Team Sports

Wilson Robert B. Enego

Jarell R. Gatchalian
Alfredo A. Julio
 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY

Vision

Laguna University shall be a socially responsive educational institution of choice

providing holistically developed individuals in the Asia-Pacific Region.

Mission

Laguna University is committed to produce academically prepared and technically

skilled individuals who are socially and morally upright.
 Table of Contents

Module 1: Volleyball: History, Values, Facilities and Equipment and

Basic Terms and their Meaning
Introduction 4
Learning Outcomes 5
Lesson 1. History of Volleyball 5
Lesson 2. Values in playing Volleyball 7
Lesson 3. Facilities Equipment in Volleyball 8
Lesson 4. Basic Volleyball term and their meaning 12
Assessment Task 1 14
Summary 17
References 18

Module 2: Basic Skills in Volleyball

Introduction 20
Learning Outcomes 21
Lesson 1. Basic Skills in Volleyball 21
1.1 Serve
1.2 Pass
1.3 Dig
1.4 Set
1.5 Spike
1.6 Block
Assessment Task 26
Summary 27
References 27

Module 3: Common Rules and Violations in Volleyball

Introduction 28
Learning Outcomes 29
Lesson 1: Basic Rules and Regulations in Volleyball 29
1.1 The toss
1.2 The serve
1.3 Rotation
1.4 playing the game
1.5 to win a set
1.6 to win a match
1.7 basic violation
Lesson 2: Volleyball Attire and Players Positions 31
2.1 Players Attire
 2.2 Players
2.3 Players Positions
Assessment Task 33
Summary 34
References 35

Course Code: PE 4

Course Description:

The fundamental principles and skills in playing volleyball, and basketball are the
main concern of this particular course. Lead-up games are also given emphasis to equip
the students with a working knowledge on the fundamentals of playing and officiating team
sports and competition.

Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILO):

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Acquire knowledge on the history, rules, mechanics, terminologies used in team
sports
2. Execute the basic skills of the different team sports
3. Apply the rules and mechanics in sports competition
4. Show signs of appreciation of the values gained in sports participation by applying
these values in real life.

Course Requirements:

▪ Class Standing - 60%

▪ Major Exams - 40%
_________
Prelim Grade = 60% (Class Standing) + 40% (Prelim exam)
Midterm Grade = 30% (Prelim Grade) + 70 % [60% (class Standing) +
40% (Midterm exam)]
Final Grade = Total CS + Final Exam x 70% + 30% of the Midterm

Final Grade = 30% (Midterm Grade) + 70 % [60% (Class Standing) + 40%

(Final exam)]

(NOTE: Components of the Class Standing can be seen from OBTLP and
Class Grading Sheet) Periodic Grade 100%
 MODULE 1
Volleyball: History, Values Equipment and
Term and their Meaning

Introduction

Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a

net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under

organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic

Games since 1964 (Patel, 2016).

The complete rules are extensive. But basically, the game goes this way, a

player on one of the teams begins a 'rally' by serving the ball from behind the back

boundary line of the court, over the net, and into the receiving team's court. The

receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. The team may touch

the ball up to 3 times, but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively.

Typically, the first two touches are used to set up for an attack, an attempt to direct the

ball back over the net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from

being grounded in their court (Oden, 2019).

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

4
 1. Recall the history of the game volleyball.
2. Distinguish the uses of different facilities equipment used in volleyball.
3. Identify the basic volleyball terms and their meaning.

Lesson 1. History of Volleyball

Volleyball history began in a town called Holyoke, Massachusetts in 1895. The
sport was developed at the YMCA by William G. Morgan as an alternative for the older
men that was less taxing than basketball (Oden, 2019).

Originally, there was no limit to the number of players on a team or the number of
contacts per side and the game was primarily played from the ground.

The set and hit (or spike) was first developed in the Philippines in 1916 and
changed the way the game was played. Later called volleyball since players "volleyed"
the ball back and forth, the sport was embraced by the US military and was played often
in their free time. Soldiers stationed all over the world played volleyball and taught the
locals to play as well, inadvertently spreading the sport to many nations (Oden, 2019).

