Contemporary World Send To GCC

THE CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
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Faculty Profile
Name: Noel B. De Leon
Academic Rank: Asso. Prof. V
Address: Bigaa, Virac Catanduanes
Contact Number: 09484264760
Email: dnoel534@gmail.com
Facebook Account:
Name: Rommel R. Regala
Academic Rank: Asst. Professor III
Address: Velasco Subdivision, Daraga Albay
Email: rommelriosregala@hotmail.com
Facebook Account: Rommel Rios Regala
Name: Kristine Anne T. Razal
Academic Rank: Instructor I
Address: Calatagan Proper Virac, Catanduanes
Email: annekristinerazal@gmail.com
Facebook Account: Kristine Anne TiburcioRazal
Name: Ma. Nena T. Vital
Address: Calatagan Tibang, Virac, Catanduanes
Email: palechocolate@gmail.com
Facebook Account: Ma Nena Vital

Name: Misty Ivory GielVerdad
Address: Bugao, Bagamanoc, Catanduanes
Email: miggybee798@gmail.com
Facebook Account: MigVerdad
Name: Shyra Mae Martirez
Address: San Roque, BatoCatanduanes
Contact Number 09467565957
Email: shyramaematitinez790@gmail.com
Facebook Account: Shyra Mae T. Martirez
Name: Shienalyn T. Ramos
Address: Patagan San Miguel, Catanduanes,
Email: shienalyntuganoramos@gmail.com
Facebook Account: Shienalyn T. Ramos

Name: Rochelle Vargas
Address: Calatagan Proper, ViracCatanduanes
Email: vargaschelle khae@gmail.com
Facebook Account: Rochelle Vargas
Name: Ronald Sarmiento
Address: Cavinitan, Virac, Catanduaes
Email: agentronaldo@gmail.com
Facebook Account: Ronald Sarmiento
Name: Matet M. Samonte
Address: Bote, Bato, Catanduanes
Email: matetsamonte@gmail.com
Facebook Account: Matet Manlagnit Samonte
Name: Daisy T. Tasarra
Address: Magnesia Del Sur, Virac, Catanduanes
Email: daisytasarra@gmail.com
Facebook Account: Daisy Tasarra

Course Overview
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted phenomenon of
globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political,
technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of
peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in
global governance, development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the
Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and goal ethical responsibility.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Differentiate the competing concepts of globalization

• Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization
• Examine the various concepts of globalization
• Distinguish the different definitions of globalization from experts; and
• Adopt a working definition of globalization
• Define economic globalization
• Identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization
• Define the modern world system
• Articulate a stance on global economic integration
• Explain the role of international financial institutions in the creation of a global economy
• Narrate a short history of global market integration in the twentieth century
• Identify the attributes of global corporations
• Explain the effects of globalization on governments
• Identify the institutions that govern international relations
• Differentiate internationalism from globalism
• Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations
• Identify the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century
• Explain the relevance of the nation-state amid globalization in the twenty-first century
• Differentiate between regionalization and globalization.
• Identify the factors that lead to a greater integration of Asian regions.
• Explain the term Global south.
• Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of Globalization and regionalization through
regionalism.
• Differentiate the global south from third world.
• Explain how regions are formed and kept together.
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of regionalism.
• Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region.
• Analyze how various media drive various form of global integration
• Explain the dynamic between local and global cultural production
• Explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs
• Analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict and, conversely, global peace
• Identify the attributes of a global city.
• Analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization
• Explain the theory of demographic transition as it affects global population
• Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of people
• Display first-hand knowledge of the experiences of OFW’s
• Differentiate stability from sustainability
• Articulate models of global sustainable development
• Define global food security
• Critique existing models of global food security
• Write a research paper on topic related to globalization, with proper citations
TABLE OF CONTENT
COURSE OVERVIEW ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LEARNING OUTCOMES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OTCOMES-BASED EDUCATION (OBE) COURESE SYLLABUS ------------------------------
PRE-TEST ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE OF CONTENT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Globalization ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Concepts of Globalization ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTION 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
SYNTHESIS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 2 – The Structures of Globalization ---------------------------------------------------------------------
The Global Economy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Market Integration------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Global Interstate System ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contemporary Global Governance ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SYNTHESIS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 3 – A World of Regions ---------------------------------------------------------------------
The Global Divides: The North and the South -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asian Regionalism ----------------------------------------------------------------------
SYNTHESIS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 4 – A World of Ideas ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Culture and Media -------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Globalization of Religion ----------------------------------------------------------------------
SYNTHESIS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 5 – Global Population and Mobility ---------------------------------------------------------------------
The Global City -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Demography ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Migration ----------------------------------------------------------------------
SYNTHESIS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 6 – Towards a Sustainable World ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Sustainable Development -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Food Security ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Citizenship ----------------------------------------------------------------------
SYNTHESIS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POST-TEST ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Globalization plays a vital role in the economic system of the world. The world economy which is set to be
a system of being globalized. What does it mean? It means that the whole world is increasingly involving as a part
of a single market, with interdependent production, consuming similar goods, and responding to the same
impulses. It also involves of spreading of ideas, practices, and technologies. It is the connectivity across the entire
world of the economic and cultural life that increased throughout the centuries. However, what is the real concept
of globalization and when did it begin? Does the perspective of every experts differ from one another? What are
some impacts of globalization to the development of world’s economy? Do you think it is beneficial? Why or why
not?
The aim of this chapter is to outline some of the main dimensions of globalization and to indicate some
ways in which they are being studied and criticize by the experts. This chapter is an attempt to open more doors
than it closes and to point the reader in directions that I have myself found fruitful.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
A. At the end of the unit, the students shall be able to:
1. Examine the various conceptions of globalization

2. Distinguish the different definitions from experts
3. Adopt a working definition of globalization
Lesson Outline
I. Introduction to Globalization
1. Concepts of Globalization
2. Definitions of Globalization from Experts
3. Attributes of Globalizations
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Cultural Imperialism – a conviction that there is a better culture
Globalism - widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration of economic markets is
beneficial for everyone since it spreads freedom and democracy across the world
Globalization – - the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world time and
world space.
Globality –future social condition characterized by thick economic, political, and cultural interconnections and
global flows that make currently existing political borders and economic barriers irrelevant
Global Village – through globalization and communication technology, the world has become borderless
LESSON 1 Concepts of Globalization
CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION
DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization is comprised of multiple sameness and interconnectedness that go beyond the nation-
states. McGrew (1990)
• Ohmae in 1992 stated, “Globalization means the onset of the borderless world”(p.14).
• “Globalization is a world in which societies, cultures, politics and economics have, in some sense, come
closer together” – Ray Kiely and Phil Marfleet, Globalisation and the Third World (London: Routledge,
1998), p.3.
• Globalization is the intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across borders. –
Hans-Henrik Holm and Georg Sorensen (eds.)
Globality
• Globalization as a condition
Future social condition characterized by thick economic, political, and cultural interconnections and global
flows that make currently existing political borders and economic barriers irrelevant (Steger (2005).
Globalism
• Steger (2014b) globalization as an ideology

Appadurai (1996) five dimensions of global cultural flow.
1. Ethnoscape- global movement of people

2. Mediascape- flow of culture
3. Technoscape- circulation of mechanical goods and software
4. Finacescape- global circulation of money
5. Ideoscape- realm of political ideas
Windows into the broader phenomenon of globalization
Globalization is also defined differently depending on someone else’s expertise, experience, and
perspective
Economics expert
Globalizations means;
- fast speed of trade (importing and exporting are done in just a millisecond through technology)
- global economic organizations International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB),
World Trade Organization (WTO). International Labor Organization (ILO), ASEAN, etc.
- multinational and transnational corporations
- free trade (governments not to restrict the importation of products and the exportation of
local products
Culture expert
Globalizations means;
. - establishment “global village” (media, facebook has connected the world)

- “shrinking world” (breaking boundaries)
- cultural imperialism (Better Culture)
- borderless world
- adoption of other cultures (KPOP)
Political science expert
Globalization serves as a challenge to the nation-state.

- strengthening of regional blocs (ASEAN) (UN)
- emergence of global political norms (the norm that each country is entitled to the exploitation
of human resources for its own growth)
- emergence of corporations (businessmen and investors)
- international laws (conflicts)
- world governance
Four attributes of globalization
1. Globalization occurs worldwide

2. Intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities
3. Expansion and stretching of social relations
4. Various forms of connectivity
A. Globalization occurs worldwide (Every person is a global citizen because he or she thinks about the issues of
the world)
- Think about the world

- Associate ourselves with global trends
- Sense of responsibility
B. Globalization Intensification & acceleration of social exchanges and activities
- Door-to-door mail delivery to FB messages – IG, SnapChat, Twitter

- Live TV telecast
- Travel capacities brought about by low airfares
C. Globalization Expansion & stretching of social relations
- Regional and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

Humanitarian Institution
- Government associations
- multinational companies
D. Globalization has Various forms of connectivity
- They are diverse (economic, political, cultural, etc.)

SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQ)/ ACTIVITY 1
Name: Date:
Course/Block: _Schedule:
Why is it crucial to emphasize that globalization is uneven? Justify your answer.

SYNTHESIS:
Globalization may be defined and conceptualized from different lenses, but an interdisciplinary definition is
necessary. Some scholars consider it as a process, a condition, or an ideology. Experts from different fields of
social sciences also define globalization based on their specialization or expertise. Every one of them talks about
different networks and connections that are expanding and intensifying in the contemporary world.
REFERENCES
Brazalote T., and Leomardo R. (2019). The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City
CHAPTER 2
THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter exposes the learners to economic and political arenas as structures of globalization. In
Section 1. The Global Economy, the discussion focuses on the process of making the world economy an integral
element of a whole. Also, it elaborates on the important players of economic globalization. Section 2. Market
Integration covers the position of international financial institutions in global market integration. In Section 3. The
Global Interstate System, the discussion tackles the consequences of globalization on governments and
institutions that govern nation-state relations. Section 4. Contemporary Global Governance presents the United
Nations’ role, function and the challenges of global governance.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Define economic globalization
2. Identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization
3. Define the modern world system
4. Articulate a stance on global economic integration
5. Explain the role of international financial institutions in the creation of a global economy
6. Narrate a short history of global market integration in the twentieth century
7. Identify the attributes of global corporations
8. Explain the effects of globalization on governments
9. Identify the institutions that govern international relations
10. Differentiate internationalism from globalism
11. Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations
12. Identify the challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century
13. Explain the relevance of the nation-state amid globalization in the twenty-first century
Lesson Outline
I. Global Economy
1. Economic Globalization
2. Actors that facilitate Economic Globalization
II. Market Integration
1. Role of International Financial Institutions in the creation of a global economy

2. History of global market integration in the 20th Century
3. Attributes of Global Corporations
III. The Global Interstate System
1. Effects of Globalization on nation-states

2. Institutions that govern international relations
3. International and Globalism
IV. The Contemporary Global Governance
1. Roles and functions of the United Nations

2. Challenges of Global Governance in the 21st Century
3. Relevance of nation-state in the midst of globalization
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Economic Globalization – expanding interdependence of world economies

