Dynamics

Introduction, Rectilinear motion; Plane curvilinear motion (rectangular path, and polar
coordinates); Projectile motion, Relative and constrained motion; Basic terms, general
principles in dynamics; Types of motion, Instantaneous Centre of rotation in plane motion
and simple problems; D Alembert's principle and its applications in plane motion and
connected bodies
INTRODUCTION
The dynamics of particles deals with the study of forces acting on a body and its effects, when the body is in
motion. It is further divided into Kinematics and kinetics.
• Kinematics – The study of motion of body without considering the forces which cause the motion of the
body.
• Kinetics – The study of motion of body with considering the external forces which cause the motion of
the body.

Plane motion – If a particle has no size but mass it is considered to have only plane motion, not rotation. In
this chapter the study motion of particles with only plane motion is taken without considering force that
cause motion i.e., Kinematics.

The plane motion of the body can be sub divided into two types
(i) Rectilinear motion
(ii) Curvilinear motion
1. RECTILINEAR MOTION (Straight Line Motion) - It is the motion of the particle along a straight line.
Example: A car moving on a straight road
A stone falls vertically downwards
A ball thrown vertically upwards
• Displacement –The displacement of a moving particle is the change in its position, during which the particle
remain in motion. It is the vector quantity, i.e., it has both magnitude and direction. The SI unit for
displacement is the metre (m).
• Velocity – The rate of change of displacement is velocity. It is the ratio between distances travelled in
particular direction to the time taken. It is also a vector quantity, i.e., it has both magnitude and direction. The
SI unit for velocity is the metre/second (m/sec) or kilometer/hour (km/h)
• Acceleration – The rate of change of velocity is acceleration. It is the ratio between changes in velocity to the
time taken. The change in velocity means the difference between final velocity and initial velocity. It is also a
vector quantity. The SI unit for acceleration is the metre/second2 (m/sec2 ).
• Retardation – The negative acceleration is retardation. It occurs when final velocity is less than initial velocity
(v<u).
• Speed – The distance travelled by a particle or a body along its path per unit time. It is a scalar quantity, i.e., it
has only magnitude. The SI unit for speed is the metre/second (m/sec) or kilometer/hour (km/h)
MOTION UNDER UNIFORM ACCELERATION
Example 17.4. On turning a corner, a motorist rushing at 20 m/s, finds a child on the road 50 m ahead. He instantly
stops the engine and applies brakes, so as to stop the car within 10 m of the child. Calculate (i) retardation, and (ii)
time required to stop the car.
Example .A motor car takes 10 seconds to cover 30 meters and12 seconds to cover 42 meters. Find the uniform
acceleration of the car and its velocity at the end of 15 seconds.
 Projectiles
INTRODUCTION
We see that whenever a particle is projected upwards at a certain angle (but not vertical), we find that the particle
traces some path in the air and falls on the ground at a point, other than the point of projection. The velocity, with
which the particle was projected, has two components namely vertical and horizontal. The function of the vertical
component is to project the body vertically upwards, and that of the horizontal is to move the body horizontally in its
direction. The combined effect of both the components is to move the particle along a parabolic path. A particle,
moving under the combined effect of vertical and horizontal forces, is called a projectile.

IMPORTANT TERMS:
The following terms, which will be frequently used in this chapter, should be clearly understood at this stage :
1. Trajectory. The path, traced by a projectile in the space, is known as trajectory.
2. Velocity of projection. The velocity, with which a projectile is projected, is known as the velocity of projection.
3. Angle of projection. The angle, with the horizontal, at which a projectile is projected, is known as the angle of
projection.
4. Time of flight. The total time taken by a projectile, to reach maximum height and to return back to the ground, is
known as the time of flight.
5. Range. The distance, between the point of projection and the point where the projectile strikes the ground, is
known as the range. It may be noted that the range of a projectile may be horizontal or inclined.
EQUATION OF THE PATH OF A PROJECTILE
TIME OF FLIGHT OF A PROJECTILE ON A HORIZONTAL PLANE
It is the time, for which the projectile has remained in the air. We have already discussed that the co-
ordinates of a projectile after time t.
Numerical-1:- Find the work done by the force of gravity on a body of 5 kg mass as (i) it falls vertically
downwards through a distance of 3 m, and (ii) as it slides down an inclined plane with a slope of 0.75.
What do you infer from the result?
Numerical-2:- The motion of an automobile of 3 ton mass is represented by v-t graph as shown in
Fig.. If the frictional resistance to the motion is 100 N/ton, determine the work done by the driving
force of the automobile in the first 10 seconds and in the next 2 minutes.