Oden (2017) outlined the history on volleyball as follows:

•
In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men’s Christian Association
(YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball,
tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would
demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball
(at that time called, Mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis and raised

it6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man’s head (Oden, 2017).

•
During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players
seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps “volleyball”
would be a more descriptive name for the sport. On July 7, 1896 at Springfield
College the first game of “volleyball” was played.

5
•
1895: William G. Morgan (1870-1942) created the game of volleyball but called the
game Mintonette.

•
1896: The first exhibition match of volleyball is played at Springfield College (called
International YMCA Training school in 1896) After watching one of the first
demonstration games, Alfred T. Halstead commented that teams seemed to be ‘
volley-ing’ the ball back and forth, and proposed the new name ‘Volley-Ball’.
•
1900: A special ball was designed for the sport.
•
1910: The Physical Director of the YMCA, Elwood S. Brown, first introduced
volleyball
to the Philippines.
•
1916: In the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to

be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced.

•
1917: The game was changed from 21 to 15 points.
•
1920s: There are unconfirmed whispers of men’s teams playing on the beach in
Hawaii, but most accounts place the sport’s origin in Santa Monica, California
where the first Volleyball courts are put up on the beach at the playground. Families
play 6 vs. 6.

•
1920: Three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted
•
1922: The first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams

from 11 states were represented.

•
1924: Volleyball was a demonstration event in Summer Olympic game in Paris.
•
1928: It became clear that tournaments and rules were needed; the United States
Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S.
Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.

•
1930s: The first two-man beach volleyball game is played in Santa Monica,
California.

6
 •
1934: The approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.
•
1937: At the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S.
Volleyball Association as the official National Governing Body (NGB) in the U.S.
•
Late 1940’s: forearm pass introduces to the game (as a desperation play)
•
1947: The Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris
•
1949: The first Men's Volleyball Championship was held
•
1952: The first FIVB Women’s Championship began
•
1960: New technique added to the game included the soft spike (dink), forearm

pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling.

•
1964: Volleyball was introduced and official event in Summer Olympic Game in
Tokyo, Japan

•
1998: The “libero” was introduced internationally.
•
2000: Service changes when the ball touches the net goes over into opponent’s
court,

Lesson 2. Values in playing Volleyball

When playing volleyball, there are numerous lessons always being taught whether
when you are playing it for fun or competitively and they are mentioned below;

1. Volleyball makes one to be active and be smart

2. Volleyball can also help to boost one’s concentration level

3. Volleyball always makes one improve communication skills (It makes players always
talk to one another)

4. Volleyball always boost one intellect to make some delicate impromptu decision ( it
helps one to improve on decision making)

5. It makes one to always think fast…. The listed above points are volleyball have impacted
my day-to-day life… As every active sport person achieve; It will help in weight loss and
fitness improvement…

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Lesson 3. Facilities and Equipment in Volleyball

A. Volleyball Court

The first equipment required to play volleyball. 60 x 30 ft or 18m x 9m - length

of the entire in-play area of the court. Each side of the court is therefore 30 feet by 30
feet in size. Lines – painted in all white (Olazo, 2013).

Lines on The Court

1. Service Line - is used for servicing the ball to the opponent court behind the end
lines and has a width of 9 meters. The player has to be in the service zone while
jumping or serving.

Fig. 1: Service line

2. Center Line - is marked at the center of the court dividing it equally into 30 feet
squares (9m), above which the net is placed (Olazo, 2013).

8
 Fig. 2: Center line

3. Attack Line - Attack line, whose rear edge is drawn 3ms back from the axis of the
center line, marks the front zone (Olazo, 2013).

Fig.: 3 Attack line

4. Boundary Lines - Two sidelines and two end lines mark the playing court.

9
‘

Fig. 4: Boundary line

Lines on the Court

Fig 5: Court Dimenssion

B. Ball

Standard ball

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 The volleyball shall be spherical, made of flexible leather or synthetic leather case
with a bladder inside, made of rubber or similar material.

Colors: Uniform light color or a combination of colors.

Standard regulation according to FIVB, the ball must:

• Be between 20-27 inches (65-67 cm) in circumference.