Global corporations – companies which has expanded outside their home countries
Global Governance – the totality of norms, laws, policies and bodies that defines, comprise, and facilitate
transnational relations between citizens, states, cultures, intergovernmental, and non-governmental organizations.
Globalism – an attitude that seeks to understand all the interconnections of the modern world and to highlight the
patterns that underlie them
Global Interstate System – seeks to form collaboration among nation-states through the establishment of
intergovernmental organizations
Globalization - the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world time and
world space.
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) – facilitators of connections among nation-states
Internationalism – a practice of interdependent collaboration
Nation-state - a political community that emanates from civic society to legitimately execute peace.
LESSON 1: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to demonstrate the following:
■ Define economic globalization
■ Analyze the actors that facilitates economic globalization
■ Articulate a stance on global economic integration
Economic Globalization
Steger’s (2014) definition of globalization as the expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world time and space implies that there are various forms of connectivity. Globalization is a
multidimensional phenomenon, creating economic, political, cultural, and even technological forms of connectivity.
This lesson focuses on the economic dimension.
Economic globalization refers to the expanding interdependence of world economies. (Shangquan
2000) attributes this to the growing scale of cross-border trade commodities and services, flow of international
capital, and wide and rapid spread of technology. In the Philippines, cross-border trading can be best illustrated by
the country’s trading partnerships with China, the United States, and Australia. Moreover, the flow of international
capital can be observed in foreign direct investments (FDI), a type of investment in which a company establishes a
business in another country for production of goods or services and still takes part in the management of that
business. A good example of this is Toyota Motor Philippines Corporation which is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor
Philippines Corporation based in Toyota, Japan. This flow of international capital can also be observed in foreign
portfolio investments, trade flows, external assistance and external commercial borrowings, and private loan flows.
In 2008, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) defined economic globalization as a historical process,
the result of human innovation and technological progress. “It refers to the services increasing integration of
economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, and capital across borders” (IMF,
2008). Economic globalization can be traced from the time when there was economic movement in Asia, Africa
and Europe through the Silk Road, a network of trade routes that connected the East, particularly China, and the
West. Historically, these routes also led to the discovery of the Philippine Islands when Portuguese and Spanish
envoys were in search of spices, which then spawned colonization. In the contemporary period, foreign
expatriates come to the country to manage their company’s foreign subsidiaries. Likewise, the Philippines sends
thousands of skilled workers to the Middle East as construction workers, seafarers, and nurses.
Benczes (2014) identifies four interconnected dimensions of economy namely: (1) globalization of trade
and goods and services; (2) globalization of financial and capital markets; (3) globalization of technology and
communication; and (4) globalization of production. The first dimension of economic of economic
interconnectedness is demonstrated in the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that eases
trade among countries. WTO, established in 1995, “ensures that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as
possible “(WTO, 2012). Another indicator is the emergence of China as a major supplier and exporter of
manufactured goods that has affected the world economy. China-made products or parts are sent to the United
States. To meet this demand, China creates more jobs for its citizens. Another good example of economic
globalization of trade and services is the increasing number of business process outsourcing (BPO) companies
in the Philippines. The second dimension is evident in the liberalization of financial and capital markets. This is
seen in cross-listing of shares on one or more foreign stock exchange, cross-hedging and diversification of
portfolio, and round the clock trading worldwide (National Research Council, 1995). The third dimension
emphasizes that various transactions and interactivities that transpire instantly due to the internet and
communication technology. Moreover, the fourth dimension is best illustrated by the existence of multinational
corporations (MNCs) and transnational corporations (TNCs). The Coca Cola Company is an example of an MNC.
Based in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, the company only manufactures syrup concentrates and sells them to various
bottlers that hold exclusive territories in different countries including the Philippines.
The most fitting definition of economic globalization is that of Szentes’ (2003): the process of “making the world
economy an ‘organic system’ by extending transnational economic processes and relations to more and more
countries and by deepening the economic interdependencies among them” This implies that the world economy is
no longer controlled by the nation-states, but it must be seen from a global context – the reliance and integration
of world economies.
Actors that facilitate Economic Globalization
After recognizing the definition of economic globalization, it is important to discuss the different agents
that bring about interdependencies of global economies. There are different views on who or what the actors are
that facilitate economic globalization. On one hand, some scholars believe that it is still the nation-state but of
different levels. Boyer and Drache (1996) state that the role of nation-states as manager of the national economy
is being redefined by globalization. Although such is the case, nation-states still act as buffer to negative effects of
globalization. In support, Brodie (1996) calls the government as the “midwives” of globalization. It means that
nation-states are still relevant despite assuming a global perspective and act as mediators between the effects of
globalization and the national economy. Government policies and regulation either permit or deny the smooth
connection among world economies. On the other hand, some experts claim that the actors are now the global
corporations. Ohmae (1995) argues that the nation-state has ceased to exist as the primary economic
organization unit in the global market. Filipino consumers, for instance, prefer to consume and avail of global
products and services like H&M, Uniqlo, Accenture, Amazon, Alibaba and FedEx. As a result of transforming the
national economy into a global one, Reich (1999) posits that national products, technologies, corporations, and
industries become obsolete. San Miguel Corporation and Jollibee Foods Corporation are good illustrations of this
effect. These two Filipino companies have expanded outside their home country as they are present in Europe,
US and the rest of Asia. According to Gereffi (2005) , such TNCs are the main driving force of economic
globalization accounting for two thirds of the world export. Forbes lists down companies from 63 countries that
together account for $35 trillion in revenue, $2.4 trillion in profit, $162 trillion of assets and have a combined
market value of $44 trillion (Schaefer, 2016).
An international structure for money, power and interest was created in order to set a system in the
financial and economic relations in the modern day. The establishment of an international monetary system
(IMS) is one of the actors that facilitate economic globalization. IMS refers to internationally agreed rules,
conventions, and institutions for facilitating international trade, investments and flow of capital among nation-
states. Historically, there are three global IMS – the gold standard, the Bretton Wood System, and the European
Monetary System (EMS). The gold standard functions as a fixed exchange rate regime, with gold as the only
international reserve and participating countries determine the gold content of national currencies (Benczes,
2014). In the Bretton Woods System, the US dollar was the only convertible currency. Thus, it was agreed by 44
countries to adopt the gold-exchange standard. Also two financial institutions were established: the International
Bank for Reconstruction (IBRD) and the IMF. The former, now known as the World Bank, is responsible for post-
war reconstructions while the latter aims to promote international financial cooperation and strengthen
international trade. Another form of integration is the establishment of the EMS. It came about after the collapse of
the Bretton Woods System. EMS was successful in the stabilization process of exchange rates. It then prompted
the foundation of a new European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). National currencies were abandoned
and member states delegated monetary policy onto a supranational level administered by the European Central
Bank (European Commission, 2008). The development of international trade and trade policy is also a form of
such economic integration. Trade patterns must not be stagnant. Flow of goods must be voluntary but restricting it
might affect the relationship between and among states.
Does economic globalization divides or unites the world?
With the nation-states, global corporations and international monetary systems as actors of economic
globalization, the world is now confronted with a number of ongoing debates as to whether economic globalization
unites or divides the world. Benczes (2014) believes that economic globalization fosters universal economic
growth and development. For one, globalization allows a worldwide distribution of incomes. Australia, for instance,
cannot provide all the raw materials they need for certain products or services, so it needs other nation-states to
produce or provide these materials. Also, economic globalization reduces poverty (World Bank, 2002). As foreign
countries are in need of workforce and human capital, Filipino nurses become overseas workers ; they go to
Europe and other foreign countries to support their families in the Philippines. Lastly globalization creates mutual
dependence between developing and developed countries (Arrighi, 2005). Some developing countries rely on
developed countries for employment and income while the latter relies on the former for raw and services like
labor.
On the other hand, some observers of economic globalization believe that it divides the world further.
First, one might observe that the sources of goods and services are exploited, since these economically poor
nation-states depend on industrialized countries for employment and income, these industrialized countries
compensate their labor with cheap cost. These industrialized countries even source materials from natural
resources of poor nation-states as another form of exploitation. Some even destroy nature without doing anything
to rehabilitate it. Second, economic globalization does not benefit all nations (World Bank, 2002). There is an
uneven experience among nations. Workers in TNCs are paid less compared to their counterparts in the
companies’ home countries. This shows how cheap labor is in the Philippines. Third, Wallerstein (2005) claims
that capitalism created the different levels of wages in the economic arena of world systems. It further divides the
world for it leads to inequality according to expertise, experience and skills.
Conclusion
Economic globalization affects all nations and citizens through the increasing integration of economies
around the borderless world. Its important players are the nation-states, global corporations, and the international
monetary systems. Though some people believe that economic globalization brings unity of all economic
movements, others believe that globalization furthers the separation among nation-states around the world.
Reference: Brazalote T., and Leomardo R. (2019). The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City
p.17-21
Name: Date:
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION: UNITY OR DIVISION?

Instructions:
1. Based on your readings and your further researches, analyze whether economic globalization is
something that unites or further divides the world.
2. Using your drawing, articulate a position on global economic integration.
3. Write a short explanation of your stand.
LESSON 2: Market Integration
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to demonstrate the following:
▪ Explain the role of international financial insitutions in the creation of a global economy
▪ Narrate a short history of global market intergration in the 20 th century
▪ Infer the attributes of global corporations
Role of international financial insitutions in the creation of a global economy

After the Second World War, almost all countries around the world faced the great challenge of bringing
their feet back on the ground. As a substitute to the unsuccessful League of Nations, the United Nations (UN) was
established on October 24, 1945. Primarily, it was tasked to promote international cooperation and to restore
international order. Earlier in 1944 at the Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hamsphire
(US), the first government-sponsored international financial institutions were established-the World Bank (WB)
and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). There are two types of international financial institutions:
intergovernmental and private. The WB is an intergovernmental institution. Its aim is to end extreme poverty and
promote shared prosperity in a sustainable way (worldbank.org). There are five organizations that belong to the
WB Group, namely, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Development
Association, International Financial Corporation, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and International
Center for Settlement and Investment Disputes. These organizations facilitate the granting of loans and financial
assistance to developing countries. The IMF, also an intergovernmental institution, works to foster global
monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, and more(imf.org/en.About). Like the
WB, it also grants financial assistance and loans to developing countries.
In the 1960s, regional development banks were established: the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 1960 and the
African Development Bank (AfDB) in 1964. These two are intergovernmental financial institutions that were
created to spur social progress and economic growth in order to address and reduce poverty. As financial
institutions, ADB and AfDB are anchored on the goal of fostering sustainable development in their respective
member countries.
There are also private international financial institutions such as Citigroup and Merrill Lynch. Citigroup is an
American multinational investment banking and financial corporation. It is the fourth largest bank in the US
(citigroup.com). On the other hand, Merril Lynch is the wealth management division of the Bank of America. Both
institutions provide investments, stocks, or financial loans.
Both intergovernmental and private financial institutions help facilitate the functionality of a global
economy by lending money to their member states and global corporations. For example, the World Bank helps in
project lending, establishes structural reforms, provides support and technical assistance, and helps design
modern and durable social safety nets for the benefit of both developed and developing nations (Stiglitz, 1998). It
also provides international capital like foreign direct investments, short term capital and long term investments.
The International Monetary Fund, on the other hand, helps establish institutional bodies to address and reduce
poverty like the African Regional Technical Centers (AFRITACs) in 2001, and assists in creating the conditions for
mobilization of private domestic and foreign capital and job generation growth (Kohler, 2002). Moreover, the Asian
Development Bank lends money for the building of infrastructures that leads to growth in business
(Oxfam.org.au,2013). Clearly, these global institutions are active agents in fostering social and economic
development by providing various forms of help to improve the national and the global economies.
History of global market intergration in the 20 th century

