Grammar

pronouns & helping verbs

 ‫‪ Pronouns‬الضمــــــــــــــــائر‬

‫يإْ انضًٍش (‪ )pronoun‬؟‬

‫انضًٍش فً انهغح اإلَجهٍزٌح ‪ (..‬كهًح تحم يحم أٔ تأتً تذٌال ل اإلصى‬
‫‪)Noun‬‬
‫يثال‪:‬‬
‫‪ Samia eats apples.‬‬
‫‪ ‬نٕ أسدَا إصتثذال إصى صايٍح تضًٍش األَثى تصثح‬
‫‪ She eats apples.‬‬
 Personal pronouns ‫الضمائر الشخصية‬

:ًٍٍ‫ ٔ تُقضى انً قض‬...... ‫ًْ انتً تًثم أشخاص أٔ أشٍاء‬

‫أٔال * انضًائش انشخصٍح انتً تحم يحم انفاعم أٔ يٍ فعم انفعم أٔ ًْ انتً تضثق انفعم‬
Subject personal pronouns
: ‫ٌُٔذسج تحتٓا انضًائش انتانٍح‬
 I, you ,he , she , it , we, they
 I , he , she , it ‫تضتخذو نهًفشد‬
 We/ they ‫تضتخذو نهجًع‬
 You ‫تضتخذو فً كهتا انحانتٍٍ يفشد ٔجًع‬
Examples ‫أيثهة‬
 She took the bus last night.
 He is a school boy.
 We are Egyptians.
 I stayed at home.
 You need another blanket.
 Personal pronouns ‫الضمائر الشخصية‬

‫ثاَيا * انضًائش انشخصٍح انتً تحم يحم انًفعٕل تّ أٔ ًْ انتً تأتً تعذ انفعم ٔانفاعم‬
Object personal pronouns
:ًْٔ ّ‫ ًْٔ َفش انضاتقح نكٍ يحٕنح إنى ضٍغح انًفعٕل تّ ألَٓا تضتخذو تذان‬
 Me ,you , him , her ,it , us, them
Examples ‫أيثهة‬
 John took it.
 Omar gave me a book.
 We sent you a letter.
 He loves her.
 I saw it with my own eyes.
 They have just invited us to their wedding.
 We went with him/ them.
 Helping Verbs

A helping verb (also known as an auxiliary verb) is

used with a main verb to help express the main
verb's tense, mood, or voice.

The main helping verbs are "to be," "to have," and "to
do." They appear in the following forms:
 To Be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, will be
 To Have: has, have, had, having, will have
 To Do: does, do, did, will do
Verb to be
 ‫‪ٌ ‬عتثش فعم انكٌٕ ‟‪ „verb to be‬يٍ أْى األفعال فً انهغح اإلَجهٍزٌح نكَّٕ‬
‫ٌضتعًم كثٍشا فً انهغح اإلَجهٍزٌح صٕاء فً انحذٌث أٔ انكتاتح‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬انكثٍش يٍ يتعهًً انهغح اإلَجهٍزٌح ٌجذٌٔ صعٕتاخ فً فٓى ْزا انفعم‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬انًتعهًٌٕ انعشب ٌجذٌٔ صعٕتاخ فً فٓى ْزا انفعم ألَّ ال ٌٕجذ فعم يقاتم نّ‬
‫فً انهغح انعشتٍح ال حظ ْزِ األيثهح جٍذا‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫تُأل = ‪eat‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫أَا أتُأل فطٕسي = ‪I eat my breakfast‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ٌهعة = ‪play‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫أَا أنعة أنعاب انفٍذٌٕ = ‪I play video games‬‬

‫كم ْرِ األفعال نٓا يقابم في انهغة انعسبية نرنك يٍ انسٓم فًٓٓا ٔ إستعًانٓا في‬
‫جًم‬
‫فعم أٌ تكٌٕ = ‪ be‬‬
‫أَا صعٍذ = ‪ I am happy‬‬
‫ًْ حزٌُح = ‪ She is angry‬‬
‫‪ ‬إذٌ الحظ في انتسجًة انعسبية نهجًم انتي تحتٕٖ عهٗ فعم انكٌٕ ( ‪verb‬‬
‫)‪ to be‬ال يٕجد نّ يقابم في انجًهة انعسبية‪ .‬إذ أَُا نى َقم‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬أَا أكٌٕ صعٍذا‬

‫‪I am happy.‬‬
‫‪ ‬نكٍ قهُا فقط‪ :‬أَا صعٍذ‬
 Verb To Be: Examples

I am intelligent. You are my friend. He is my brother. She is my sister.

It is my dog. We are brothers. You are my kids. They are my friends.

