ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

A. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE?
Mệnh đề trạng từ (Adverbial Clause) là mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng một liên từ phụ thuộc, ví dụ
before, after, when, although,…Đây là mệnh đề có chức năng tương tự như một trạng từ trong
câu, đóng vai trò làm thông tin nền để mô tả rõ hơn về động từ trong câu.
E.g. My grandmother made some cupcakes for me when I visited her.
Mệnh đề when I visited her nói về thời gian mà bà tôi làm bánh nướng. Mệnh đề này có chức
năng tương tự như một trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nên ta gọi là mệnh đề trạng từ.
B. REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Điều kiện: Chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng từ giống nhau.
Cách rút gọn:
- Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề trạng từ ở dạng chủ động, chuyển động từ thành:
 V-ing (đối với các thì đơn / tiếp diễn)
 Having + V3 (đối với các thì hoàn thành)
E.g. After he had finished his work, he went home.
 Having finished his work, he went home.
While he was lying on the floor, he was reading a book.
 Lying on the floor, he was reading a book.
- Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề trạng từ ở dạng bị động, chuyển động từ thành:
 V3 hoặc Being + V3 (đối với các thì đơn / tiếp diễn)
 Having been + V3 (đối với các thì hoàn thành)
E.g. He was punished by his father, he cried bitterly.
 Being punished by his father, he cried bitterly.
 Punished by his father, he cried bitterly.
After she had been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him.
 Having been treated cruelly by her husband, she divorced him.
- Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề trạng từ là động từ nối (linking verb), thì bỏ luôn cả động từ, chỉ
giữ lại danh từ hoặc tính từ theo sau. Thường dùng với các liên từ mang ý nghĩa tương phản, trái
ngược như although, though, while, whilst.
E.g. Although he felt stressed, he decided to keep the job.
 Although stressed, he decided to keep the job.
Though she is an excellent student, she failed the test.
 Though an excellent student, she failed the test.

Một số loại mệnh đề trạng từ:

1. Mệnh đề chỉ thời gian
- Hai hành động xảy ra cùng lúc:
Khi rút gọn mệnh đề trạng từ có liên từ diễn đạt hành động diễn ra cùng lúc, có thể giữ lại hoặc
bỏ luôn cả liên từ đó. Thường dùng với các liên từ while, when.
E.g. John hurt his knee while he was playing football.
 John hurt his knee while playing football.
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ThS. Nguyen Yen Nhi
  John hurt his knee playing football.
Be careful when you cross the road.
 Be careful when crossing the road.
 Be careful crossing the road.
- Hai hành động xảy ra trước sau:
E.g. Before he goes home, he will turn off all the lights.
 Before going home, he will turn off all the lights.
Nếu hành động trong mệnh đề trạng từ xảy ra trước hành động trong mệnh đề chính, có thể rút
gọn mệnh đề trạng từ thành having + V3.
E.g. After she finished her homework, she watched her favorite movie.
 After finishing her homework, she watched her favorite movie.
 Having finished her homework, she watched her favorite movie.
2. Mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân - kết quả
Khi rút gọn mệnh đề trạng từ diễn đạt ý nguyên nhân - kết quả, thì bỏ luôn cả liên từ đó.
Thường dùng với các liên từ chỉ nguyên nhân như because, as, since.
E.g. Because he got up late, he was late for work.
 Getting up late, he was late for work.
She felt very confident because she had prepared well for the test.
 Having prepared well for the test, she felt very confident.
3. Mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản
E.g. Although I admit he is right, I do not like him.
 Admitting he is right, I do not like him.
Though he is famous, he looks very simple.
 Though famous, he looks very simple.
4. Mệnh đề điều kiện
E.g. If you follow my advice, you can win the game.
 Following my advice, you can win the game.
If you had gone to the party, you would have met her.
 Having gone to the party, you would have met her.