• Be between 9-10 oz. (260-280 g)
• Have an inside pressure of 4.26- 4.61 psi or between 0.30 to 0.325 kilograms per
centimeter square.

C. Net and Posts

• Net Posts are positioned 36 feet apart and 3 feet further out from the sideline.

• Net is placed vertically over the center line.

• Top is set at the height of 2.43m for men and 2.24 women

D. Antenna

A flexible rod, 1.80m long and 10mm in diameter, made of fiberglass or similar
material.

Lesson 4. Basic Volleyball Terms and Their Meaning

This list of terms can come in handy, as it can teach them the basic terms used in the
game. This knowledge is very important, no matter how good the player is or at what level he
plays.
Ace - serve that no player of the opposition team touches before it hits the ground. It results
in a
point for the server.
Assist - setting the ball up for a teammate who attacks the ball and then scores a point. An
assist is counted only if the very next shot results in a point.
Attack - the act of actually approaching the volleyball and hitting it, in order to gain a point.

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Attacker - the person who attacks the ball. Also known as the HITTER or the SPIKER.
Attack line - also known as the ’10-foot line’, it is 3 meters away from the net and is present
on both sides of the court.
Back row attack - a move where a player behind the attack line hits the ball. At the moment
when he jumps to hit the ball, he must be behind the attack line.
Block - an action where a spiker’s move is deflected back into his court by blocking the ball.
Ball handling error - the referee may call this error, if he notices that there has been a double
hit, or a ball is thrown or lifted.
Bump pass - the action of clasping one’s fingers together and using the forearms to hit pass
the ball to a teammate or over the net.
Center line - the line under the net that divides the entire court into 2 equal parts.
Decoy - a move in which the actual spiker of the ball is disguised. This takes the opposing
team by surprise.
Dig - the act of reaching a ball spiked by the opponents and passing it to a teammate.
Double hit - an illegal move that implies that the same player has touched the ball twice in
succession.
Floater - a serve that has often been mis-hit and its direction cannot be predicted as there is
no spin or rotation on the ball.
Foul - any illegal violation of the rules.
Hit - act of jumping up and forcefully ‘spiking’ or hitting the ball to the opposing court.
Jump serve - a method of service where the ball is flung in the air and the server jumps to
strike
it.
Kill - a move or a strike that results in the gaining of a point.
Mintonette - this is what volleyball was officially known as earlier. The name was created by
William Morgan.
Ready position - the position and stance that any player takes just before hitting the ball.
Red card - a disqualification by the referee. This implies that either a player must leave the
game, the team forfeits a point, or a team forfeits a serve.
Rotation - after a server has made his serve, all the players rotate in a clockwise movement.
Serve - the game starts when one player serves the ball from the end line of his side of the
court, into the opposing team’s half.
Service error - a wrong service. This occurs when the service hits the net, or does not cross
the net, or the ball falls out-of-bounds or the server’s foot crosses the line while serving.

12
Setter - the person who has the crucial second touch of the ball. The third touch will be by a
spiker, and the setter must set up the ball in a nice way for the spiker. He is one of the most
important offensive players in a volleyball team.
Side out - a situation where the receiving team wins the right to serve. This occurs either
because they have won a point, or because the serving team committed an error.
Yellow card - a warning issued to any player. This does not accompany a loss.

Assessment Task 1

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter that correspond at the given sentence.
1. What was the original name of volleyball?

a. Lacrosse

b. Volley Ball

c. Mintonette

d. Badminton
2. Who created volleyball?

a. John A. Belstrad

b. William G. Morgan

c. Elijah C. Campwood

d. Elwood S. Brown

3. What year when volleyball was introduced in the Philippines?

a. 1959

b. 1916

c. 1910

d. 1951

4. It is vertical rods (normally white and red) mounted near the edges of the net use to
determine

13
 whether the ball is in or out.

a. Post

b. net

c. line

d. antennae

5. What confident line that runs directly under the net and divides the court into two equal
halves.

a. Service line

b. Attack line

c. Center line

d. Boundary line

6. When were the first volleyball World Championships held?

a. 1949 / 1952

b. 1965 / 1943

c. 1910 / 1916

d. 1872 / 1918

7. It is an act of actually approaching the volleyball and hitting it, in order to gain a point.
a. Serve
b. Attack
c. Block
d. Dig
8. When was volleyball created?
a. 1985
b. 1912
c. 1896
d. 1964
9. It is pass that set the ball up for a teammate who attacks the ball and then scores a point.

