Page No.

Date

Uoit 1
4 Gtentle Lotro ducti on to GI

Defiing
4 Gteogxaphic Lnfoxnation Systers (Grs)
ig oroputex- based Suster thot provides
a a Co
the follouwing foux Sots of Capabilities to
handle geoteferenced darta:
of GIS -

0 Drta Capture dod pxepaxation

O Dato Manageroet inclding Stosage and
TMaintainance.
Dota Manipulotion and
Dto geotation. Arasis
Thia irp beg tht a GIS USex Can expect
Support foom the Sstera toto entex (aeoreferene
wys and to
dota to analyse
(including rmaps and
frocacepreseatations Cincludia
sthex ) feom the data. would

incudeSuppost fox
fos orsious Kindg of
Coordino te syoterns and txansfoxmatons
analye of the
etcen the, optione fox
and obviotss a asga
retexenced dota, and
freecorn of choice in the aa4
thic Bented (Such aS Colo
Se, and me dium used)
herre, SArnbol Cet,
 Doto Goptuxe and preparation
To the El N: no Case, doto Captuxe xefexs
tho Collection of Seg wotree teropea tureg
wind Speed mcaSuxeroents. Ihie is
achiavcdby placing busya with rnea Suxing
equiprnent at
voOus laces in the oceon
Each buou neo Suxes a numbex of things :
wind Spedd an dixection ; aix tempexoture
Ond humidtu: andSea
uateyternea
at the Sucfe and at Vaxious depths dowo
ture
to 5oo metteg

Fox the Sako ct Oux

Qxample
Seo Susface teropexature e ll focus
Speed (ws). (S5) and wind

Doto Managomsnt Cinc lucing Staage and aintance

Dota 1Manaacroarts retexa to the Stoge
and malntenance of the data
tho buos yia Satelte txansrtbed
Conmmunicati
Ihis phaze equires a decision to be
mado how best to KepXeSentOux data
both in torns ot theix Spatial Poperties
and the Various attibrte Values wbich we
nee to Stose.
 Page No.
Date

Manipulotion
Data and
Analycis
Fox ench buy s he averoge SST.fox eoch north
was Computed usina the doily
GST measusments
for that month This is Sirople Cornputrtign.
O Fox each the
mortbly ayerage SsT
SST was
taken tgetha utth thae geographic locrtion, to
Obtain a qeorefexerced ist of aveag
Aeareferented Kst, thxauah a methad
ofot Soatialterpoh tion, the estroated SST
of othex propStions in tha Stucy were

COnoputed. Tais Step as pexfoxroed as

ten as needed to obtain
to obtain o fne nesh of
with measured estimated Ss Ts
QAsitions wth
fiom which the maps of Hgure wexe evertually
dedive.
Gteps
We assurne that Oxevioug to thne above S5T
we had ootained dota about avesaae
ot
toe the onmonth off Decembex for a Sexies
have been Spatialy
ars his too Situation
nosmal
interpolated tto obtain
a fre veSolution
of atne
Deceriez data Set
 Afto the dota manipulations discussed
above Oux dato is xepaxed fox xoducing
Qutput The data pxe Sentation phase deats
Qutting it al toetha into
wth putting fosmat
hat Coromunications the se Sutt ot dato
analysis in the best posSible Steps -
OThe message
we warted to
what oYe theEl Nio ond La N Ni na events
coth in absolute tigures, but also in
relotve figures, but also in xelatve
faures, ie as diffexences fom a noma
Stuation
0 The audience fos his da-ta o eSentation
Cleosy wexe the seadexs ot tois text
book
 Date

G Systens GIScience and GIIS Ocpicrtions

IS sequixes both hordwate

and Softaxe , and also people Such _0s
CGISustern& he dotbaso CseotoxS
adatniStxatoxS anaysts who wosk wth othe
Softwaxe, and he dsers of the end prou ct

