angle betn x-axis and plane of max in-plane shear stress is = 450+21.80 = 66.80
 MOHR’S CIRCLE
# Pro A state of stress is specified in Fig. below. Determine normal and shear stress on (a) (i)
the principal planes, (ii) the plane of max in-plane shear stress (iii) plane whose normal +36.80
with x-axis. (b) Show the results of parts (i) and (ii) in complete sketches.
(iii) The mentioned plane is (36.80 × 2 – 43.60) = 300
w.r.t. the principal plane, i.e., angle HCD = 300.
𝝈𝟏 = 𝐶 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 11 + 29𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 36.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎;
𝝈𝟐 = 𝐶 − 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 11 − 29𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = −14.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎;
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = ±𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = ±29𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = ±14.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎

(b)

Mohr circle

Principal stresses Max shear stresses