14
 a. assist
b. attack hit
c. bump
d. dig
10. What year when volleyball was introduce as sports event in Summer Olympic game.
a. 1952
b. 1964
c. 1998
d. 1916
11. If a team score a point doing a spike, what is it called?
a. Kill
b. Dawn
c. Hit
d. Dig
12. What year when “libero” was introduced internationally?

a. 1964

b. 1998

c. 1968

d. 1952

13. It is line measure three meter from the net that separates the front row players from the
backrow players. Commonly referred to as the “10-foot line.”

a. Center line

b. Side line

c. Attack line

d. Boundary line

14. What year when Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris?

a. 1924

b. 1974

15
 c. 1947

d. 1964

15. What is the height of the net for volleyball for men?
a. 2.34 m
b. 2.43 m
c. 2.24 m
d. 2. 42 m

Summary

The game of volleyball originally called “mintonette,” was invented in 1895 by William
G. Morgan after the invention of basketball. Morgan, a graduate of the Springfield
College of the YMCA, designed the game to be a combination of basketball, baseball,
tennis, and handball.

Morgan was keen for his sport to offer a less physically intense and demanding
alternative to Naismith’s basketball, one that would appeal to a far broader range of
ages and physical abilities. Describing his early experimentations, he said:

“In search of an appropriate game, tennis occurred to me, but this required
rackets, balls, a net and other equipment, so it was eliminated, but the idea of a net
seemed a good one. We raised it to a height of about 6 feet, 6 inches [1.98 meters]
from the ground, just above the head of an average man. We needed a ball and
among those we tried was a basketball bladder, but this was too light and too slow.
We therefore tried the basketball itself, which was too big and too heavy. .

16
 It was not until 1900 that a specially designed ball - lighter and smaller - was
devised, which opened a whole new range of tactical and technical possibilities for the
sport. The offensive style of setting and spiking was first showcased in 1916, in the
Philippines. Over the years that followed the rules of the sport were further refined and
standardized. In 1917, the scoring system per game was changed from 21 to 15 points,
while in 1920 the rule stipulating a maximum of three hits per team was instituted
(Volleyball: A Brief History, 2015).

References

Oden, B. (2017, May 14). Volleyball History 101. Retrieved from liveabout.com:
https://www.liveabout.com/volleyball-history-3429243
Oden, B. (2019, February 22). Volleyball Rules and Regulations. Retrieved from
liveabout.com:
liveabout.com/volleyball-rules-and-regulations-3429248
Oden, B (2019, March 9 ) Volleyball Term Terms . Retrieved from live about
https://sportsaspire.com/volleyball-terms
Olazo, J. (2013, December 7). Volleyball. Retrieved from Slideshare.net:
www.slideshare.net/jam18/volleyball-28992188
Patel, A. (2016, September 6). volleyball. Retrieved from scribd.com:
//www.scribd.com/document/323173706/Volleyball
Raymundo, K. (2013, September 27). Volleyball: Basic Rules. Retrieved from
slideshare.net:
https://www.slideshare.net/kathrynv3/rules-in-volleyball
Volleyball: A Brief History. (2015, June 30). Retrieved from olympic.org:
https://www.olympic.org/news/volleyball-a-brief-history
Volleyball-New World Encyclopedia. (2009, October 29). Retrieved from
newworldencyclopedia.org: newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Volleyball

17
 MODULE 2
Basic Skills in Volleyball

Introduction

Volleyball is a unique and interesting sport. During the game a volleyball athlete
has to play near the front line or near the back line. Oftentimes, a volleyball player has
to shift from offense to defense or from defense to offence.

Obviously, an athlete has to develop different types of volleyball skills in order

to demonstrate the excellent results on the court. Key skills for volleyball include
serving, setting, passing, spiking as well as blocking and digging.

