CHAPTER-IV

DATA ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
 CHAPTER – IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

“All meanings, we know, depend on the key of interpretation”.

-George Eliot

The process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to

examine each component of the data provided. This form of analysis is just one of the

many step that must be completed when conducting a research experiment. Data from

various source is gathered ,reviewed, and then analyzed to form some sort of finding

or conclusion. There are a variety of specific data analysis method, some of which

include data mining, text analytics, business intelligence and data visualizations.

Analysis is a process of organizing and synthesizing data so as to answer research

questions and test hypothesis.( Polit and Beck,2010)

This chapter describes analysis and interpretation of data collected to assess the

effectiveness of breathing exercises for lung volume expansion on asthma patient at

selected hospitals The collected data was organized, analyzed and tabulated by using

descriptive and inferential statistics. These data were represented as follows.

1. Data on demographic variables of asthma patients in experimental group.

2. Data on breathing pattern among asthma disease in experimental group.

3. Data on effectiveness of deep breathing exercise among asthma patients

4. Data on association between the pretest breathing pattern in experimental

group and their selected demographic variables.

5. Data on demographic variables of asthma patients in experimental group

 OBJECTIVE – I
Table: 1 Frequency and percentage distribution of asthma
patients according to their Demographic variables.
N=50

S,NO Demographic Experimental group

variables Frequency Percentage
1. Age in (years):
a) 50-52 years 15 30
b) 53-55 years 11 22
c) 56-58 years 10 20
d) d)59-60years 14 28
2. Gender
a) Male 28 56
b) Female 22 44

3. Educational status
a) Illiterate 18 36
b) Primary 16 32
c) High school 7 14
d) Higher secondary 9 18
4. Occupation
a) Industrial workers 18 36
b) Private employee 17 34
c) Government 6 12
employee 9 18
d) Self employee
5. Marital status
a) Married 30 60
b) Un married 11 22
c) Divorce 5 10
d) Widow 4 12
6. Family history of asthma
a) Yes 16 32
b) No 34 68

7 Duration of illness
a) < 1 year 19 38
b) 2-5 year 19 38
c) 6- year 12 24
8 Treatment of asthma
a) Regular 24 48
b) Irregular 26 52
9. Monthly income of the family
a) < 5000 22 44
b) 5000-10000
19 38
c) >10000
9 18

10. Smoking habits

a) Yes 22 44
b) No 28 56
11. Continuous breathing
difficulty present at
a) wake up 15 30
b)walking 14 28
c) sleeping at night time 5 10
d) exercise 16 32
 EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

The above table shows that among 50samples, with regards to age majority belonged to

50-52years 15(30%), 11(22%) were belongs to age group 53-55years, 10(20%) were

belongs to age group 56-58years, 14(28%) were belongs to age group of 59-60years of age.

With regards to gender male 28(56%), and female 22 (44%).

Regarding educational status 18(36%) were illerate, 16(32%) of them had primary

education, 7(14%) of them had high school education 9(18%), and higher secondary.

With regards to occupation, 18(36%) were doing industrial workers, 17(34%) were private

employee, 6(12%) were government employee, 9(18%) were self employee.

In relation to marital status, married 30(60%) of the samples belonged and unmarried 11

(22%) and divorce 5(10%), widow 4(12%)

Regarding the family history of asthma yes 16(32%) of them were no and 34(68%).

About duration if illness <1year 19(38%) and 2-5 year 19(38%), 6 year 12

(24%) samples.

Regarding the treatment of asthma 24(48%) samples are in regular 26(52%) samples are in

irregular

About income of the family monthly, 22(44%) samples of them <5000, 19(38%) samples

of them 5000-10000 and 9(18%) samples of them >10000.

In regarding to smoking habits 22(44%) of the samples belonged to yes and 28(56%) of the

samples belonged to no.

Regarding continuous breathing difficulty presented at wake up 15(30%) of the samples

belonged to and walking 14(28%)of the samples of the sample belonged to, sleeping at night

time 5(10%)samples of the belonged to, exercise 16(32%)samples

AGE
35
30
30 28

25
22
20
20

15

10

0
50-52years 53-55years 56-58years 59-60years

50-52years 53-55years 56-58years 59-60years

Figure 3: Distribution of subjects based on their age in experimental group.

GENDER

44

56

MALE FEMALE

Figure 4: Distribution of subjects based on their gender in experimental group.

 EDUCATIONAL STATUS
40
36
35 32
30

25

20 18
14
15

10

0
ILLITERATE PRIMARY HIGH SCHOOL HIGHER SECONDARY

ILLITERATE PRIMARY HIGH SCHOOL HIGHER SECONDARY

Figure 5: Distribution of subjects based on their educational status in experimental group.

