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Home / IGCSE / Chemistry / CIE / Revision Notes / 2. Atoms, Elements & Compounds / 2.3 Simple Molecules & Covalent Bonds / 2.3.1 Covalent Bonds

2.3.1 Covalent Bonds 1. STATES OF MATTER

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2. ATOMS, ELEMENTS &
COMPOUNDS

2.1 Atomic Structure & the

Periodic Table

2.2 Ions & Ionic Bonds

2.3 Simple Molecules &

Covalent Bonds

2.3.1 Covalent Bonds

2.3.2 Molecules &

Compounds
00:56

2.3.3 Properties of Simple

Molecular Compounds

2.4 Giant Structures

The Formation of Covalent Bonds

Covalent compounds
3. STOICHIOMETRY
Covalent compounds are formed when pairs of electrons are shared
between atoms
Only non-metal elements participate in covalent bonding 4. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
As in ionic bonding, each atom gains a full outer shell of electrons, giving
them a noble gas electronic configuration
When two or more atoms are covalently bonded together, we describe 5. CHEMICAL ENERGETICS

them as ‘molecules’
Dot-and-cross diagrams can be used to show the electric configurations in
6. CHEMICAL REACTIONS
simple molecules
Electrons from one atom are represented by a dot, and the electrons of the
other atom are represented by a cross
7. ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
The electron shells of each atom in the molecule overlap and the shared
electrons are shown in the area of overlap
The dot-and-cross diagram of the molecule shows clearly which atom each
8. THE PERIODIC TABLE
electron originated from

9. METALS

10. CHEMISTRY OF THE

ENVIRONMENT

11. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

12. EXPERIMENTAL
TECHNIQUES &
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Diagram showing how a covalent bond forms between two chlorine atoms


Exam Tip
When drawing dot-and-cross diagrams for covalent compounds,
make sure that the electron shell for each atom is full (remember that
the 1st shell can only hold 2 electrons).

Single Covalent Bonds

Many simple molecules exist in which two adjacent atoms share one pair of
electrons, also known as a single covalent bond (or single bond)

Common Examples of Simple Molecules

Hydrogen:
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Chlorine:

Water:

Methane:

Ammonia:

Hydrogen chloride:

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Author: Caroline
Caroline graduated from the University of Nottingham with a degree in Chemistry and Molecular Physics. She spent several
years working as an Industrial Chemist in the automotive industry before retraining to teach. Caroline has over 12 years of
experience teaching GCSE and A Level Chemistry and is passionate about creating high-quality resources to help students
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