Learning basic volleyball skills needs to be a key part of athlete’s training

program. The job of a volleyball coach is to teach volleyball athletes how to serve, pass,
set, hit and block the ball correctly. Later, a volleyball player has to try to improve his/her
skills. In fact, learning volleyball skills is a journey that never ends. If you succeed in
learning these volleyball skills, then you’ll be able to improve your game significantly
and contribute greatly to your team’s success.

You need to know that it takes volleyball beginners some time to learn basic
skills. So, don’t fall into despair if something goes wrong at the beginning! The reality
is, things don’t always go easily (Tips for Mastering Basic Volleyball Skills, 2019)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Determine the basic skills in volleyball.

18
 2. Classify the proper posture in executing the basic skills in volleyball.
3. Execute the different skills in volleyball.
4. Demonstrate proper posture in doing the different skills in volleyball.

Lesson 1 – Basic Skills in Volleyball

Volleyball is a game consisting of 2 teams in which a ball is hit over a net. the
aim is to score points by making the ball reach the opponent's court. Volleyball has six
basic skills: Serve, Dig, Pass, Set, Spike and Block (Julia, 2015).

1.1 Serve

Volleyball game begins with a serve. If a serve is executed perfectly, a

receiving team will find it hard to handle the ball and organize the attack. And of
course, a volleyball player should aim to serve the ball in the best possible way. It
is crucial for a volleyball player to make a quick serve (Tips for Mastering Basic
Volleyball Skills, 2019).

• It is the attempt to drive the ball into the opponent's court.

• There are 2 basic serves: underhand serve and overhand serve.

Underhand Serve

First the player needs to hold the ball with their non-dominant hand, drop the ball
slightly and finally hit the ball with the dominant hand.

Overhand Serve

First hold the ball with the non-dominant hand then toss the ball 2-3 feet in front of
the body and then hit it with the strong and hard surface of the dominant hand.

1.2 Pass

Passing is also an incredibly important skill for a volleyball player. Let’s say you
have received a ball after serve from the opposing team. Now, your task is to make a
pass to one of your teammates. Clearly, you should strive to pass the ball accurately

19
and make it easy for a setter to handle it (Tips for Mastering Basic Volleyball Skills,
2019).

• The ability to prevent the ball from touching one's court by bumping or passing the
ball.

How to pass

First the player needs to bend their knees for ready position. The player also
needs to make their forefingers perpendicular and thumbs are parallel to each other.
Lastly when the ball is coming, the player need to make sure that their arms are straight
and hit the ball either by wrist and arms.

1.3 Dig

If blockers can’t resist an attack hit. However, even if the ball goes through
blockers, you still have a chance to prevent the ball from landing on your side of the
court. In this case, a volleyball player should take advantage of digging to stop the ball
from hitting the ground.

• The attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve or any form of
attack.

How to dig

Almost same as pass because it is both an attempt to receive ball properly,

but unlike in pass, in dig a player can use different parts of their bodies such as hands,
foot, arms and sometimes legs just to save the ball.

1.4 Set

Setting means the beginning of a volleyball attack. A setter receives the pass
and sets the ball. After that, an attacker carries out an attack hit. It’s worth noting that a
properly executed set increases the chance of an effective attack hit.

20
 • A tactical skill in which a ball is directed to a point where a player can spike it in the
opponent's court.

How to set

First a player need to make sure that their hand can accommodate the shape
of the ball then set or toss the ball above the head by pushing the ball and extending
their arms.

1.5 Spike

• An act of scoring the ball over the net into the opposing court effectively and
aggressively.

How to spike

First the dominant foot should take the first step and then follow by the
nondominant foot. For example, right-left foot step then fast right-left foot steps then
jump and hit the ball.

1.6 Block

Blocking is an integral part of a volleyball team’s defense. Each time an

opposing team makes an attempt to organize an attack hit, volleyball blockers should
do everything possible to resist it. It’s important to point out that it’s not allowed to block
serves. In order to succeed in volleyball blocking, you need to position yourself on the
court properly and prepare for resisting an attack hit.