OCCUPATIONAL STATUS
40
36
34
35

30

25

20 18

15 12
10

0
Industrial worker Private employee Government employee Self employee

Industrial worker Private employee Government employee Self employee

Figure 6: Distribution of subjects based on their occupational status in experimental

group.
 MARITAL STATUS
70
60
60

50

40

30
22
20
12
10
10

0
Married Unmarried Divorce Widow

Married Unmarried Divorce Widow

Figure 7: Distribution of subjects based on their marital status in experimental group.

FAMILY HISTORY OF ASTHMA

80
68
70

60

50

40
32
30

20

10

0
YES NO

YES NO

Figure 8: Distribution of subjects based on their family history of asthma in experimental

group.
 DURATION OF ILLNESS
40 38 38

35

30
24
25

20

15

10

0
<1year 2-5year 6year

<1year 2-5year 6year

Figure 9: Distribution of subjects based on their duration of illness in experimental group.

TREATMENT OF ASTHMA

48

52

REGULAR IRREGULAR

Figure 10: Distribution of subjects based on their treatment of asthma in experimental

group.
 MONTHLY INCOME OF FAMILY

18

44

38

<5000 5000-10,000 >10,000

Figure 11: Distribution of subjects based on their monthly income of family in

experimental group.

SMOKING HABITS

44

56

YES NO

Figure 12: Distribution of subjects based on their smoking habits in experimental group.
 Continous breathing difficulty present

32 30

10
28

wake up walking sleeping at night time Exercise

Figure 13: Distribution of subjects based on their continuous breathing difficulty present
at in experimental group.
 OBJECTIVE-II
Data on the deep breathing exercise among asthma patients in group.

Table 2: Frequency and percentage for deep breathing exercise among asthma

patients in experimental group

N=50

Experimental group
Level of Breathing
Pre test Post test
pattern
f % f %

No breathlessness - - - -

Very very slight - - 22 44

Slight breath - - 20 40

Moderate 12 24 2 4

Somewhat severe 13 26 6 12

Severe breath - - - -

Very severe - - - -

Very very severe 5 10 - -

Maximum 9 18 - -

Almost maximum 11 22 - -

Total 50 100 50 100

12
 50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

PRE TEST POST TEST

Figure 14: Distribution of subjects based on the pretest and posttest dyspnea in
experimental group.
In experimental group the pre test scores on the level of breathing pattern

moderate were 12(24%) had somewhat severe,13(26%) had moderate very very

severe, 5(10%) had maximum breathing pattern 9(18%) had almost maximum

11(22%). whereas in post test scores on the level of very very slight were 22(44%)

had slight breath 20(40%) had moderate breathing pattern 6(12%)had severe

breathing pattern and no one maximum breathing pattern respectively.

This finding reveals that in experimental group after the deep breathing

exercise administration among asthma disease were as decreased in post test than

pretest.

13
 OBJECTIVE –III

Data on effectiveness of deep breathing exercise among asthma patients

Table 3: Mean, SD and paired ‘t” –test of pre and posttest level of breathing

pattern in experimental group

N=50

Pre test Post test

Mean
Group ‘t-value’
Mean SD Mean SD difference

Experimental 5.67 1.25 7.98 0.98 1.92 3.02

group

(*- P<0.05, significant and ** -P<0.01 & *** -P<0.001, Highly significant)

The above table shows that the calculated t value’ in the experimental group was 3.02
which was significantly at P<0.05 level. It can be concluded that there is no much difference
in pre test and post test in experimental group.

14
 Table 5: Mean, SD and unpaired ‘t’ test of posttest dyspnea in experimental

group.

(N=50)

Experimental post test

Dyspnea among Mean
‘t’ value
asthma patients difference
Mean SD

4.6 1.24 4.56 5.67*

(* -P<0.05, significant and ** -P<0.01 & ***-P<0.001, highly significant)

The above table shows that the obtained ‘t’ value between experimental group is 5.67

which was significant at p<0.05 level. Hence H1 is accepted. It can be concluded that the

deep breathing exercise was effective in reducing the dyspnea in experimental group

among asthma patients.

15
 OBJECTIVE - IV
Table 6: Data on compare the pretest and posttest level of breathing difficulty between the
experimental group.
N=50

Pre test Post test Mean

Group ‘t’ value
Mean SD Mean SD difference

Breathing
Experimental
pattern 6.90 1.23 4.21 0.78 4.35 2.90*
group

(*- P<0.05, significant and ** -P<0.01 & ***-P<0.001, Highly significant)

Experimental group

The above table shows that the calculated “t” value in the experimental group was 2.90

which was statistically significant at P<0.05 level .Hence H2 is accepted. It can be concluded that

deep breathing exercise was effective in reducing the dyspnea among asthma patients
OBJECTIVE – V
Data on association between the pretest level of breathing difficulty in

experimental group and their demographic variables.