Gleo-Lnfosmotion Scence ie tho Scientifie

fold that attmpte to integx ata different
dse cipiaes Studying the mothode and technigues
handling spatal
Spabia infommationRelated torms
of Spatia!
Spcrti
incude genintoatics, geormatics
Oes and
itormoton Science hese all Siilas
are

moaning
which have much the Sane
oJHhough each COTISGence appsoach has Shant
probems
itforences in the wau it deols with othexs
sa
Sone emphacizina engtosexing
g approaChes,
apgroac hes. othexs
pirtational and

GIS Sofwose Con (genexically) be appked

many
applications. When there
difterent
na isk of arabiguitypeople Somtimes
0not distinction betwee a GS
make the
'GIS application'. Proiect -based CIS
aTS Cut purpose,
pications usually have a leax-
be Short - lived
Ond
hese appications Can
ollectinga data
ne seSeovch e Caxzied out
the
olocoproducing
oto,androducing
 xapid
infoxmative rmaps AraSSessoent
exarnple Insttutiona
Qarihqua Ke donage
applicatiopon the othe hand Usually
C1IS the ortinued
have as dhei gof
administration Spatia! Change and
thc Suctained ayailabilit ot Spatial base
dota.

Spatia Data and Gleoinfosotio

dotta. we mman TepreSentations that

Can be opexoted upon ky a Coroputer. More
Specifcall
Oata tho
Spatial Data
tain posittiona valuee Such
as (x,y) Co-o dinates Somettimes the mngse
precise phote geopatia data ig used as
a frthex etoemnt , which sofexe to
Spatia data thot is
AeoSetexencod
&y Geospotia) dota ar
hean dato hat e geoinforration
ntespreto b a
we

hunan Hurmans wosk with od act

Uo0ofoxmgtin not data. turman oexcepti
and Knouledgo Gteoinfosmotí on: ís a Specific
tupe af intosrnation ce Sultinq
intoxpre tation of Spatial data.fxon the
National Mappina Haencieg (NMA), hich
esponsible fox alecting topogxophic data
fox the etixe Country follouwinq pre-Set
Standaxds
Othex agenCies Such a
Conpanies gedlbgical
Sumy onea Suppy GnpaDies
loca gavexnment departonents and man
thexs all Collectan maintain Spati! dota
for theix Ouwn particular purposes. If data
1s to bo Shaxed Qm ong gffesent USexs
these USexs neod to kinow aboutwhat data
esiStswhere and in what fornot it is
nels. bt alsowhethox the data meets their
QarticulaY qualtby vequixermentsThie oa ta
ahout doto Known as metadata

Key Canpanents ot Spatial doto qua

incude ositiornd accux açu (both harizontal
and Vertica!), ternpocal äccuxacy (thort the datr
in
ie up to date)
Cote attribute accuacy (eg4
of feattuxes of classticatians
labeling of tthe data iocluding SouYces)
Cistag
Onpletenees C:f thee dota Set
alll eloted featturas of seaity
xesents
and Iogical
(Hhot the dota lagicaly
Concioteny
Stauttuotod)
 an impostant role
These Cariponenta
n asSeSSrment
play
data fox Gevesa KeaSors
sf

O ver when Sous c data, Such as otficial

maps, have been Subiect to
tapogaphic
ataxingent quality Contxol, ersoS
iotxoduced wherthese data axe input to
GIS
e Ualiko a Conventiona map, which is
esSentiay
Sinale coduct a GIS data baso normally
Carrtoins dota foom diffesent SouKces of

Unkke topogaphic s Cadastxal databases.

notusal yesouK ce doatabaseS ortain dotn
Ge inhexenty Uncertain and tht
hesefoxe not
Suited to
Drso Ceduxes. OConventiona! qaity ontxo)
9 Mogt G1IS analusis Opexati
them Seves intsoduc wil)l
 Date