An action taken by players by standing or jumping at the front of the net to stop or
alter an opponent's attack.

How to Block

First a player should be in a ready position: bend knees and elbows, and hands
are raised in front of the face. The blocker should be alert and ready to run left or right

21
 the moment the setter set the ball to the spiker. The blocker needs to jump straight with
extended arms and spread fingers.

For further explanation about volleyball skills, here are some video references
you can watch.

1. Underhand Serve and Overhand Serve- https://youtu.be/SnG7XJDunzs

2. Dig - https://youtu.be/MAFi2kguhYs

3. Pass- https://youtu.be/gOgfoEGUDCA

4. Toss - https://youtu.be/h5mpBCRK_yk

5. Spike- https://youtu.be/VrMI1dpV8c0

6. Block- https://youtu.be/amVtOHl4TAk

22
 Assessment Task 2

Individual practical performance task

Assessment Task Rubrics

SKILLS 5 POINTS 7 POINTS 10 POINTS
SERVE Ball not over and in Serve was over and Serve was over the
or close, no control in or close. Had net and in bounds,
Overhand and of ball, ball hit off of some control of ball, arm above head,
Underhand Serve wrist or fingers arm was too low, not weight transfer,
proper weight control of the ball
transfer
PASS Hands were apart, Weight on heels, Body in low athletic
body upright elbows were bent, stance, weight on
Underhand pass position, did not ball was playable for balls of feet, knees
(bump) call, lift, no control teammates, some bent, called mine,
of ball control of ball hands together, ball
went towards
target, control of the
ball.
PASS Hand was apart, Made a triangle, hit Body in athletic
body not in athletic ball off palms (not position, made
Overhand pass (set) position, lift, no fingers), some triangle for hands,
control of ball control of ball called mine weight
on balls of feet,
good follow
through, control of
ball to target

23
 Summary

The six basic volleyball skills are passing, setting, spiking, blocking, digging and
serving. Passing is often thought of as the most important skill in volleyball. If one cannot
pass the serve, then you will not be able to score a point. The importance of serving is
often undervalued. Blocking is perhaps the least taught skill in volleyball.

Players can get away with poor blocking skills because not blocking isn't going to
hurt the team as much as being poor at executing other skills in volleyball. Digging is
another skill that isn't focused on quite as much as most skills in volleyball. The setter
position is considered to be the most important position in volleyball. The setter basically
runs the team offense.

References

Julia, L. R. (2015, March 24). Volleyball Basic Skills. Retrieved from slideshare.net:
https://www.slideshare.net/einelailuj/volleyball
Tadlock, L. (2018, December 11). Volleyball Referee Rules and Hand Signals.
Retrieved from sportrec.com: https://www.sportsrec.com/6710453/volleyball-
referee-rules-handsignals
Tips for Mastering Basic Volleyball Skills. (2019, September 12). Retrieved from
bramptonvolleyball.ca: http://bramptonvolleyball.ca/tips-mastering-basic-
volleyballskills/

24
 MODULE 3
Common Rules and Violations in Volleyball,
Players’ Attire and Positions

Introduction

Volleyball is a team sport where two teams, typically with six players on each team,
are separated by a net. The players on the two teams hit an inflated ball back and forth
over the net, trying to avoid having the ball hit the ground on their side of the net. To put it
in simple terms, volleyball is a team sport in which the goal is to keep the ball alive while it
is on your side of the net but to kill the rally by putting the ball down on your opponent’s
side of the net (Oden, 2019).

Volleyball is an exciting, fast-paced sport. It has been an official part of the Summer
Olympic Games since 1964 (Volleyball-New World Encyclopedia, 2009).

Oden (2019), cited that the complete set of rules for volleyball is extremely
extensive and volleyball rules can be difficult to keep up with as they often change.
However, many of the central, most critical rules of the sport remain the same.

Oden (2019) also added that volleyball is one of the most malleable sports because
it is played in many variations and on many different surfaces.

Volleyball can be played in teams, with anywhere between two and six players.
Indoor volleyball is usually played with six players on each team. Beach volleyball is often
played with two players. Four-person volleyball is often seen in grass tournaments and
also occasionally on the beach (Oden, 2019).

