1. A review of organization and regulation of motor system.

A. Types of movements
1. Passive Movement: When the muscles are inactive or relatively so,
movement produced by the application of external force.
2. Active Movement: Movement resulting from the contraction of
muscles.

Factors affecting Contact and Range of motion at synovial joints:

1. Strength and tension of joint ligament.
2. Arrangement and tension of muscles.
3. Structure and shape of articulating bones. (Joint articulation)
4. Injury and disease
5. Disuse
6. Tissue extensibility

B. Muscle Tissue
- Muscle tissue is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ
cells in a process known as myogenesis.
- Muscles are classified by three different methods, based on different
factors: -
I. Depending upon presence or absence of striations
II. Depending upon the control
III. Depending upon the position

I. Depending upon Striations

A. Striated Muscles: It has large number of cross striations
(transverse lines). Skeletal and cardiac muscles have cross
striations.
B. Non-striated Muscles: It has no striations and also called
as plain or smooth muscles. Found in the walls of visceral
organs.
II. Depending upon control
A. Voluntary Muscles: these muscles are innervated by
somatic nerves and are under voluntary control. Skeletal
muscles are voluntary muscles.
B. Involuntary Muscles: these muscles are innervated by
autonomic nerves and are not under voluntary will.
Cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary muscles.
III. Depending upon position
A. Skeletal muscles
B. Cardiac muscles
C. Smooth(visceral) muscles

PROPERTIES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE:

1. Electrical Excitability: is the ability to respond to
certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called
action potential.
2. Contractility: is the ability of muscular tissue to
contract forcefully when stimulated by an action
potential.
3. Extensibility: is the ability of muscular tissue to stretch
without being damaged.
4. Elasticity: is the ability of muscular tissue to return to
its original length and shape after contraction or
extension.

Functions of Muscles:
1. Producing movement
2. Maintaining posture and body position
3. Stabilizing joints
4. Producing heat
5. Protection of viscera

D. Muscle Metabolism
The consumption of energy by muscle tissue to produce
work (movement). ATP provides energy for muscle
contraction. The three mechanisms for ATP regeneration
are
a. creatine phosphate
b. anaerobic glycolysis
c. aerobic metabolism
Only the aerobic slow twitch fibre and the anaerobic fast-
twitch fibre are found in human skeletal muscle. (There
are 4 types- aerobic slow twitch fibre, aerobic fast twitch
fibre, anaerobic fast-twitch fibre and cardiac muscle fibre)
Three of the four fibres are aerobic, with the
mitochondria in each being different from the other two.
The aerobic fast twitch fibre is really no longer a muscle
 but a bag full of mitochondria with a few contractile
fibres remaining.
These smaller mitochondria can only oxidise the
components of glucose, not fatty acids or ketones as the
larger mitochondria can.
The mitochondria in the cardiac muscle fibres is 3 times
the size of aerobic slow-twitch fibre and has the added
capability of oxidizing lactic acid back into pyruvic acid
and pyruvate back into glucose.

E. Contraction and Relaxation of Muscles