Global market integration did not happen overnight. It was the result of the establishment of a global
economy that involved the homogenization of trade and commerce. Prior to trends in globalization of the 20th
century, international trade and exchange of goods and services were already practiced. Harvey (1990) sees that
cities and countries were able to extend their reach beyond borders and patterns of trade and technology because
of developments in shipping and navigation. This was observable in the development of maritime transport
throughout history. Colonialism and imperialism rose as the new ways of putting order to the economic
interrelationships among countries. Equity, corporate ownership, management subsidiaries, and central
headquarters which supply and distribute goods and services were established through colonialism. The Spanish
government in the 1600s, for instance, made use of its colonies like the Philippines and Mexico as suppliers of its
resources for trade.
The integration of the global market started when big American corporations began to emerge after the
Second World War with the rise of new conglomerates. International Telephone and Telegraph bought Avis Rent-
a-Car, Continental Banking, Sheraton Hotels, and Hartford Fire Insurance (American History, 2018). Later, Japan
and Europe followed suit. Japanese global automobile corporations like Toyota, Nissan and Isuzu took off after
the giant American companies flourished. These companies prospered as the primary and global makers of trucks
for the Japanese military (Dower, 1992). Renault automobiles, a French multinational automobile manufacturer,
was also used to help in the military post-war operations. The rise of American, Japanese, and European global
corporations paved the way for the further development of international trade. Iwan (2012) identifies the
differences among international, multinational, transnational, and global companies:
• International companies are importers and exporters with no investment outside their home countries.
• Multinational companies (MNCs) have investments in other countries, but do not have a coordinated
product offering in each country. They are more focused on adapting their products and services to each
individual local market.
• Global companies have investments and are present in many countries. They typically market their
products and services to each individual local market.
• Transnational companies (TNCs) are more complex organizations that have investments in foreign
operations, have a central corporate facility but give decision-making, research and development, and
marketing powers to each individual foreign market.
American corporations operating internationally were at a great advantage after the war for they had no
competition. They had the capacity to produce, organize, and distribute products because America was not
devastated by the war. Literatures officially traced the start of the contemporary market integration from the
return of the Japanese and European corporations to the global market. It was acknowledged in 1974 that the
major global economic actors were MNCs. Collectively; they were described to be a particular corporate form
to dominate global production and exchange (Neubauer, 2014). Caroll (2003) termed the emergence of
international, multinational, global and transnational companies in the United States (US), the European Union
(EU), and Japan as the triad-the major economies of the world.
Gereffi (2001) identifies three structural periods in the existence of global corporations after the war. They are
investment-based period(1950-1970), trade-based period (1970-1995), and digital globalization (1995
onwards). The development of global corporations can be examined from the sources and the levels of
foreign direct investments (FDIs). The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
defines FDIs as dunding made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside the economy of the
investor in which their purpose is to gain an effective voice in the management of the enterprise (UNCTAD,
2011). In 1960, UN cited FDIs as the major drivers of global corporate development and in 1990, FDIs tripled
(Hedley, 1999). With this, around 20,000 new corporate alliances were formed in a span of two years (Gilpin,
2000). During the trade-based period, global corporations were controlled by producer-driven commodities. As
a result, firms were characterized by large amounts of concentrated capital focused on large-scale or capital
intensive manufacturing. More so, digital globalization affected the operation of global corporations since
technology became integrated in both production and consumption. Producer-driven commodities value
streams have integrated their corporate structures to reduce the effect of time and distance in production and
consumption of goods while buyer-driven value streams have changed the behavior of corporations in
retailing their goods and services via the internet (Neubauer, 2014). As Cammett (2006) observed, designing,
ordering, factory processing, inventory, delivery, branding, and advertising are driven by digital operations
since the 1990s.
Attributes of Global Corporations