25
 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Explain the common rules and violation that the players can commit during the
game.
2. Identify the players position and their role during the game.
3. Explain the importance of knowing the rules and violations in volleyball.

Lesson 1. Basic Rules and Regulations in Volleyball

(Raymundo, 2013)

1.1. The Toss

Before the match, the first referee carries out a toss to decide upon the first service and
the sides of the court in the first set.

• If a deciding set is to be played, a new toss will be carried out.

• The winner of the toss chooses:
➢ Either the right to serve or to receive the service

➢ or the side of the court.

➢ The loser takes the remaining choice.

• In the case of consecutive warm-ups, the team that has the first service takes the
first turn at the net.

1.2. The Serve

• Server must serve from behind the restraining line (end line) until after contact.
• Ball may be served underhand or overhand.
• Ball must be clearly visible to opponent before serve.
• Served ball may graze the net and drop to the other side.
• First game serve is determined by a volley, each subsequent game shall be served
by the previous game loser.

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1.3. Rotation
• Team will rotate each time they win the serve
• Players shall rotate in a clockwise manner
• There shall be 6 players on each side
1.4. Playing the Game
• Maximum of three hits per side
• Player may not hit the ball twice in succession.
• Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on serve A ball touching a
boundary line is good.
• A legal hit is contact with the ball by a player body above and including the waist
which does not allow the ball to visibly come to a rest.

• A player must not block or attack a serve

• Switching positions will be allowed only between front line players
1.5. To win a set
• A set is won by the team which first scores 25 points with a minimum lead of two
points. In the case of a 24-24 tie, play is continued until a two-point lead is achieved
(26-24; 27-25; …). (Except the deciding, 5th set) Opponent’s team commits a fault

1.6. To win a match

• The match is won by the team that wins three sets.
In the case of a 2-2 tie, the deciding set (the 5th) is played to 15 points with a
minimum lead of 2 points.

1.7. Basic Violations

•
Stepping on or over the line on a serve.
•
Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully.
•
Hitting the ball illegally.
•
Touches of the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play.
•
Reaching over the net.
Except:
1. When executing a follow through

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 2. When blocking a ball which is in the opponents’ court but is being returned
•
Reaches under the net.
•
Failure to serve in the correct order.
•
Blocks or spikes from a position which is clearly not behind the 10-foot line while in
a back-row position.

Lesson 2. Volleyball Attire and Players Positions

2.1 Players Attire

Appropriate volleyball attire is required for all competitions. Coaches should
discuss the types of sports clothes that are acceptable and not acceptable for training and
competitions.
The correct volleyball attire is a shirt (jersey), shorts, sock and shoes.
1. Shirt – Athletes should wear a shirt that is comfortable and allows freedom of
movement in the shoulder area. Long sleeves can reduce the impact of the ball on
the fore arms during passing and therefore an acceptable option. Make sure the
length of the shirt is long enough to tuck in to a pair of shorts or warm-up pants.
2. Shorts – Athletes should wear gym or their uniform short. Shorts should provide
the athlete with comfort and good appearance.
3. Sock – It is recommended that athletes wear sock to help absorb the foot moisture
during activity. In continuous atop-and go action in volleyball, sock help to prevent
blisters.
4. Shoes – It is recommended that athletes wear shoes that are specifically designed
for volleyball. It is important to have shoes with cushioned insoles, arch support
and heel support.
5. Knee Pads – It is highly recommended to help protect the knees from bruises and
floor burns.
2.2 Player
On a very basic level, players on the team can be divided into two types.
1. Front row players (attack/blocker)
The front row players responsibility is to attack the ball when setter sets
them. Front row players also try to block the ball coming from the opponent.
2. Back row players (passer/digger)
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 The back row players’ main responsibility is to pass the ball that comes from
the opponent. Back row players are the main passers of the team when receiving
the opponents serve. Back row players also dig balls hit by opposing team spikers.
2.3 Players Positions
Here are some basic volleyball positions you should become familiar with when
learning how to play volleyball.
1. Setter
A setter`s job is to spike. This is done by waiting for a teammate to pass
the ball to them.
2. Spiker
A spiker (attacker) is a player that attacks a ball over the net. The spiker
is a front row player and their main job is to spike balls at the net.
3. Passer
A passer is player that passes the ball up to the setter. The better passer
is able to pass, the easier it is for the setter to set which results in a better attack
by the spiker.
4. Digger
A digger is a defensive player that passes the ball up to the setter. The
digger is skilled at digging hard driven spikes and chasing down off-speed shots by
the opponent.
5. Server
The server is the player on the team that puts the ball into play to start the
rally. The players that understand how to play volleyball the best is often the best
servers on the team.