Verb to be (past tense)
Verb to have
 ‫فعل يملك“ ‪“Verb to Have‬‬

‫‪It is used as a main and a helping verb.‬‬

‫يستخدم كفعل رئيسي وفعل مساعد‪:‬‬

‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪Present‬‬ ‫‪Past‬‬

‫فاعم‬ ‫يضازع‬ ‫ياضي‬

‫‪had‬‬
‫‪I, you, we, they‬‬ ‫‪have‬‬

‫‪has‬‬
‫‪He, She, It‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬

‫َضتخذو صٍغح انًضاسع نهتعثٍش عٍ عاداخ أٔ حقائق ثاتتح‪.‬‬

‫َضتخذو صٍغح انًاضً نهتعثٍش عٍ شًء حصم ٔاَتٓى فً انًاضً‪.‬‬
 verb to do

)‫ٌعًُ (ٌفعم أٔ ٌؤدي‬do ‫ انفعم‬

 ٌٕ‫ٌتك‬verb to do ‫يٍ كهًتٍٍ ًْا‬do ٔdoes

1- Do : ‫ًْٔ تأتً يع االصًاء انجًع ٔ انضًائش‬I - You - They - We

2- Does : ‫ًْٔ تأتً يع االصًاء انًفشد ٔ انضًائش‬He - She - It

They do homework in the evening

‫ْى ٌفعهٌٕ انٕاجة‬
He does exercises
‫ْٕ ًٌاسس انتًاسٌٍ انشٌاضٍح‬
 ‫ملحوظه‪ :‬يندر استخدام ‪verb to do‬كفعل اساسي بمعنى يفعل و حيث ان اشهر‬
‫مثالين له في اللغة االنجليزية هما كلمتي ‪Homework‬و ‪exercises‬‬

‫‪ ‬الصتخذاو االصاصً نـ ‪ْٕverb to do‬تكٌٍٕ حاالخ االصتفٓاو ٔ انُفً ٔ رنك عهى انُحٕ‬
‫انتانً‬
‫‪ -1‬تكٕيٍ انسؤال‬
‫عُذ تكٌٍٕ انضؤال تـ ‪َVerb to do‬ضتخذو انقاعذج انتانٍح‬

‫تكًهح انجًهح ‪ +‬انفعم فً انًصذس ‪ +‬انفاعم ‪Do - Does +‬‬

‫? ‪ Do they play football‬‬

‫ْم ْى ٌهعثٌٕ كشج انقذو ؟ ‪‬‬
‫‪ Yes,they do‬‬ ‫‪No,they don't‬‬
‫? ‪ Does she like Pizza‬‬
‫ْم ًْ تحة انثٍتزا ؟ ‪‬‬
‫‪ Yes, she does‬‬ ‫‪No, she doesn't‬‬
 ‫‪ -2‬تكوين حالة النفي‬

‫‪ ‬عُذ تكٌٍٕ جًهح يُفٍح تأصتخذاو ‪َverb to do‬ضتخذو انقاعذج انتانٍح‬

‫تكًهح انجًهح ‪ +‬يصذس انفعم ‪+ don't - doesn't +‬انفاعم ‪‬‬

‫‪ They Don't play tennis‬‬

‫‪ْ ‬ى ال ٌهعثٌٕ انتُش‬

‫‪ Sara doesn't like to drink orange juice‬‬

‫‪ ‬صاسج ال تحة اٌ تششب عصٍش انثشتقال‬
 ‫الفعل المساعد ‪Do‬في زمن الماضي‬

‫االفعال انًضاعذ ‪Do - Does‬فً انًاضً ٌتحٕنٕا انى ‪ ًْ ٔDid‬تأتً يع جًٍع ضًائش انفاعم يثم‬
‫‪ he did his homework yesterday‬‬

‫‪ ٔ ‬عُد انُفي َستخدو ْرِ انقاعدة‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫تكًهح انجًهح ‪ +‬يصذس انفعم ‪+ didn't +‬انفاعم‬

‫‪ He didn't go to school yesterday‬‬

‫ْٕ نى ٌزْة انى انًذسصح تاأليش‬
‫‪ٔ ‬عُد تكٕيٍ انسؤال َستخدو انقاعدة انتانية‬
‫تكًهح انجًهح ‪ +‬انفعم فً انًصذس ‪ +‬انفاعم ‪ Did +‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Did he go to school yesterday‬‬

‫‪ْ ‬م ْٕ رْة انى انًذسصح تاأليش ؟‬
‫‪َ ٔ ‬جٍة تـ‬
‫‪ yes, he did - no, he didn't‬‬
 Encouragement

 Good luck!
 Good luck on your test.
 You can do it!
 Do your best.
 Do the best you can.
 Work hard.
 Keep up the good work.
 Responses to good news

 Wow!
 That's great!
 That's wonderful.
 That's really good news.
 I'm glad/happy to hear that.
 Congratulations!
 Good for you!
 Good job!
 Responses to bad news

 That's too bad.

 That's really sad.
 That's terrible!
(for really bad news)
 I'm sorry to hear that.
(for sad news)
 ‫التعبير عن الملل‬ Expressing boredom

 how boring!
 how boring life is !
 day in, day out, how monotonous
‫انهى َثاخ فٍّ َصثح فٍّ اَّ سٔتٍٍ يًم‬
 Disappointment “frustration”

 Oh, no! oh, my dear. I‟m really disappointed

 It‟s a shame! Feel let down
 what a pity! I‟m really disappointed
 Apology ‫االعتذار‬

To apologize to people, we say:

- Excuse me. (before annoying someone)
- Sorry / awfully sorry / pardon me / I beg your pardon
(after annoying someone)
- I apologize for ……..

For a reply, we say:

 no problem
 Never mind
 don‟t worry
 Don‟t mention
The end!