The ascent of global corporations is a reflection of a globalized market integration. TNCs and MNCs are
no longer limited to their home countries. They are able to expand their reach to other continents and
countries.
These global corporations have common attributes. Neubauer (2014) identifies three of them - an agent of
desired economic development, en economic prominence, and a very powerful entity that can create a crisis.
These corporations may hit their target of economic development by making their consumer products
available in many parts of the globe. An example is Nestle. Some TNCs and MNCs were only able to reach
their annual growth target by exploiting the environment. In the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, global
corporations brought chaos to the economy of the Asian region by controlling the foreign direct investments
that resulted in the increase of real estate values, aggressive government infrastructure projects, and huge
corporate spending all funded by bank borrowings.
Conclusion
On the whole, international financial institutions play am important role in the social and economic
development programs of developing and transitional nations. They are instrumental in the functionality of the
global economy which is reliant on global corporations.
Reference: Brazalote T., and Leomardo R. (2019). The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon
City.p 30-33
Name: Date:
Instructions: Choose one Filipino Global corporation, In an essay, discuss its history, worldwide reach, and
attributes as a global corporation.
LESSON 3: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Learning Outcomes:
▪ Explain the effects of globalization on nation-states
▪ Categorize the institutions that govern international relations; and
▪ Differentiate internationalism from globalism
Weber (1997) describes the state as a compulsory political organization with a centralized government
that maintains the legitimate use of force within a certain territory. On the other hand, the concept of nation
emphasizes the organic ties that hold groups of people together and inspire a sense of loyalty and belongingness
– ie., ethnicity, language, religion and others (Schattle, 2014). Combining these two, a nation-state can then be
defines as a political community that emanates from a civic society to legitimately execute peace. Thus, the civic
society is the basis of the people’s oneness.
Though some scholars like Appuradai and Ohmae claim that globalization has superseded the individual
function and jurisdiction of nation-states, this is still arguable. In fact, they still play vital roles in the way
globalization establishes a borderless world. Nation-states can manipulate competitive advantages with
international and political issues, transnational civil society organizations, and multinational companies. On the on
the other hand, they are also accountable for a host of international norms and standard, find themselves in
subordinate positions to protect their economy, and face the new kinds of pressures of supranational integration
and focus of local fragmentation (Schattle, 2014). However, if nation-states no longer have power in today’s
globalized world, then why does the United Nations (UN), with its increasing number of states, remains relevant in
global decision making? The 194 member of UN prove that globalization has affected the dynamics of nation-
states in the context of their agency as legitimate holders of force in their jursisdiction. Globalization has, in a way,
reshaped the role and functions of nation-states as governing bodies in their particular territories.
First, globalization is seen to impose a forced choice upon nation-states. Either they conform to the neo-
liberal ideas and free-market principles of deregulation, privatization, and free trade or run the risk of being left
behind in terms of development. Of course, the nation-states, in this contemporary age, are forced to submit
themselves to the demands of globally accepted free-market principles. Friedman in Steger (2005) claims that
nation-states are in danger of losing important elements of economic sovereignty because of the notion that neo-
liberalism is beyond contestation as an aspect of globalization. In other words, nation-states still exist but lose a
part integral to their economic development and let global corporations control their economic movement. Though
government policies can be put in place, nation-states are forced to realign their policies to be congruent with the
principles of free trade because of the pressures from global corporations. To illustrate, the member states of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), including the Philippines, established the ASEAN Free Trade
Area (AFTA) in 1999. Its goal is to encourage the member-states to deepen their commitments in investment,
trade, and industrial collaboration to brace them for the increase in the region’s economic activity.
The second effect of globalization on nation-states is the establishment of economic and political
integrations. One good example is the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade (NAFTA). EU
has become a supranational body with 28 members. It has a single currency and monetary system among 17
states, parliament with legislative powers, with common citizens’ rights to live, work, vote and run for office, with
developed collective mechanism to resolve crises and assist those in need, and which intercontinental
jurisprudence in the case of the members is not dissolved, what has changed is only how the nation-states
function, in terms of economy and politics, as part of a whole. (Schattle, 2014)
The third effect of globalization is the establishment of international laws and principles. This is observable
in the establishment of the UN that operates as a forum for nation-states to air their difference and try to resolve
them. The UN Security Council has powers that include the creation of peacekeeping operations and international
sanctions and the authorization of military action. Also, UN’s International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutes
individuals accused of crimes against humanity such as genocide. The founding of ICC is based on the adoption
of the Rome Statute of International Criminal Court in 1998, with the vote of 120 to 7, with 21 abstentions. It began
functioning in 2002 when the statute officially came into force. However, the United States, China and India are
not signatories. Thus, the treaty is not binding to these economic powers. Moreover, there are also universal
principles that are adopted by nation-states in relation to the dynamism of globalization. Two of them are the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights that affirms an individual’s rights and the other is the United Nations
Convention of the Law of the Sea that defines the rights of nation-states on the use of the world’s oceans.
These three mentioned effects are vertical effects. Aside from this, globalization also has a horizontal
effect which can be observed in the formation of transgovernmental Networks (Slaughter, 20114). National
government offices connect with their counterparts in the other nation-states in order to establish linkages that
would benefit all parties. These linkages are informal institutions that connect legislators, finance ministers, and
other valuable individuals who are significant in carrying out various aspects of global governance. As institution,
policies are agreed upon and individual state-participants are conscious that their home country policies should
not be violated.
The fourth effect of globalization is the rise of transnational activism (TNA). Such happens when activist
groups of nation-states connect with their counterparts on other states. For example, an advocacy-based
organization in the Philippines may connect itself with and get support from other human rights groups in Europe
to pressure the Philippine government to realign its stance and actions in upholding human rights. When a nation-
state recognizes international interventions and changes its behaviour in response to international pressure, it
reconstitutes the relationship among the nation-state, its citizens, and international actors (Keck & Sikkink, 1998).
The fifth and last effect of globalization is the creation of new communications network. Globalization
binds communities through digital media. With new technologies in communication, political interaction can
happened in a virtual sphere. People can exchange political perspectives through the internet, therefore stirring
political discourse on an online platform. Because of the so-called network society (Castells, 2009), nation-states
must reshape themselves to become part of global networks in the arena of finance, education, science,
technology, arts, and sports. This can be seen in the proliferation of online education from universities outside the
Philippines. Conversely, Philippine universities offer online courses to non-Filipinos. Thus, digital media has
become the platform for strategic communications at home and abroad wherein the nation-states can utilize the
internet to gather feedback from the citizens. Social media gives people the power to air their sentiments, and
also, serves as an avenue to discuss issues. Government websites can also be avenues to formally forward
concerns to particular government offices. Many nation-states also establish their own state-funded television
networks for information dissemination as alternative to the well-established privately-funded news networks. In
the case of authoritarian and repressive states like China, Russia and North Korea, the government make use of
media technologies to filter content that can be viewed by their citizens. On the other hand, digital media can also
be used by governments to gain public support in their campaigns. Thus, social media, in particular, can become
an alternative to mainstream media that advances its biased perspective.
In order to facilitate connections among nation-states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) were
established. Their aim is to foster strong economic, political, cultural, educational, and technical intergovernmental
relationships. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), European Union(EU), and World Trade
Organization (WTO) are examples.
Established in 1967, the ASEAN now has 10 member states. Its aims are 1) to accelerate economic
growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region; 2) promote regional progression; 3) advance
peace and sustainability; 4) promote active and beneficial cooperation and mutual assistance on matters of
common interest in the economic, technical, cultural, administrative, and scientific fields; 5) provide assistance to
each other in the framework of training and research installations in the educational, professional, technical, and
administrative spheres; 6) work hand in hand for more effective and greater use of agriculture and industries; 7)
advance Southeast Asian research; and 8) preserve close and beneficial collaboration with current international
and regional institutions with similar aims and purposes (asean.org). Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia are the members of ASEAN.
The European Union (EU), an IGO with 28-state members, was established in November 1993. Its goals
are 1) to promote peace, its values, and the well-being of its citizens; 2 offer freedom, security, and justice without
internal borders; 3) uphold sustainable development based on balanced economic growth and price stability; 4)
combat social exclusion and discrimination; 5) promote scientific and technological progress; 6) enhance
economic, social, and territorial cohesion and solidarity among member countries; 7) respect cultural and linguistic
diversity; and 8) establish an economic and monetary union (europa.eu).
The World Trade Organization (WTO) has 164 member-states. It is the sole IGO that caters to rules of
trade on a global scale. Its objective is to ensure that trade runs as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible. It
also encourages trade by lowering trade barriers that may hinder how products and services flow from nation to
nation.
Some other examples of IGOs are the International Criminal Court (ICC), North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), and Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). All IGOs serve purposes
based on the common interest of their member-states that is deemed beneficial to all parties involved.
The intensification of relations among nation-states gave birth to the idea of internationalism and
globalism. The former is the theory and practice of interdependent collaboration while the latter is an attitude.
Internationalism is basically anchored on the opinion that nationalism should be outrun because links that bind
people of different countries are more powerful than those that disconnect them (Anora, 2014). Moreover, in order
to avert wars, Immanuel Kant (1795) stated that agreements among nations must be reached. He conceptualized
the idea of liberal internationalism which proposes that nations must give up their freedom and submit to a larger
system of laws that is embodied by common international principles. He believed that a form of global government
is needed to create and enforce these laws. On the other hand, Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) assumed that
nationalism and international cooperation complemented each other. He believed that cooperation among nation-
states is essential. Equally, US President Woodrow Wilson (1856 – 1924) thought that nations were subject to the
universal laws of God that could be discovered through reason. He adopted the principles of self determination,
democratic government, collective security, international law, and a league of nations in his concept of
internationalism. Socialist internationalism, on the other hand, contradicts liberal internationalism. This form of
internationalism is based on the view that capitalism is a global system and that the working class must unite as a
global class to forward the struggle against capitalism. The notion of socialist internationalism is linked to the goal
of a world revolution – to end class struggle globally. The Second International (1889-1916), the original socialist
international, was an organization of labor and social parties established in Paris 1889. It is best known for
declaring the International Worker’s Day (May 1) and International Women’s Day (March 8) and for initiating the
campaign for the eight-hour work day.
On the other hand, globalism emerged as an attitude that seeks to understand all the interconnections of
the modern world and to highlight patterns that underlie them. It pursues to describe and explain a world that is
characterized by a network of connections that span multicontinental distances.
Overall, the global interstate system is a facet of contemporary political globalization that seeks to form
collaboration among nation-states through the establishment of intergovernmental organizations. It is rooted on
the idea of internationalism. Experts on interstate relations cannot discount the numerous effects of neoliberalism
on the rise of new communication networks utilized by governments.
Reference: Brazalote T., and Leomardo R. (2019). The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon
City.p 42-47
Name: Date: Course/Block:
_Schedule:
Instructions: Below are organizations that govern international relations. Compare two of them in terms of their
objectives, roles, functions. Write your answers in bullet form.
1. International Criminal Court (ICC)
2. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
3. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
4. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
5. Global Environment Facility (GEF)
LESSON 4 Contemporary Global Governance
Learning Outcomes:
▪ Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations (UN)
▪ Describe the challenges of global governance in the 21st century
▪ Explain the relevance of the nation-state in the midst of globalization
Today, global governance makes world affairs systematic, secured, and formulaic. Weiss & Thakur (2014)
describe global governance as the totality of norms, laws, policies, and bodies that define, comprise, and facilitate
transnational relations between citizens, states, cultures, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.
Rules and norms put everything in order. Though global governance is rule-based, it has no central authority.
However, there are systems for international relationships that bind the states, people, and society together.
Since the United Nations (UN) has the most number of members among the established global systems,
this section discusses its organs, roles, and functions. UN is composed of six organs. The General Assembly is
the central deliberative and the only organ where all member-states have equal representation in discussion and
consideration, and policymaking. The Security Council is the organ which has the commitment to preserve peace
and security. The Economic and Social Council is the main organ for cooperation, policy review, policy dialogue,
and advice on social, economic, and environmental issues. The Trusteeship Council is the organ tasked to
administer international oversight for 11 trust territories and to make sure that adequate procedures are taken for
independence and self-government. The International Court of Justice is UN’s prime judicial organ. The
Secretariat is the organ tasked to execute the daily activities as assigned by the five other organs.
The United Nations was established after the Second World Was with one central mission-to maintains
international peace and security. Currently, with the world being faced with numerous issues that threaten peace,
UN serves as an actor in confronting these. In 1948, UN was responsible for bringing human rights into the realm
of international law through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UN is also a space for its members to
manifest their perspectives through its core organs and committees. The organization has become an instrument
for governments to identify spaces of agreement and resolve problems collectively by enabling the exchange of
opinions between and among its members and by hosting consultations.
Aside from maintaining international peace and security and protecting human rights, UN also carries the
functions of delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law.
The organization utilizes good offices, diplomacy, and meditation. It does peacekeeping processes in
countries with domestic conflicts and peace-building tasks in countries freed from conflict, lessening the risk of
reversing into conflict and setting the groundwork for sustainable peace and development. It agrees on the global
battle for the removal of nuclear weapons and other instruments of mass destruction. All of these are executed to
maintain international peace and security.
In order to protect human rights, UN scrutinizes situations and issues reported to them and oversees the
exercise of international human rights agreements. It takes responsibility for reviewing, monitoring, reporting, and
commending human rights from a country-based perspective. It approaches human rights energy within the UN
development system and boosts awareness of the reasons and acts of genocides, warns relevant players where
there is a danger of genocide, promotes, and mobilizes for relevant action. Ultimately, it governs the conceptual,
institutional, political, and operational advancement of the Responsibility to Protect.
In delivering humanitarian aid, UN is responsible for coordinating responses to emergencies and supports
rapid humanitarian response for people affected by natural disasters and armed conflict.
The Millenium Development Goals was set to promote sustainable development. In 2015, this was
changed into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and
more sustainable future for all. This collection of 17 global goals covers social and economic issues including
poverty, hunger, health, education, global warming, gender equality, water sanitation, energy urbanization,
environment, and social justice.
In order for international laws to be upheld, UN settles legal disputes referred to it by the member-states.
It also accords advisory opinions on questions that are of legal nature submitted by legitimate UN organs and
particular agencies.
The Security Council’s veto power over resolutions is one of the challenges that UN has been facing since
the organization’s foundation. For example, the UN resolution in December 2017 that required US President
Donald Trump to withdraw the recognition of Jerusalem as the capital city of Israel was vetoed by the United
States in the Security Council. In effect, resolution was not passed. Some states refuse to adopt resolutions and
statements especially since the membership is on voluntary basis. The new government of Lebanon openly defied
the Security Council’s many resolutions on the Israeli-Lebanon conflict. In 2017, the Philippines voted against a
United Nations General Assembly committee draft resolution on the human rights crisis in Myanmar concerning
the Rohingya people. These challenges seem to hinder some of the functions of UN. Furthermore, Weiss and
Thakur (2014), in their article titles, The United Nations Meet the Twenty-first Century: Confronting UN based on
knowledge, norms, policy, institutions, and compliance:
1. In terms of knowledge, UN is underappreciated regarding how its convening capacity and mobilizing
power are utilized to help funnel and consolidate knowledge from outside and ensure its discussion and
dissemination among governments.
2. The contrasting moral structures of social behavior in different member-states complicate the formulation
of a normative standard that can be applicable to all.
3. In formulating propositions, problems occur when only the member-states are heard. UN belittles the
helping hand of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the global public opinion. Sometimes,
recommendations are not executed.
4. Institutions can also be places where ideas are cornered and left behind. The modality and processes for
enforcing compliance with international norms and laws are not present. In fact, some UN staff members
violate, cheat, and challenge them.
Despite the establishment of global norms and international laws that nation-states should follow, the nation-
states are still relevant for there will be no intergovernmental organization without them. Also, international and
multinational agreements are designed by the states and propelled by the initiatives that they undertake. As
Bertucci & Alberto (2018) affirm, the sovereignty of nation-states in the midst of globalization has not been
diminished for the cooperation and converted action among nation-states represent the greater exercise of their
sovereignty. Furthermore, the nation-states remain to be active agents of local and transnational realms of
concern.
To conclude, contemporary global governance defines the political scope of globalization. Cooperation among
nation-states is the only way to reform and advance the roles and functions of interstate relationships despite real
challenges being faced by United Nations.
Reference: Brazalote T., and Leomardo R. (2019). The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City
p.56-59
Name: Date:
Instructions: Research on any agency or branch office of the United Nations in your locality. In essay form, write
a short description of its background, its objectives, and the challenges that it has encountered in the Philippines.
SYNTHESIS:
All this talk of large about globalization, intersecting processes may be confusing. Indeed, it may be hard
to assess globalization or comment on it because it is so diffuse and almost fleeting. Some scholars have
therefore; found it simpler to avoid talking about globalization as a whole. Instead, they want to discuss “multiple
globalizations,” instead of just one process.
ASSIGNMENT: IMAGINARY INTERVIEW
Instructions: Further research on Giuseppe Mazzini, Woodrow Wilson, Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Conduct an
imaginary interview with each one of them. In this interview, have your selected figure answer the following
questions:
1. What do you think of nationalism?
2. What is necessary for the development of an international order?
3. What do you think of the League of Nations?
4. What is the role of revolution in internationalism?
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3
“A World of Regions”
CHAPTER Overview
This chapter presents and prove the mechanism of a unique integration of the Asian regions and how
nation-states approach the challenges of the world homogenization and division that differentiate regionalization
and globalization and identifies the factors that leads impacts on the integration of Asian regions.
It analyse how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and regionalization through
regionalism. This module shall make you take a deeper look at regional development that will help you to widen
your own perspective about regionalism. The lesson from this module will look at regions as political entities and
examine what brings them together as they interlock with Globalization. Other facets of regionalism will then be
explored, especially those that pertains to identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability and health.
The lesson will conclude by asking where all these regionalism are bringing us as member of a nation and
as citizen of the world.
Learning Outcomes
1. Differentiate between regionalization and globalization.

