INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

REPORT
To study the various factors on which the
internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends
In partial fulfillment of AISSCE 2023-24
Physicspractical

Prepared By
Tarika
Shree
Class -XII-
B 2023-24
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work presented in this grade XII to study
the various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell
depends has been carried out under my supervision and is the
Bonafide work of Tarika Shree. This work is original and has not
been submitted for any other purpose.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DATE:

PLACE:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special gratitude to
my Physics Teacher Mr.Wasim H S as well as
our Head of School Ms. Swati Soni who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project which also helped me to do a lot of
research work. I came to know about so many
new things. I am really thankful to them.
 INDEX

Sl.No Topic Page No

1
1 Aim

1
2 INTRODUCTION

1
3 THEORY

2-3
4 APPARATUS

3-5
5 PROCEDURE

6
6 OBSERVATIONS

7
7 PRECAUTIONS

7
8 SOURCES OF ERROR

6
9 CONCLUSION

7
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM:
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a call
depends

INTRODUCTION:
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic
appliances and the use is increasing every day. Thus, the
batteries need to be made more powerful so that their
potential can be increased greatly.

Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for

thefactors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can

increase the potential difference across it, and hence make it
more reliable.

THEORY:
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell

● Is directly proportional to the distance between the

electrodes.

● Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the

electrodes in electrolyte.
 ● Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.

● Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.

The internal resistance of a cell is given by:

r= [E-V]/R

Circuit Diagram

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
● Potentiometer
● Battery (or battery eliminator)
● Two one-way keys
● Rheostat
● Galvanometer
 ● Resistance box
● Ammeter
● Cell (Leclanche cell)
● Jockey
● Setsquare
● Connecting wires and sand paper

PROCEDURE:
● Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand
paperand make tight connections according to the
circuit diagram.

● Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

● Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make
sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the
cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained.

To study variation of internal resistance with distance of

separation

● Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.

● Take maximum current from the battery,

makingrheostat resistance small.

● Without inserting a plug-in key , adjust the rheostat so

that a null point is obtained on the last wire of the
 potentiometer.

● Determine the position of the null point accurately using

a set square and measure the balancing length (1)
between the null point and the end P.

● Next introduce plugs in both keys and . At the same

time, take out a small resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt
resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.

● Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and

obtainthe null point.

● Measure the balancing length ( L) from end P.

Recordthese

● Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.

● Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2. Wait for

sometime and repeat steps 7 to 10.

● Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain

anotherset of observations.

To study variation of internal resistance with area of

electrodes

● Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area

ofelectrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
 ● Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to
10. Record your readings.

To study variation of internal resistance with concentration

of electrolyte

Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the

concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water
fordifferent observations.

● Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to

10. Record your readings.

To study variation of international resistance with

Temperature

● Keeping all other factors constant, increase

thetemperature of electrolyte

● Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to

10. Record your readings.

OBSERVATIONS:
RESULT:
1. The EMF =

2. The concentration of the electrolyte is to

internal resistance

3. The temperature of the electrolyte is to

internal resistance
PRECAUTIONS:
● The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

● The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the

observations are to be taken.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Wire of the potentiometer may not be of
uniform cross section throughout its length.

2. EMF of auxiliary battery may not be constant

throughout the experiment

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

● wikipedia.com
● Google search engine
● Physics NCERT book for class XII