Rool
The Heal Wasld and opre Sentatians of it -

Oe a of the main uses as a tool

to helg us make decisions Specificals we
often want to Knouw the bestt location fox
hew fa chlitu most ikelu Siteg for
habitat,, o peshaps idertity
mosquito habitat
wotth a high risk
risK of tlooding So that we Can
fosoulate the best polig Ofox oxeverrtation
In GIS to belo mare thase decisions.
we need to Tepresent Sorme ppart of the
xea w8xld as it as it waS perhops
uE thin K it Dil) be We need torestrict
Ouxselyes to Some Qart of the Yeal wl
Simoly hecause Cannot be Kepre Sented

Conplately
Msdels and Modeling
manu giffenent
Mooellina is a texm used in
us aod which bas dt-ffexet meanings
he
XepreSentation of orme paxt of because
made!
eal uwosld Can be Considexed a Charactexistics
the epreSerrtation will haye Cextain
ommon wth tho xeal World. lhis then
On tho model
Olbws uG to. Studu and opexat
in oxdex to
tself instead ofhe xea worl
balDhat happens undor ax iOus Conditions and
US answex what iff questiong We Can
pavameteyg of tho
tey the
 model investigate theeffects of
and
he Changas
Models - 0s epxeSerrtationg- Coroe in
GIS
many diffexent tlavours In the
CnvixanmentHhe mst faroiliay oodel
is that of a map
miniatuYe epre Serrtation of Sonne part
of the xeal woxld. A dotabase Can
6toxe a
Considexable arngunt of data,
Om aso xoyide Vaxiaue tunctians to te
opexate On tho Stoxed dota.

Maps have. been UGed tbx thousande of ueaXE

to Kepxesent
epxeSent infoxOation about the xeal w
Cortinue to be extsemely u9eful fox wasdman
apoiCations in Jaxious dornain Theix
Conceotic
Ond has
designaxee of developed into aa Science wit
f tthe
aditional SophisticetionA
paper map is
disadvant
toat t isS
gerazall cesticted to tuWO dimenSional
StottsepreSontatiorn, Gnd that t s
duac splayad in a fxed Scale
Cortapy o0he 5cience and art of f
roap nokra functions
taaslaticg
dot) nto Coxeat , Cleax and
intexpretes
phenocnena (paimar ble
aad undexstanda
KepteGentortiong fox Ouy
 lso be COrne a data Sousce foy otber
applications
othex maps includig
Wh h
Jhe develbproernt of
adven of Cornputer
Sustemsi analtgue Catoqaphy developecd inhe
Cdigital Cartography
dnd tanputer flay as
ntgal part in modern Cartogroçna

Dotabases

4 Dotabase is a GepoSttony fox atorirg

laxge amounts of datta. It ornes with &
numbex of usful functons :

4 dota base Can be used b imuttiple users

ot the Sarne tioe Lt Cormes with a numex
usoful tuncti0ns. ie It allows Oncurrent

2 4 dotabase offess nurnbex of technigues

for Stoing data Ond alaws the uSe of the
otficient One t t Supports Stoxage
Sçtinizotton
34 dotobase ollue the iroosttioi ot of Tules
On he Gtoxed datn: Wes hat wil to be
the
Chec Ked ofter each update
dotto e.Suppocts dota integit
 4 4 do-tubase offex On.which
to use
lows the
data
manipulation
execution of agug
a) Sosts
ofdoata extactian
it ba9
nd dota udates -
fasi
5 4 database will tay to exeCute each
quen in the data nanipula tion langugge
in tbe most efficient wnyi.e. it offe
Qptimization

* Spatia DotabaSes and Spatial Apalysig

A GIS must Sto3e jts dota in Sone
way Fox thie puxpase the pevious
aeoerations of Software was equipped
uith Yeaitivel
Since the udinnentaxy
19905S there facities
has'been
incseacirg trerd in the GIS
that utdd in GIS fox applications
Spatia
ard uSed dotobase fox analysie
StxOgs