2. Identify the factors that lead to a greater integration of Asian regions.
3. Explain the term Global south.
4. Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of Globalization and regionalization through
regionalism.
5. Differentiate the global south from third world.
6. Explain how regions are formed and kept together.
7. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of regionalism.
Lesson Outline:
1. Global Divides: The North and the South

2. Asian Regionalism
DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS/CONCEPTS OF UNLOCKING OF DIFFICULTIES
Global South- refers broadly to the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa and Oceania, most countries is
characterized by low-income and often politically or culturally marginalized.
Global North- refers to developed societies of Europe and North America, which characterized by established
democracy, wealth, technological advancement, political stability, aging population, zero population growth and
dominance of world trade and politics.
Mercatorian Map- it is a navigational cylindrical map presented by Gerardus Mercator.
First World Country- have a stable democracies and are characterized by the rule of law, a capitalist economy
and a high standard of living.
Second World Country- it is term used during the cold war for the industrial socialist states under the influence of
soviet unions.
Third World Country-is an outdated and offensive phrase that has been used historically to describe a class of
economically developing nations.
Regionalism- is a political ideology focusing on the “Development of a political or social system based on one or
more regions”.
Regionalization- it is the process of dividing a political entity
Socio-Cultural- a set of beliefs, customs, practices and behavior that exist within the population.
LESSON 1: THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
Since the process of globalization is uneven. It follows that there is an imbalance in the socio-economic
and political categories of the world. The world is divided into north and south and first, second and third.
The term Global South is a metaphor interstate inequality and a product of western imagination (Claudio
2014). Countries that were colonized by the Spaniards in the southern part of American continent are collectively
called Latin America.
The Global south is also found in developed countries. Economically poor families, underprivileged
individuals, unfair labor practices and suppression of human rights and other violations of basic rights in Europe.
Global South refers to the socio economic and political divide primarily focused on the southern
hemisphere of the 1569 mercatorian map. It consist of Africa, Latin America and Asia including the Middle East.
The Global south also connotes developing countries as opposed to rich, industrialized and wealthy nation.
Global North refers to developed societies of Europe and North America, which characterized by
established democracy, wealth, technological advancement, political stability, aging population, zero population
growth and dominance of world trade and politics.
Also the Global North is the home of all members of the Group of eight.
-Canada
-France
-Germany
-Italy
-Japan
-United Kingdom
-Russia
- America
It is also the abode of the four powerful permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. It
also to the developed countries in Asia, Australia and New Zealand.
By now, one can say that the terms Global South and Third World are conceptually the same. They both
refer to the conditions usually found in developing country. Countries who are in developing stage will surely be
called third world countries. The Philippines is considered third word for it was colonized by European country. But
the term Third World is the antecedent of Global South (Claudio 2014). Arguably, the term Third World ceased to
exist when the cold war ended.
Second World Country it is term used during the cold war for the industrial socialist states under the
influence of soviet unions.
First World Country have a stable democracies and are characterized by the rule of law, a capitalist
economy and a high standard of living.
Name: Date:
Instructions: From the given SmartArt below choose one and Construct a concept map that will establish the
connection of our recent topic “The Global North and Global South”. Explain your answer on the space provided
below.
LESSON 2: ASIAN REGIONALISM
Governments, associations, societies and groups form regional organizations and/or networks as a way of
coping with challenges of globalization. Globalization has made people aware of the world in general.
Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Miller state that economic and political definitions of regions vary but
there are certain basic features that everyone can agree on. First, regions are “a group of countries located in the
same geographical specified area”. Second, the words regionalization and regionalism should not be
interchanged, as the former refers to the “regional concentration of economic flows” while the latter is a “political
process characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries”.
What makes Asian nations stronger than ever is the establishment of collaborations and cooperation
based on respect. For one, the ASEAN, as a regional bloc, pays full respect for sovereignty and independence of
its members through consensus and consultation (Eliassen&Arnadottir, 2012)
In this light, Globalization, regionalization and regionalism are compared. The terms regionalization and
globalization are both related to integration. As defined in module 1, globalization is the expansion and
intensification of social relations and consciousness across word-time and world space.
Regionalization, on the other hand is “the growth of societal integration within a region and to the often
undirected processes of social and economic interaction” (Hurrel 1995). In terms of scope it is very clear that
globalization is borderless. It happens around the world while regionalization happens only in a specific
geographical region.
Regionalism refers to regional concentration of economic flows while regionalization refers to a political
process by economic policy if cooperation and coordination are present among countries (Mansfield & Wilmer,
1993). Regionalism also pertains to the process of intergovernmental collaborations between two or more states
(Eliassen&Arnadotir, 2012).
Asian regionalism is a new concept among the continental communities. The ASEAN community is
comprised of three pillars.
-Political Security Community
-Economic Community
-Socio-cultural Community
ASEAN has also partnered with three East Asian Countries
-China, Japan and South Korea
It is called ASEAN +3
Aspects that lead to a greater Asian Integration
First, Integration has been market driven
Second, formal institutions such as Asian Development Bank were established.
Third, economic grants and overseas development assistance are made available by better Asian Economies.
Fourth, production networks have expanded.
Fifth, cooperation among the ASEAN and East Asian countries
Lastly, if EU is a rules-based, ASEAN follows a consensus rule as an approach to decision making.
In facing the challenges brought about by globalization. Asian countries have responded with regional
alternatives as big group, small group and local communities.
Name: Date:
Instruction: Capture anything (people, event, places etc.) within your community. Have a thorough reflection about
the photo and relate that in “Regionalism and Regionalization”. Write your realization in the space provided below.
-Photo-
“Photo Essay”
SYNTHESIS
Globalization and regionalization are the same for they refer to integration. Their difference lies on the
scope. Globalization is worldwide, while regionalization focuses on a specific geographical region. As a response
to world homogenization and division, regionalism that comes in various of regional alternatives to Globalization
spawned within and among regions in Asia. Asian integration did not happen based only on one historical event
for there different factors that led to this alliance.
The history of regionalism shows that regional organization emerge as new global arise. The future of
regionalism will be contingent on the immense changes in global politics that will emerge in the 21st century.
REFERENCES:
CHAPTER 4
“A World of Ideas”
Chapter Overview
Today, people all over the world have easy access to communicate with each other and to be aware of
the news all over the world. There are many advantages in global media. Now, people have easier access of
television, radio, internet and in fact, they have access of others countries; satellite TV channels. So, what is the
real significance of media globalization? Is it responsible for unprecedented social change, the shrinkage of time
and space, the perpetuation of global capitalism, the further hastening of cultural homogenization or sameness, or
is its importance overblown and overstated?
This chapter explores global media across different cultures. By concentrating on the effects of
globalization and new information technologies in and from different geographical regions, students will broaden
their understanding of the institutional and cultural contexts of global media.
This chapter also examines the globalization of religion by considering whether and how it might be
possible to improve the understanding and acceptance of diverse religion and cultural differences in the
contemporary world.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, the learners are expected to demonstrate the following:
1. Analyze how various media drive various form of global integration.

2. Explain the dynamic between local and global cultural production.
3. Explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs
4. Analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict and conversely, global peace
Lesson Outline:
1. Global Culture and Media

2. The Globalization of Religion
Definition of Key Terms/ Concepts or Unlocking of Difficulties
Culture- refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from which people learn, and the
ability to communicate knowledge to the next generations.
Oral communication- language allowed humans tocommunicate and share information.
Script –Knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors were written and made available for transmission to the next generation
and to other nations and cultures.
Printing press- allowed the continuous production, reproduction, and circulation of print materials.
Electronic media- The wide reach of these media continues to open up new perspectives in the economic,
political, and cultural processes of globalization.
Digital media- relies on digital codes. It can be created, modified, and stored in any digital electronic device.
Digitalized content is transmitted over the internet and computer networks.
Media- a carrier of culture. It is a tool for the interaction of people with different cultures. The real media is the
people.
Cultural differentialism – cultural differences as immutable
Cultural convergence- the globalization engenders a growing sameness of cultures.
Cultural hybridity- globalization spawns an increasing and ongoing mixing of cultures.
Glocalization – coined from globalization and localization, is a rather new concept brought about by the increased
frequency of contact among cultures. Local cultures continue to accommodate and assimilate cultures of the world
due to globalization.
Religion- plays a vital role in the lives of Filipinos for their values are anchored on it. It has affected their attitudes,
characters, and perspectives in life.
Religion- communication between humans and transcendent
Globalization- worldwide interconnectedness of all areas of contemporary social life.
Deterritorialization- is a cultural feature that blurs the lines between culture and place and thus transcends
territorial boundaries.
Vernacularization – refers to the blending of universal religions with local languages.
Indigenization -transforms a universal religion to suit the specifics of a particular ethnic group
Nationalization -constructs a link between the nation and church.
Transnationalization- focusing groups on identifying specific religious traditions of real or imagined national
homelands.
Extremists – radical measures are necessary in achieving the will of God.
Fundamentalists – men ought to return to very passages of its sacred books
Nationalists- tie their traditions with their nation or homeland.

Lesson 1: GLOBAL CULTURE AND MEDIA
CULTURE
Culture refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from which people
learn, and the ability to communicate knowledge to the next generations.
Its development has been mainly influenced by media.

MEDIA
It is a carrier of culture. It is a tool for the interaction of people with different cultures.
WHAT IS MEDIA?
Lule defines Media as a means of conveying something, such

as a channel of communication
HOW TO CLASSIFY MEDIA?

