Kinematics-II

INTRODUCTION

● The motion of a particle along a straight line such as the x-axis is completely known
if its position is known as a function of time. me concepts of displacement, velocity,
and acceleration are used to describe an object moving in one dimension. We also
analyzed one-dimensional motion of a particle under constant acceleration and
developed the particle under constant acceleration model.
 VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION

● The most noticeable difference between velocity along one dimension and velocity in two
or more dimensions is that the latter can change direction as well as magnitude. Because
acceleration is defined as a change in velocity—any change in velocity—divided by a time
interval, there can be acceleration even when the magnitude of the velocity does not
change.
 TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION WITH CONSTANT ACCELERATION

● The independence of x and y motions is a very supporting tool in simplifying the cases of
two-dimensional kinematics. It allows us to treat two-dimensional motion as two
distinct one-dimensional motions, one for the x direction and one for the y direction. In
doing so, we will be able to describe the x and y variables separately and then bring
these descriptions together to understand the two-dimensional picture. The motion in
the x. direction and the motion in the y direction can be treated separately, each as a
one-dimensional motion subject to the equations of kinematics for constant
acceleration. .
Equation of Kinematics for Two-Dimensional Motion
Example
Projectile Motion
● When a particle is thrown obliquely near the earth’s surface, it moves along a
curved path under constant acceleration that is directed towards the center of
the earth (we assume that the particle remains close to the surface of the earth).
The path of such a particle is called a projectile and the motion is called
projectile motion.
 Principles of Physical Independence of motions in
projectile cases

● The motion of a projectile is a two-dimensional motion. So it can be discussed in

two parts: horizontal motion and vertical motion. These two motions take place
independent of each other. This is called the principle of physical independent of
motions.
● The velocity of the particle can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular
components. Horizontal component and vertical component. The vertical
component of velocity first decreases and becomes zero at the topmost point (c)
and again increases while downward motions.
● The force of gravity continuously affects the vertical component.
● The horizontal motion is a uniform motion and the vertical motion is a uniformly
accelerated retarded motion all positions (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E). The horizontal
component of velocity remains constant.
Projectile Motion
Example At what point on a projectile’s trajectory, its speed is minimum? If a stone is
thrown with a speed of V0 an angle θ0 with horizontal.
 Time of Flight

● The time of flight of a projectile motion is exactly what it sounds like. It is the
time from when the object is projected to the time it reaches the surface. The
time of flight depends on the initial velocity of the object and the angle of the
projection, θ .
 Maximum Height
● It is the maximum height from the point of projection, a projectile can reach.
Example A firefighter plane aims a fire hose upward, toward a fire in a skyscraper. The
water leaving the hose with a velocity of 32.0 m per second. If the firefighter
holds the hose at an angle of 78.50 Find out the maximum height of the water
stream using maximum height formula.
Horizontal Range
● It is the horizontal distance travelled by a body during the time of flight. In
horizontal direction, the acceleration of the particle is zero, i.e., horizontal
component of the velocity is constant. Hence, displacement in the horizontal
direction can be written as x=R=ux*T.
Example
Example
Example A grasshopper can jump upto a height h. Find the maximum distance through
which it can jump along the horizontal ground.
 At what angle should a projectile be thrown such that the horizontal range of
Example
the projectile will be equal to half of the maximum value?
 Two particles A and B are Projected from the same Point in different
Example
directions in such a manner that vertical components of their initial velocities
are same (Figure). find the ratio of range.
Example
Example
Horizontal Projectile
● HORIZONTAL PROJECTILE A body is projectile horizontally from a certain height
vertically above the ground in the initial velocity u. If frictions is considered to be
above then that will be no other horizontal forces which can affect the horizontal
motion. The horizontal velocity, therefore, remains constant and so the object
covers equal distance in horizontal direction in equal intervals of time.
● Trajectory of horizontal projectile: The horizontal displacement is governed by the
equation
Example A man wants to cross a river 500 is wide. The rowing Speed of the man
relative to water is 3 km/hr and river flows at the speed of 2 km/hr. If man's
walking speed on the shore is 5 km/hr then is which direction he should start
rowing in order to reach the directly opposite point on the other bank in
shortest time.
Example