Table 8: Frequency and percentage distribution of chi-square value on

experimental group.

N=50

Socio idemographic
ivariable i Chi isquare
Chi square Df Critical ivalue Inference i
value i
Age iin iyear 2.322 6 12.59 Not significant
Gender 5.35 2 5.99 Not significant
Education 15.29 6 12.59 Significant
Occupation 17.68 6 12.59 Significant
Marital status 19.99 6 12.59 Significant
Family history of asthma 22.0 2 5.99 Significant
Duration of illness 20.4 6 12.59 Significant
Treatment of asthma 0.04 2 5.99 Not significant
Monthly income 0.16 6 5.99 Not significant
Smoking habits 21.1 2 5.99 Significant
Continue breathing 13.28 6 12.59 Not significant
problem

17
(* -P>0.05, significant) (NS= Non significant)

The above table shows that there was a significant association between

dyspnea among asthma patients and their demographic variables such as education,

occupation, marital status, family history of asthma, duration of illness, smoking habits

presented at there is no association between the duration of illness, treatment of asthma,

family income.

18
CHAPTER- V
DISCUSSION
 CHAPTER –V

DISCUSSION

This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of breathing exercises for lung

volume expansion on asthma patient at selected hospitals

A convenience sampling technique was used to collect data from the study

participants 50samples were taken, experimental group.pre test and post was

conducted .The Data were collected for a period of six weeks at selected hospitals.

The discussion was based on the objectives specified in this study

The first objective was to assess the breathing pattern before and after breathing

exercise among asthma patients in experimental group

In experimental group the pre test scores on the level of breathing pattern moderate

were 12(24%) had somewhat severe,13(26%) had moderate very very severe, 5(10%)

had maximum breathing pattern 9(18%) had almost maximum 11(22%). whereas in

post test scores on the level of very very slight were 22(44%) had slight breath

20(40%) had moderate breathing pattern 6(12%)had severe breathing pattern and no

one maximum breathing pattern respectively.

 The above table shows that the calculated t value’ in the experimental group
was 3.02 which was significantly at P<0.05 level. It can be concluded that there
is no much difference in pre test and post test in experimental group.

The second objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of deep breathing

exercise among asthma patients in experimental group.
The above table shows that the obtained ‘t’ value between experimental

group is 5.67 which was significant at p<0.05 level. Hence H1 is accepted. It can be

concluded that the deep breathing exercise was effective in reducing the dyspnea in

experimental group among asthma patients.

The third objective was to find out the association between breathing

pattern with their selected demographic variables in experimental group.

The above table shows that there was a significant association between

dyspnea among asthma patients and their demographic variables such as

education, occupation, marital status, family history of asthma, duration of

illness, smoking habits presented at there is no association between the

duration of illness, treatment of asthma, family income.

Summary This chapter dealt about the major findings of this study which were

discussed based on their objectives of the study and supportive findings were quota
CHAPTER- VI
SUMMARY AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
 CHAPTER –VI

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter gives brief account of the present study along with the conclusion

drawn from the findings, recommendations, implication, conclusion, suggestions for

further studies and nursing implications.

SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

The focus of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of breathing

exercises for lung volume expansion on asthma patient at selected hospitals

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To assess the breathing pattern before and after breathing exercise among

asthma patients in experimental group.

 To evaluate the effectiveness of deep breathing exercise among asthma

patients in experimental group.

 To find out the association between the breathing pattern with selected

demographic variables in the experimental group

HYPOTHESIS

H1: The mean post test level of breathing pattern will be significantly higher

than the mean pre test level of breathing pattern among asthma patient of

experimental group
 H2: There is a significant difference between the mean pretest and mean

posttest level of breathing difficulty in experimental group.

H3: There will be a significant association between breathing pattern with

selected of demographic variables

The design of the study was pre experimental one group pretest –posttest

design.

The sample size of the study was 50 clients who have asthma patient in

selected hospitals. The experimental group consisted of 50 subjects in each.

Convenience sampling technique was adopted for the selection of sample.

Demographic data of the subjects were collected.

The investigator collected pre test data using modified dyspnea scale and for

Experimental group received intervention of deep breathing exercise for 15minutes

twice a day with daily routine exercise for asthma patients before giving oxygen

therapy. Post test was conducted by the investigator for experimental groups. For

experimental group, test was conducted 1 hour after administration of deep breathing

exercise . The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics.

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

The above table shows that among 50samples, with regards to age majority

belonged to 50-52years 15(30%), 11(22%) were belongs to age group 53-55years,

10(20%) were belongs to age group 56-58years, 14(28%) were belongs to age

group of 59-60years of age.

With regards to gender male 28(56%), and female 22 (44%).