Stages of Media and Cultural Globalization
Oral Communication
• Language allowed humans to cooperate.
• It allowed the sharing of information.
• Oral communication led to markets, trade and cross-continental trade.
• It also allowed the spread of religious teachings.
Script
• Distance became a strain for oral communication.
• Script allowed humans to communicate over a larger space and much longer times.
• It allowed the written and permanent codification of international economic, cultural, religious and political
practice.
Printing press
• There was a continuous production, reproduction and circulation of reading materials.
• Written document was mass produced that anyone can access the information that they want to know.
• Reading history books of the world allowed the exchange of culture and traditions.
Electronic media
• Characterized by its use of electricity.
• Electronic media includes the telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television.
• The wide reach of these media continues to open up new perspectives in the economic, political, and
cultural processes of globalization.
Digital media
• Relies on digital codes. It can be created, modified, and stored in any digital electronic device. Digitalized
content is transmitted over the internet and computer networks.
• In politics, election campaign has a wider reach.
• In economics, it allows promotions of products and online shopping.
Pieterse (2004) asserts that the only outcomes of the influence of globalization on culture are cultural
differentialism, cultural convergence, and cultural hybridity
CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM
Cultural difference as immutable. As the West and non-Western civilizations interact or are brought in contact
through globalization, clash of civilizations such as that of the West and Islam logically follows.
CULTURAL CONVERGENCE
Suggest that globalization engenders a growing sameness of cultures.However, the culture of powerful and
progressive countries becomes culture.
Ex. K-pop culture. Some teenage Filipinos prefer to dress up like their South Korean idols. A lot of them also
joined fan clubs in support of Koreanovelas, Korean boybands, among others.
Many Filipino music bands are influenced by jazz and the reggae music of the West.
Cultural Hybridity
Globalization spawns an increasing and ongoing mixing of cultures.
Ex. Chabacano, a Spanish-based creole language of the Zamboanga City and of some parts of Cavite, which
exemplifies hybridity in language prompted by the merging of two cultures.
This trend will further bring about new cultural forms, not only in language but also in food, fashion, arts, music
among others.
GLOCALIZATION
Coined from globalization and localization, new concept brought about by the increased frequency of contact
among cultures. This reinforces the fact that local cultures are not weak, static, or fixed; they are built and
understood a new each day in globalized world (Lule, 2014). Local cultures continue to accommodate and
assimilate cultures of the world due to globalization.
Name: Date:
Direction: Using this Concept Map, think about the three problem of media in the society and give the
corresponding solutions to that problem.
PROBLEM SOLUTION
SYNTHESIS
All in all, the five stages of development of media have greatly influenced the globalization of culture.
From pamphlets to Instagram, Twitter, and SnapChat, media has produced and reproduced cultural products
around the globe. Moreover, the increase in cultural interactions generated by media results in outcomes that
exhibit the vigor of local cultures influenced by the global culture.
Lesson 2: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
Religion – plays a vital role in the lives of Filipinos for

their values are anchored on it. It has affected their
attitudes, characters and perspectives in life
Globalization - refer to the worldwide interconnectedness of all areas of contemporary social life.
One of these areas is religion which entails a personal or organized system of religious beliefs
and practices.
Globalization affects religion in many ways
1. The rise of religious nationalism

2. The return of religion into the public life
3. The proliferation of international terrorism
4. The increasing personalized individual religiosity
Globalization affects religion in many ways
1. The rise of religious nationalism
Nationalism was closely associated with a particular religious belief.

Ex. Some of the basis of passing laws in the Philippines are based on Christianity.
2. The return of religion into the public life
Religion goes beyond administration of sacraments among Catholics.

Ex. Catholic Liberation Theology
Religion becomes the sole basis of the believers’ life.
Ex. Islam Fundamentalism
Religion goes beyond the administration of sacraments for Catholics and focuses more on
the social concerns of the poor and the oppressed inside and outside the church.
3. The proliferation of international terrorism
Extremists believe that to fulfill God’s will it is their duty to achieve this through violence.
Ex. In 2017, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a known extremist group,
triggered the locals of Mindanao to launch the Marawi Siege for five months.
4. The increasing personalized individual religiosity
Individual need to rely on his or her beliefs and relationship with the supreme being
Global migration also influences religion

1. Deterritorialization of Religion
2. Easternization of the West
3. Global Trends
Deterritorialization of religion
• Religious traditions in places where these previously had been largely unknown or considered a minority
(Roudometof, 2014)
• A cultural feature that blurs the lines between culture and place and thus transcends territorial boundaries.
Easternization of the West

• The West, which is the starting point for the spread of world religious, is now the recipient of a new system
of beliefs from the East.
• There is also a rise in the number of believers of Asian, religions like Zoroastrianism, Confucianism,
Buddhism, and Taoism.
Global Trends
• Respond to newfound situations.

• The use of social media as a tool for evangelization.
The interaction of Religion and culture resulted in a global-local-religion. It is a global religion with a local mix.
Roudometof (2014) classify the four (4) distinct glocalization
1. Vernacularization – refers to the blending of universal religions with local languages.
2. Indigenization -transforms a universal religion to suit the specifics of a particular ethnic group
3. Nationalization -constructs a link between the nation and church.
4. Transnationalization- focusing groups on identifying specific religious traditions of real or imagined national
homelands.
Religion:
Peace & Conflict
Globalization of Religion: conflict
Persons responsible for global conflicts used religious doctrines, dogmas and even sacred books’ verses to
morally justify their actions.
Juergensmeyer (2014) Conflicts are about:
identity and economics
privilege and power
Extremists – radical measures are necessary in achieving the will of God.
Fundamentalists – men ought to return to very passages of its sacred books
Nationalists- tie their traditions with their nation or homeland.
Globalization of Religion: Peace
The teachings of great religions on moral principles and values are NECESSARY tools for the:
o Doing away with greed

o Hatred
o Misconceptions
That are the root cause of conflict.
Religious peacemakers do their task concerning about:
• Humanitarian Assistance and Faith-centered Interventions
Humanitarian Assistance
GOAL: to help achieve peace by advancing poverty reduction and putting attention to economic equality
e.g. WORLD VISION, for example Christian humanitarian organization helping children, families and communities
overcome poverty and injustice
Faith-centered Interventions
The efforts of religious organization to mediate understanding and peace

e.g. Pope Francis of the Roman Catholic religion had an important role in the US-Cuba deal that ended the long
conflict between the two nation-states.
Name: Date:
Instruction: Choose one international religious organization. Paste a photograph below that represents it and cite
your source. Write a short description of the organization’s background, accomplishments, and future plans for
humanitarian assistance.
-
SYNTHESIS
In many ways, religion is affected by globalization. At the same time, it has contributed to the rise of global
conflicts and the achievement of world peace. Conflicts are caused by different interpretations of the religious
sacred texts applied in the secular world in the guise of economic and political clashes or vice versa. Either
individualized or institutionalized, religion is one of the actors of cultural globalization.
REFERENCES:
CHAPTER 5
“Global Population and Mobility”
Chapter Overview
This chapter presents the condition of the world through the development of global cities, global
population and global mobility that highlights the contribution to the globalization.
It also explores the ideas of some sociologist and political scientist that enlighten the learners to the new
condition and trends of the world in becoming more and more connected among belief and people regardless of
their races, nationality, and ethnicity.
Learning Outcomes
8. Identify the attributes of a global city.
9. Analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization
10. Explain how multinational corporations influence the development of global cities.
11. Identify the different international issues and trends in global population
12. Synthesize the concept of globalization in relation to demography and population;
13. Explain the theory of demographic transition and its effects on global population.
14. Distinguish different global civilizations and categories;
15. Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of people;
16. Reflect on the experiences of OFWs
Lesson Outline:
1. The Global City
2. Global Demography
3. Global Migration
Definition of Key Terms/Concepts of Unlocking of Difficulties

Global city –a city that plays a significant role in the global economic system.
Gentrification – driving out the poor in favor of newer, or wealthier residents
Demography –statistical study to determine world population that can be used as a tool identify certain
phenomenon.
Migration -is the movement of people from one area to another within a country (internal migration) or from one
country to another country (international migration).
Fertility – the number of children born per woman.
Morality – number of children dead.
Individualism–belief that a human being is the ultimate unit of moral concern
Cosmopolitanism –belief that all human belongs to a single community
Lesson 1: THE GLOBAL CITY
Twenty-first century is a hub for a closer relation of States and wider perspective in technological development. As
such, the world become a spider web where people taught that there is inter-connectivity of nations. It is in
globalization that made civilizations become closer to each other.
The World is Flat.
According to Thomas Friedman (2005), a liberalist, there are three (3) phases of the known interconnectedness of
states, Globalization.
Globalization 1.0 that lasted from 1492 to 1800 and “shrank the world from a size large to a size medium”;
The second phase talks about the age of Pax Britannica where Great Britain was the hegemonic power in terms of
trade and economy, it is known as Globalization 2.0.
Globalization 3.0 occurred during the second half of the 20th century and this is also the age of Pax Americana
where the United States of America was the hegemonic power in terms of security, trade and economy.
After the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1980S, THE United States of America became the sole superpower in the
so-called Unipolar World. This system was developed by the reigning hegemonic state by defeating other great
powers, not necessarily in a military aspect, but in the terms of economy and influence to other states in the world.
Unlike in the 19th and 20th century, the present State does not use the tactics of force as a primary strategy in
maintaining its influence to another State rather it uses soft power to retain her own dominance in the region.
According to Joseph Nye (2004) who actually coined this idea, Soft Power uses a different type of tool to establish
cooperation – an attraction to shared values and the “justness” and “duty of contributing” to the achievement of
those values.
He further posits that attraction has always been more effective than force; shared values such as democracy,
human rights, and individual opportunities are highly persuasive. Admittedly, the United State of America has
been employing its soft power in various ways.
Role of Global Corporations in the Multipolar World
Multinational corporations (MNCs) play a substantial part in the global economy and do enjoy a multitude of
privileges such as unquestionable access to vast amounts of wealth they draw from their income.
MNCs seem to tie together an otherwise politically separated and clouted world under an all-encompassing
banner of commerce and economy.
Global Cities: What they are and how they are conceived
With the emergence of multinational corporations and the irrefutable continuity of nation-states both as key actors
of the global community each to their own respect, the world at least figuratively seems to be smaller and more
connected.
The result of this constant interaction between a wide array of cultures is a conglomeration of cultures in a
particular geographical setting which has been labelled as the Global City.
Global Cities thusly represent cities around the world that are exemplifying these characteristics of a city better
than other cities.
Global Cities are also perceived as sources of economic growth and are also economic powerhouses themselves,
coupled with being industry leaders and regional hubs.
As the development of global condition, cultural diversity of markets among countries arise and the world as we
know it is currently in the state where people are diverse however connected.
The 21st century era brought the countries together into global competition and the connections of the people are
being closely sinking and sinking.
As the world becomes globally sinking, global civilizations are becoming prosperous with the help of the
multinational corporations and technological innovation.
The world in indeed becoming culturally diverse however, peaceful and competitive.
Name: Date:
Instructions: Choose a city outside Metro Manila, answer the given categories, and write the answer on the space
provided.
I. Name of the chosen city:
II. Issue/Challenges in the chose city
III. Strengths of the chosen city
IV. Weakness of the chosen city
V. Trends in the chosen city
VI. Reasons why your chosen city qualifies as a global city.
VII. Ways to develop your global city to achieve global competitiveness.