Assessment Task 3

Group/Team Practical Performance

Volleyball Performance Assessment Rubrics

SKILLS 4 3 2 1
Serve Puts ball in play Puts the ball Put ball in play Ball goes out of
using good dec legally in play bound / and
placement and

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 gets ready for and gets ready serve is turned
action for action over
Underhand
Serve
Overhand
Serve
Bump Pass Proper knee Uses proper Make contact Make contact
and arm technique with the ball but no real
motions keeps direct to the and direct it control ball
ball on same ball upward back to may go out of
side of court the net bound.
Set Pass Move easy Move easy Move easy Moves under to
under the ball, under the ball, under the ball, ball poor body
uses both uses both uses both positions in
hands, bent hands, bends hands, effective
knees as knees direction direction of ball control
control of ball, of ball upward upward
ball stays on
same side of
court
Team Work Warm-up and Warm-up and Play with Just stands on
encourage do stay teammates the court giving
teammate stay focused on been minimal effort
focused and it court and necessary and support.
is personally on ready for action parts
court and ready personally
for action
focused most of
the time

Summary

Volleyball is a globally recognized sport that found its origins in the United States
of America. In fact, worldwide, volleyball is second on the “popular list,” only behind soccer.
Play is started by a player on one side serving the ball over the net into the opponents'
field or court. The opponents then, without allowing the ball to strike the floor, return it, and
it is in this way kept going back and forth until one side fails to return it or it hits the floor.
This counts a "score" for one side, or a "server out" for the other, depending on the side in
point. The game consists of nine innings, each side serving a certain number of times, as
per the rules, per inning (Oden, Volleyball Rules and Regulations, 2019).

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 There are many variations to the game of volleyball. Where volleyball is played,
along with how it is scored can vary widely. Volleyball can be played on hardwood, grass,
sand or asphalt, using rally or side-out scoring. Volleyball matches can be played as one
game or as the best of three or best of five sets. As far as scoring, volleyball can be played
to 15, 25, 30 or any number of points technically.

Play begins with one team serving the ball to the other. Each time the ball crosses
over the net, a team gets three contacts before they must send the ball back to the
opponent's side. Ideally, the three contacts will be a pass, set and hit, but it can be three
passes or any other combination of contacts as long as they are legal contacts.

The rally (or volley) continues until the ball hits the ground or one of the rules is
broken. The team that is not responsible for the end of the rally then gets a point.

Oden (2019) enumerated what she termed as “No-No’s in Volleyball

You cannot:
• Touch the net while making a play on the ball
• Step on the back line while serving (foot fault)
• Contact the ball more than three times on a side (A block doesn't count as
a contact)

• Lift or push the ball Play the ball over the net outside of the antennas
• Contact the ball twice in a row (unless the first contact was a block)
The first team to score the agreed upon number of points wins the game. You must
win by at least two points. The teams switch sides, the next game starts with a score of 00
and play starts again. In a best-of-five match, the team who wins three sets wins the match
(Oden, Volleyball Rules and Regulations, 2019).

References

Oden, B. (2019, February 22). Volleyball Rules and Regulations. Retrieved from
liveabout.com: liveabout.com/volleyball-rules-and-regulations-3429248

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Raymundo, K. (2013, September 27). Volleyball: Basic Rules. Retrieved from
slideshare.net:
https://www.slideshare.net/kathrynv3/rules-in-volleyball
Volleyball-New World Encyclopedia. (2009, October 29). Retrieved from
newworldencyclopedia.org: newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Volleyball

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