Regarding educational status 18(36%) were illerate, 16(32%) of them had

primary education, 7(14%) of them had high school education 9(18%), and higher

secondary.

With regards to occupation, 18(36%) were doing industrial workers, 17(34%)

were private employee, 6(12%) were government employee, 9(18%) were self

employee.

In relation to marital status, married 30(60%) of the samples belonged and

unmarried 11 (22%) and divorce 5(10%), widow 4(12%)

Regarding the family history of asthma yes 16(32%) of them were no and

34(68%).

About duration if illness <1year 19(38%) and 2-5 year 19(38%), 6 year 12

(24%) samples.

Regarding the treatment of asthma 24(48%) samples are in regular 26(52%) samples

are in irregular

About income of the family monthly, 22(44%) samples of them <5000, 19(38%)

samples of them 5000-10000 and 9(18%) samples of them >10000.

In regarding to smoking habits 22(44%) of the samples belonged to yes and 28(56%)

of the samples belonged to no.

Regarding continuous breathing difficulty presented at wake up 15(30%) of the

samples belonged to and walking 14(28%)of the samples of the sample belonged to,

sleeping at night time 5(10%)samples of the belonged to, exercise 16(32%)samples

The first objective was to assess the breathing pattern before and after breathing

exercise among asthma patients in experimental group

 In experimental group the pre test scores on the level of breathing pattern

moderate were 12(24%) had somewhat severe,13(26%) had moderate very very

severe, 5(10%) had maximum breathing pattern 9(18%) had almost maximum

11(22%). whereas in post test scores on the level of very very slight were 22(44%)

had slight breath 20(40%) had moderate breathing pattern 6(12%)had severe

breathing pattern and no one maximum breathing pattern respectively.

 The above table shows that the calculated t value’ in the experimental group
was 3.02 which was significantly at P<0.05 level. It can be concluded that there
is no much difference in pre test and post test in experimental group.

The second objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of deep breathing

exercise among asthma patients in experimental group.
The above table shows that the obtained ‘t’ value between experimental

group is 5.67 which was significant at p<0.05 level. Hence H1 is accepted. It can be

concluded that the deep breathing exercise was effective in reducing the dyspnea in

experimental group among asthma patients.

The third objective was to find out the association between breathing

pattern with their selected demographic variables in experimental group.

The above table shows that there was a significant association between

dyspnea among asthma patients and their demographic variables such as

education, occupation, marital status, family history of asthma, duration of

illness, smoking habits presented at there is no association between the

duration of illness, treatment of asthma, family income.

CONCLUSION

The main conclusion of this present study was ‘t’ value between experimental

group is 5.67 which was significant at p<0.05 level. Hence H1 is accepted. It can be

concluded that the deep breathing exercise was effective in reducing the dyspnea in

experimental group among asthma patients.

IMPLICATIONS

The findings of the study have several implications in following field. It can

be discussed in four areas namely nursing practice, Nursing administration, Nursing

education and Nursing research.

Nursing practice

 Complimentary therapies can provide effective economical, non-invasive,

non-pharmacological complements to medical care.

 Breathing exercise is one of touch therapy, which in this study has proved

effective in reducing and improving the breathing pattern among patients of

asthma.

 Nurses can adopt simple interventions like breathing exercise while providing

care for the asthma patients.

 Breathing exercise used in this study can be applied in the practice set up;

there by increasing the nursing practice based on evidence.

Nursing administration

 Nurse administrators can arrange seminars and workshops to educate learners

and staff nurses regarding breathing pattern among asthma.

 The findings of this study will help nurse administrator to plan and organize

various in service programmes like in-service education and workshop on

breathing pattern and its effects on asthma.

 It helps to provide critical thinking regarding pain management in orthopedic

surgical unit.
  The nurse administrator can take part in developing protocols related to

breathing pattern.

Nursing education

 Several implications can be drawn from the present study for nursing

education

 The curriculum incorporating the recent trends and demands of the changing

society needed for the progress of nursing education.

 Practical hours for complementary and alternative medicine including yoga,

massage and reflexology can be included in the nursing curriculum which will

help the students to improve their skills.

Nursing research

 This study motivates nursing personnel to do further studies related to this

field.

 Research can be conducted to find out the effectiveness of various non-

pharmacological methods in pain management of patients who have asthma

patient.

LIMITATIONS

 Intervention was limited to 15 – 20 minutes

 Study was conducted only on patients who have undergone asthma patient

 Relatively small sample size

 Randomization of samples could not be done

RECOMMENDATIONS

 The study can be replicated on a larger samples to generalize the results

 The comparative study can be conducted with more than one intervention

 Training programmers for nurses can be given on complimentary therapies

 A study can be conducted to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of nurses

regarding breathing exercise in reducing breathing pattern among asthma

patient.
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