Lesson 2: Global Demography
Through the years in teaching international relations and diplomacy, the world is indeed changing.
By looking in the perspective of politics and sociology we can see that geography, multi-polarity of power, and
even the population growth is changing. The world is indeed flattening.
Globalization and the Global Demography
According to Thomas Friedman (2005) change is inevitable because of the flattening world. As he travelled across
the world, he talks to different nationalities, ethnicities, and different set of classes. One thing he learned about, is
that twenty-first century is becoming more globalize and interconnected.
Technological innovation, economic cooperation, political alliance in international arena are some of the examples
of the new trends in international relations.
Defining Globalization
Globalization is defined in layman’s term as interconnectedness of the countries.
The concept of Viotti and Kauppi (2013) about this trend is a continual increase in transnational and worldwide
economic, social, and cultural interactions that surpass the boundaries of states and the importance of political
implications.
But the questions remain: what is the relation of demography in globalization? Is it possible to have a global
demography?
Defining Demography
Demography is a field in statistics that is concern in births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease through
which later illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
In the context of political science, demography is a way to determine the population of the people that can use as
a tool to identify certain phenomenon in geopolitics, public administration and as such.
Role of Global Civil Society in Global Demography
The changing perspective of technology and the movement of international organizations (IOs) has created the
world a global civil society.
The idea of global civil society was seen during the ‘90s as a mosaic of new groups, organizations and
movements started to appear, which both sought to challenge or resist what was seen as ‘corporate’ globalization
and create alternative models of social, economic and political development (Heywood, 2011).
To simplify, the role of global civil society in global demography is being the representative of the globalized world.
Global Demography is about the trends and practices in world politics. Therefore, it is the study of the issues and
developments of the global population.
A Demographic Transition
Demography is moving and increasing however, according to Ronald Lee (2003) in the transition, mortality rate
declined and followed by the fertility, causing population growth rates first to accelerate and then to slow again,
moving toward low fertility.
The global demographic transition all began during the 19th century where Europeans are declining in mortality
rate (Lee, 2003) and some are rising societies in Asian and Latin American regions.
Through the on-going transition of global demography, formal migration existed and there are some historical
trends occurred:
Colonialism; Inter-war reduction; and Post-world war migration.
Demographic transition is an on-going event in the history however, according to Lee (2003) it will end in 2100.
Global demography is then a series of events in population growth, fertility and mortality rate for the past years,
decades, and/or centuries.
Conclusion
The world is bigger than we ever know but it is smaller than we ever perceive.
The economic bubble in some parts of the world, wars against each states in every region, the existence of
transnational crimes, climate change, and migration these are some of the trends in global demography.
Name: Date:
Instructions: Use your barangay as subject for analysis. Analyze it by considering the following criteria:
I. Number of Population in the Barangay:
a. Male Population:
b. Female Population:
II. Life Expectancy Ratio:
a. Birth Rate:
b. Death Rate:
III. Literacy Rate:
IV. Synthesis on the given data
V. Analysis on how these figures affect global demography

Lesson 3: GLOBAL MIGRATION
Three (3) Worlds
During the Cold War, leaders all over the globe agreed to classify the world into three (3) categories: The First
World; Second World; &Third World.
As the world ended its bipolarity of hegemonic powers, American era was established. After a decade American
era ended it hegemonic supremacy.
According to Fareed Zakaria (2008), this was known as the post-American world and it is defined as the diffusion
of power from states to other actors.
The Post-American World
The rise of the “rest” includes not only states rather even the non-state actors.
In the idea of Huntington (1996), he claimed that Asian civilizations are expanding its economic, political, and
military strength.
This era was the period where states and non-state actors are rising, an era where the balancing of power is
unstable. The three (3) classifications turned into so-called Developed and Developing states.
Developed and the Developing World
Developed countries are the westerners and those countries that are part of the northwestern hemisphere.
Developing countries are the states which has low income rate. The latter are the countries from the region of
Africa and Asia.
These classifications emerge because of economic inequalities of states and in the societal level of analysis
people who are facing low income salary tried to move from one place to another promising for a new life.
Huntington’s Eight (8) Global Civilizations
Connectedness of nations, ethnicities, and states are the new trends in international arena. Civilizations became
Global Civilizations.
In the book of Samuel Huntington (1996) The Clash of the Civilization, global civilizations are determined into
eight (8) categories.
After the Cold War, United States becoming the sole superpower declined its hegemony. Through the rising global
civilizations, the world turned into multipolar power.
The eight (8) global civilization are the: The Westerns;The Latin Americans; Islamic civilization; The Sinic or the
Chinese civilization; The Hindu; Orthodox; Japanese; and The African.
At present, people from these global civilizations tried to move from one place to another just to have an economic
stability, good life, and democratic freedom that his/her country don’t have.
Some globalists suggest that there is the factor of socio-morality that undermine the movement of people from one
place to another.
Cosmopolitanism and the Role of Migration
According to Heywood (2011) cosmopolitanism literally means the adherence or belief in the ‘world state’. This
idea began its journey when globalization came into power in the 1950s.
Believing that the world can be governed by one state is different from the known Cosmopolitanism.
Three (3) Elements of Cosmopolitanis
According to the analysis of Pogge (2008), there three (3) main elements of Cosmopolitanism, and these are the
following:Individualism;Universality;Generality
Defining Migration
Migration is defined as the form of social behavior that both shapes and is shaped by broader social and
economic structure and processes of transformation (International Migration Institute, 2011).
In the definition of Boswell (2002) however migration is not just economic gain but rather it is more political.
Factors Why People Migrate
Social Inequality;Economic Depression;Freedom Deprivation
These oppressions occur at present and since Cosmopolitanism adhere to the equality and moral integrity among
men it has role on why people are moving.
The Global Migration and Conclusion
People are moving in and out of the countries. According to Henry Nau (2009), the present world has its
transnational relations because countries trade with one another, and populations move across state boundaries.
To better understand the concept of global migration, there are three (3) categories of this trend – forced
displacement, voluntary economic migration, and refugees.
Name: Date:
Instructions: Draw an editorial cartoon/artistic illustration depicting the political, economic, cultural and social
factors affecting the global movement of people. Explain your sketch afterwards.
SYNTHESIS
Globalization presents the essence and reality of how people make their lives more just in today
generation with the advent of new technologies, trends, and even the cosmopolitan lifestyle.
Global cities are sites and mediums of globalization. Through them, we can see the best of globalization;
they are the places that create exciting fusions of culture and ideas. They are also places that generate success
and wealth. However, they remain sites of great inequality and poverty as well, where global servants serve global
entrepreneurs. Global cities create winners and losers. It is true that globalization creates high-income jobs that
are concentrated in global cities. Yet many cities, particularly those in the developing countries are sites of
contradiction. A large global city may be a paradise for some, but a purgatory for others.
Global demography accounts for the growth and decline of the human population. It may be about large
numbers and massive effects, but it is ultimately about people. As you have seen, demographic changes and
policies have impacts on the environment, politics, resource, and the others. This discussion brings back the ideas
of British scholar Thomas Malthus that population growth will inevitably exhaust world food supply by the middle of
19th century. According to Paul R. Ehrlich an American biologist wrote The Population Bomb which he continues
that will bring about the global environmental disasterthat would, in turn, lead to food shortage and mass
starvation.
This argument became the basis for government “population control” program worldwide. Some countries
sought to lower birth rates like China, and some advocated “contraception and sterilization” as a practical solution
to global economic, social and political problems.
Global migration like global demography continue examining people that focus on particular movement. It
entails globalization of people. Like globalization, moreover, migration produces different and often contradictory
responses. On the other hand, many richer states know that migrant labor will be beneficial for their economies.
With the aging population they need workers from the demographically young countries like Philippines. And yet,
despite of these benefits, developed countries continue to excessively limit and restrict migrant labor. Some want
to preserve what they perceive local culture by shielding it from newcomers.
It is clear that different forms of global interdependence will ensure that global migration will continue to be
one of the major issues and it plays a vital role in the social, economic and political aspects of the contemporary
world.
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6
Towards a Sustainable World
Chapter Overview
This Chapter discusses the essence and reality of a sustainable world. Section 1. Sustainable
Development, focuses on the importance of highlighting environmental considerations in terms of development
and how counties must be conscious of the role of the environment in development. Section 2. Food Security talks
about the worlds issue on hunger and poverty. Food security is viewed as an integral component in achieving
domestic and regional stability. It also focuses on discussions about the concept of the global village and human
social responsibility. It deals with overarching concept of global citizenship and the future global village. This also
tackles the development of individuals from national citizenship to global social responsibility and its importance to
human society at the international level.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this section, you are expected to:
1. Determine the significance of sustainable development in a globalized world;