PRACTICE
1. Before _____ classroom, please turn off all electric devices.
A. leaving B. leaves C. left D. went
2. _____ enjoying the working environment, he decided to leave the center.
A. Because B. So C. Although D. Because of
3. _____ handsome and nice, he has been alone for nearly 20 years.
A. Though B. Because C. So D. Because of
4. _____ up late, Diep was late for school.
A. Get B. Got C. Getting D. Gets
5. _____ to text him messages, I told him my phone ran out of battery.
A. Not wanting B. Not wanted C. Wanted D. Wanting
6. Joanna met his destiny while _____ with the kids.
A. playing B. play C. plays D. played
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7. She felt the first drops of rain splashing on the ground while _____ the road.
A. cross B. crossing C. crossed D. crosses
8. _____ English for several years, she can easily make friends with foreigners.
A. Having learnt B. Learnt C. Learn D. Learns
9. All shoes have to be left out of this restaurant, as clearly _____ on the sign in front of the
door.
A. indicated B. indicated C. indicating D. indicates
10. She walked along the beach _____ the shells at sunset.
A. collect B. collecting C. collects D. collected
11. _____, the first signals of the earthquake appeared.
A. After we have sat down B. All of us having taken the seats
C. Our having seated D. Once we had seated
12. The man _____ there wearing a blue T-shirt is our landlord.
A. standing B. stands C. stand D. stood
13. The gentlewoman _____ on the 8th floor of the building is my boss.
A. live B. living C. lived D. lives
14. The teaching method _____ in almost schools recently is quite effective.
A. used B. using C. uses D. be used
15. Sarah, _____ our daughters, is not only a teacher but also a successful entrepreneur.
A. teach B. taught C. teaches D. teaching
16. All people _____ in the meeting room come from Thua Thien Hue province.
A. sitting B. sit C. sat D. sits
17. _____ inexperienced, individuals with the willingness to learn will make a difference in the
foreseeable future.
A. Despite B. Otherwise C. Until D. Although
18. _____ in a foreign country, he always thinks about her.
A. Though B. Because C. Because of D. So
19. _____ angry, the men tried to keep calm.
A. Because B. Despite C. Although D. So
20. _____ Mr. Tam, I ran away.
A. Seeing B. To see C. seen D. saw
21. _____ in 2000, his novel was the best-seller at that time.
A. Write B. Writing C. Written D. Writes
22. After _____ her homework, she watched her favorite movie.
A. finish B. finishes C. finished D. finishing
23. Before _____ home, he will turn off all the lights.
A. go B. goes C. went D. going
24. _____ an excellent student, she failed the test.
A. Though B. Because C. So D. Because of
25. _____ English, she can travel all over the world.
A. Having learnt B. Learnt C. Learn D. Learns
26. John, _____ my son, is my neighbor.
A. taught B. teaching C. teaches D. teach

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ThS. Nguyen Yen Nhi
27. The girl stood all by herself. Her hair _____ in the wind.
A. fluttered B. flutters C. fluttering D. flutter
28. We have already discovered that there are many kinds of metals, _____ its special properties.
A. each having B. having C. which has D. everyone has
29. _____ rapid spread of railways, long-distance travelling became more common.
A. Having a B. It was C. With the D. There was
30. Because this _____, we went out to play in the sports ground.
A. was done B. did C. was being done D. done
31. I have 3 sisters, two of _____ are very beautiful.
A. whom B. them C. they D. who
32. I wrote three novels, all of _____ translated into English.
A. that B. which C. them D. whom
33. _____ very tired, I went to bed earlier than usual.
A. Feeling B. Felt C. To feel D. To be feeling
34. _____, it started pouring down with rain.
A. After we have left our house B. All of us had left our house
C. Us having left D. After we had left our house
35. It was Marconi _____ radio.
A. who invented B. invented
C. inventing D. has invented
36. While ______ work, I saw an old friend of mine.
A. I walking home from
B. walking home from
C. walked home from
D. walking home work
37. Before ______, I brushed my teeth.
A. left my house
B. I leaving my house
C. leaving my house
D. my house leaving
38. I feel asleep ______ TV.
A. while I watch B. while watching
C. while watched D. during I was watching
39. While ______ about adverb clauses, a mild earthquake shook the classroom.
A. the teacher lecturing
B. the teacher was lecturing
C. lecturing
D. lectured
40. ______, a dog chased us down the street.
A. While running
B. While we were running
C. We were running while
D. While running we were

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ThS. Nguyen Yen Nhi