2. Differentiate the concept of stability from sustainability; and
3. Evaluate the concept of sustainable development in a shrinking world
4. Explain food security as a way to eradicate poverty and hunger
5. Categorize the issues and challenges of food security and their solutions
6. Synthesize the concept of food security as part of sustainable development
7. Describe the characteristics of global citizenship; and
8. Articulate a personal definition of global citizenship.
Lesson Outline:
1. Sustainable Development
2. Global Food Security
3. Global Citizenship
Definition of Key Terms/Concepts of Unlocking of Difficulties
Sustainability – the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level
Unrelenting – not yielding in strength, severity, or determination.
Armed conflict – a contested incompatibility that concerns government and or territory where the use of armed
force between two parties.
Microsystem – a microscopic system, especially a system using microscopic electromechnical components. The
system of groups and institutions with the most immediate and direct impact on the individuals
development.
Global village – the world considered as a single community linked by a telecommunication.
International trade –the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.
Global citizenship – is the idea that one’s identity transcends geography or political borders and that
responsibilities or rights are derived from membership in a broader class: “humanity”
Lesson 1: Sustainable Development
This lesson introduces learners to the concept of sustainable development that most countries of the
world are integrating in their societies.
The term sustainable development has acquired much popularity among scholars, politicians, public
servants, and the civil population alike after the Brundtland Report by the World Commission on the
environment and Development (WCED) was presented in 1987. As defined by the Brundtland Report,
“sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Despite being considered unclear by some in terms of
definition, sustainable development should be situated in a rigid social and political setting.
WCED outlined critical objectives for environment and development policies following its concept of
sustainable development policies following its concept of sustainable development. These are 1) reviving
growth; 2) changing the quality of growth; 3) meeting essential needs for jobs, food, energy, water, and
sanitation; 4) ensuring a sustainable level of population; 5) conserving and enhancing the resource base; 6)
reorienting technology and managing risk; and 7) merging environment and economics in decision-making
Governments are scholars have been on their toes in an attempt to attain sustainable development. In this
era of unrelenting challenges in politics, society, and particularly the environment (e.g. climate change, waste
disposal, biodiversity, forestry and the like), such stability is undoubtedly sought after by nearly every single
nation-state. Governments have been challenged to come up with ways to develop their communities without
exploiting the natural resources, and to craft policies that help achieve this goal. The welfare of the people must
also in constant consideration in terms of development.
The United Nations (UN) often cities Agenda 21 of 1992, its Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform, where topic od sustainable development is put forth discussions. Agenda 21 advocates education to
disseminate information regarding sustainable development (Jickling 1994). Since then, countries all over the
world have integrated this action plan of the UN in their respective governments, such as in the case of Canada
when National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE) instituted and the Sustainable
Development Education Program (SDEP) in the same year that Agenda 21 wa established (Jickling 1994).
The United Kingdom’s UK Strategy for Sustainable Development crafted in 1994 aimed to raise the
awareness of the people through the integration of environmental policies into all aspects of government, a
shared responsibility between government, local authorities, businesses, and non-governmental organizations,
(Muton& Collins, 1998) among other provisions in the Strategy.
Sustainable may be liked to stability; however, there are few key and subtle differences between the two.
A sustainable environment is resilient enough to withstand man-made and natural challenges, and can also
recover from such if needs arise. Sustainability lead to stability; however, stability alone may be not necessarily
lead to sustainability. Stable environments are simple resistant to change but somehow lack the element of
resiliency that sustainable environment possess because it is far easier for stable environments to become
unstable in comparison to possibility of sustainable environments becoming “in sustainable”.
All in all, policies and strategies of governments must be intertwined with environmental concerns in order
for sustainable development to achieve. The environment must continuously be ate the center of government
actions. It si only logical and practical, in a sense, to constantly put into consideration the environment in the
decision-making and policy-making processes of a nation-state since it is where people build livelihood on, and
which suffers when they turn a blind eye in terms of developing. By using ecological sustainability as an
underpinning principle of sustainable development, governments can simultaneously advocate the protection,
restoration, and preservation of the integrity of the Earth’s ecological systems (Ross, 2009). This makes the
environment more resilient to challenges and threats and in turn, making civilizations resilient in the same light.
In the long run, humankind itself will be the one to benefit when environmental and ecological
considerations are given serious and substantial consideration. As such, humankind must take the necessary
actions to strive better to attain sustainable development. Developing and enacting policies that situate
environmental concerns at the forefront and practicing decision-making process the similarly give importance to
the environment are all necessary steps that must be undertaken to achieve a sustainable environment.
Educating individuals about the importance and benefits of having secure, balanced, and enduring ecosystems
will make implementation of environment – focused policies and plans much easier, and in the long term, will
create a flourishing and stable environment for all.
Name: Date:
A Sustainable Philippines
Instructions: Create a plan of sustainable development for the Philippines featuring the county’s strengths,
weakness, opportunities, and threats. Keep in mind the following aspects that must be considered in creating
the plan:
1. Economic Status of the Philippines
2. Environmental Issues and Challenges
3. Political Stability
Lesson 2: Food Security
This lesson introduces the concept of food security and its importance to the eradication of hunger and
alleviation of poverty.
A vital resources for humans, regardless of race, nationality, religious affiliation, economic status, or
educational attainment, is food. It is the basic necessity for survival. Therefore, it is important for nations to
secure a constant supply of food for the consumption of people.
However, it is a fact that food security, defined as the “physical and economic access, at all times, to
sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for the people to meet their dietary needs and foods preferences for an
active and healthy life” (Swaminathan, 2003) is a worldwide issue which must be given considerable attention.
Food security challenges countries with large populations such as China and India. With the growing and
persistent demand for food corporations in a nation must be able to meet demands by increasing production
capacity and overall productivity. Rationing of food, especially in developing or underdeveloped countries, is
also a solution to address food security issues, although this solution can lead to even more problems. It may
ultimately worsen food security as in the experience of India with its targeted Public Distribution System (PDS)
in the 1990’s (Swaminathan, 2003).
International trade is viewed as a solution to potentially dampen the blows on food security in nations.
While relatively subsidies from rich countries, the latter will be pressured to increase food production
capabilities. Rich countries may also struggle with handling food security issues at the domestic and the foreign
level (Kannan, Mahendra Dev, &Narain Sharman, 2000).
Economic and agricultural reforms have proven viable in addressing food security issues like in the
case of China, one of the most populated countries in the world. In 1978, China began reforms in these sectors
to ensure food security for the country and its people. Nutrition-wise, China was able to reduce the number of
undernourished people by seventy million from 1990 to 2000 (Jiang, 2008). Both gain production and household
income increased, creating a synchronized and self-sufficient domestic environment. Couple these with relevant
market and pricing policies, domestic food security can be relatively achieved at a considerable degree.
One of the contributing factor that further cripples and weakens food security boyh on a domestic and
international levels is armed conflict. In the recent decades, internal strife has debilitated food production and
supplies in countries such as Israel, Turkey, and Syria. Armed groups against a legitimate government target to
prevent, seize, and / or destroy food aid that is intended for government armed forces. Farmers are also driven
away from their lands because of conflict, and production is then halted (Choen, Pinstrup-Andersen, 1999) the
effects of these circumstances also spill over to neighboring countries due to international trade.
Conversely, hungeralso leads to conflicts and, as mentioned, leads to increased shortage in food. Food
shortage is not only limited to rural areas but is also an issue plaguing urban sectors especially in countries with
internal conflicts. Lack of food was one of the factors that ignited the French Revolution of 1789 (Choen,
Pinstrup-Andersen, 1999) and somehow is resembled by the Vanezuelan food crisis in the present era. As the
economy of Vanezuela continues to plummet, prices commodities skyrocket to unreasonable figures. Although
the Vanezuelan government sells some food packets at regulated price, only 12.6 ,illion Venezuelans have
access to these packets which is only about one-third of the total population of the country (Singer, 2018).
Indeed, food plays an integral role in maintaining a healthy, functioning, and even peaceful domestic and
international environment. Therefore, food security must be one of the priorities of any government in the world.
Ensuring that the economy can weather downturns will help cushion the adverse effects of food security issues.
Establishing an international network with countries that respond to the food security challenges of other
countries is a goal that all members of the international community must strive for.
Name: Date:
Instructions: Discuss the importance of food security in the following aspects
1. Politics and Governance
2. Social stability and health
3. International/ Foreign economic relations

Lesson 3: Global Citizenship
This lesson presents the concept of different citizens as members of global village.
After the advent of globalization and a multitude of technological advancement, the nations, as well as
many citizens of the world, have gotten closer than they did before. Communication has been made easier
inaccessible parts of the world, and of acquiring and transmitting information which are quite literally at everyone’s
fingertips. This constant state of being interconnected brings about the notion of global village where citizens of
the world are members, not only of their respective home countries, but also of the global world.
Considering these premises, there must be an ever-developing awareness that decisions and actions in a
domestic level can and will have international repercussions. As global citizens, individuals must be aware of the
wider world; respect and value diversity; have an understanding of how the world works economically, politically,
socially, culturally, technologically, and environmentally; outraged by social injustice; participate in and contribute
to the community at all levels from local to global; willing to act to make the world a more equitable and
sustainable place; and take responsibility for their actions (Douglas,2001)
These characteristics can all be acquired through education,

particularly the one that focuses on global and multicultural aspects.
Education, in this regard, helps the learner to understand the impact of one’s
own actions to other cultures and the effect of other people’s actions based
on a different culture to one’s own (Pae, 2003). In brief, global education
opens learners’ minds to the multitude of customs, norms and traditions
lessening one’s prejudices. This is necessary because, as mentioned, the
evident interconnectedness and constant interaction pf people from all over
the world pit individuals from different nations and cultures against one
another. For such interaction to be successful, such set of conduct mentioned
above must exhibited by a global citizen.
Moreover, the role of microsystems such as families and local

communities is of great importance in solidifying a global perspective. In
essence, global education must be holistic and requires the effort not only of
the educators but of parents, peers, and even policy makers (Pae, 2003).
In a sense, this form of education focuses not only on giving learners life skills but also on teaching them
the importance of values which will help them gain a more inclusive perspective of a global community and enable
them to effectively interact with people from other cultures.
Engaging with people of different
nationalities with these attributes will be beneficial for
the rest of humanity in the long run since an
individual is not only confined to the pursuit of
personal interest but also conscious about the
lives, desires, and needs of other individuals
hailing from other cultures. It is a fact that some of the
world’s resources are running scarce due to the
persistent demands of human consumptions.
Being able to peacefully coexist with one another with
a shared global perspective in mind can enable
individuals to efficiently distribute and consume
resources without the need for coercion. Global
citizens have a great understanding of the truth that
for the global society to survive, one must do away with
myopic and self-centered ideas and must rather take into great consideration the needs of other individuals.
Indeed, in this era of interconnectivity between and among human being, a global perspective is
necessary. As the means of communications and the degree of technology congruently take higher ground, so
must the mindset of individuals living in the relatively same ecosystem, accessing and sharing nearly the same
resources, and facing relatively similar threats and challenges to human existence, be it natural or artificial. Global
citizens know that humankind must acquire a symbiotic relationship with one another for the entire human species
and human culture to survive.
Name: Date:
Instructions:In a short essay, discuss your personal definition of global citizenship and how you, as a Filipino,
can become an active member of the global village. What are the advantages of global citizenship for a Filipino
and for the entire country?
SYNTHESIS
The concept of sustainable development can be interpreted in many different ways, but at its core is an
approach to development that looks to balance different, and often competing, needs against awareness of the
environment, social and economic limitations we face as a society.
Sustainable development provides an approach to making decisions on the issues that affect all of our
lives. Living within our environmental limits is one of the central principles of sustainable development. One
implication of not doing so is climate change. But the focus of sustainable development is far broader than just the
environment. It is also about ensuring a strong, healthy, and just society. This means meeting the diverse needs
of all people in existing and future communities, promoting a personal wellbeing, social cohesion and inclusion,
and creating equal opportunity.
Food security means that all people at all times have physical and economic access to adequate amounts
of nutritious, safe and culturally appropriate foods, which are produced in an environmentally sustainable and
socially just manner, and that people are able to make informed decisions about food choices. Food security also
means that people who produce food are able to earn a decent, living wage growing, catching, producing,
processing, transporting, retailing, and serving food. The core of food security is access to healthy food and
optimal nutrition for all. Food access is closely linked to food supply, so food security is dependent on a healthy
and sustainable food system.
Global citizenship according to Oxfam, is all about encouraging young people to develop knowledge, skills
and values they need to engage with the world. And it’s about the belief that we call make a difference. A global
citizen is someone who is aware of and understand the wider world – and take a place in it. They take an active
role in their community, and work with others to make our planet more equal, fair and sustainable
References:
Brazalote T., and Leomardo R. (2019). The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Quezon City

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THE CONTEMPORARY

Name: Noel B. De Leon

Academic Rank: Asso. Prof. V

Address: Bigaa, Virac Catanduanes

Contact Number: 09484264760

Name: Rommel R. Regala

Academic Rank: Asst. Professor III

Address: Velasco Subdivision, Daraga Albay

Contact Number: 09175748826

Facebook Account: Rommel Rios Regala

Name: Kristine Anne T. Razal

Academic Rank: Instructor I

Address: Calatagan Proper Virac, Catanduanes

Contact Number: 09202886850

Facebook Account: Kristine Anne TiburcioRazal

Name: Ma. Nena T. Vital

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Address: Calatagan Tibang, Virac, Catanduanes

Contact Number: 09275418052

Facebook Account: Ma Nena Vital

Academic Rank: Instructor I

Address: Bugao, Bagamanoc, Catanduanes

Contact Number: 09301569551

Facebook Account: MigVerdad

Name: Shyra Mae Martirez

Academic Rank: Instructor I

Address: San Roque, BatoCatanduanes

Contact Number 09467565957

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Name: Shienalyn T. Ramos

Academic Rank: Instructor I

Address: Patagan San Miguel, Catanduanes,

Contact Number: 09207579274

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Academic Rank: Instructor I

Address: Calatagan Proper, ViracCatanduanes

Contact Number: 09485038569

Email: vargaschelle khae@gmail.com

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Name: Ronald Sarmiento

Academic Rank: Instructor I

Address: Cavinitan, Virac, Catanduaes

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Name: Matet M. Samonte

Academic Rank: Instructor I

Address: Bote, Bato, Catanduanes

Contact Number: 09302163253

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Name: Daisy T. Tasarra

Academic Rank: Instructor I

Address: Magnesia Del Sur, Virac, Catanduanes

Contact Number: 09998767135

Facebook Account: Daisy Tasarra

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

• Differentiate the competing concepts of globalization

COURSE OVERVIEW ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LEARNING OUTCOMES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

OTCOMES-BASED EDUCATION (OBE) COURESE SYLLABUS ------------------------------

TABLE OF CONTENT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Globalization ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Concepts of Globalization ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------