Continuity

breaks
no
jumps
in
graph of
y fee
feea is said to be continuous
defnat
if
x

lim fca
x a
fax him food

continuity over an interval

continuous b it
fix is over a
ifG
is continuous at x E Ca
every
continuous b
fee it
is over
continuous over
a
Ca G
if D is

it at
in
x b
is
i left lying
e
continuous
fee tch
iii it is
right continuous at x a
i e him fix fla
x at

E for x x E 2,3
K E 2 3
 X E 2,3 X

a which is not
continuous
function
is known as a
discontinuous
function
ex fix lim as
Ia x D

t
discontinuous at x 0

ex tan x at x
Ey

e s
too to

1 X O

exponential polynomial fns

sin x cos se are continuous
t x E R
algebraic fns
tense cot x tnx are
continuous over their domain
0 1 consider
so
ties
a I 0
 o
FEI
a

findcontinuous
if
a
possible if fix is
at K O

which
2
at x o
of
the
foll are cont

a ten It no

O K O

Yet
to
B
to
O K O

c
Joe
I 2 TO

D face Cisco x o

O K 0

a
Eso E a Ite
 1
lin 0
o

The
3
function
arsine Ofac
Ig
se
fix
x Cote b
ZEKE 2
aces 2x brink

FLEET
is continuous K X E O I
then a b
I Er

4
find points of discontinuity
of fees align sin're
t
fu defined using
a limit
Cases 1 K 2m
DEL MEL

f x
1

2 x Gm 1
Ig
x O
 tea t a fam DE
O X

0 0 0
I 0 I It
72 322

Continuity of a
composite function
O
a ten too

3 X 2 2 E 3

find points of discontinuity of

fo fac
3

2
1 o

o I 2 3
as x 2 5
 x 2 possible p't
x
em
2
II LHL O
RHL 2
0
as u 3 flu
where
f flocs fix 2

x 1 possible pt
as
fo f 3
x
x I
a It 2

discontinuous

et consider hey It find

pts discont
of hokey
of
Types of discontinuity
discontinuity kind
of first
1
or removable
discontinuity
when LHL
finite
occurs Rah
number I f a

et faut sit to
O K 0
 1A
point discont
missing
when Fca undefined
Jens fly
is

I at
sing o
x

1B isolated point discont

when flat but
is
defined
IIa fee

2
discontinuity of second kind
non removable dis cont

2A
jump discontinuity
occurs when LHL RHL are

finite
but unequal
e x Sgm x

jump I LHL RALL

y tant I at x o

2213
infinite type discontinuity
when one or both limits are o
 so
oscillatory type
et fac sin
I at x O

ga
479T missing joint
removable

2 x E x x 3
isolated point
3 2tan X
Ig
type
Enif
a
4

Ho ite
fac
geek t
s 21 O

t JC 0
e
at x 0 a
type
4 1 1 1 x
K O missing point
A
1
fat Ex
x 0
also
 n

Continuity of combination
of fns
fact good are continuous
at if x a then f g f g
will also be continuous

provided gca 0

f g ft g fg fg fog
cant say
c c c c CS c

C DC DC CS CS CS
Dc es es es es

YC
 E fore x x at x 0
f o O
lim fax O
x o

ga
t
discont at a a
assume a is
g
defined
I
c x x
fix g
fog
x c

fac x
go x

fog 0

IR
Q1 consider
f IR

fix
fix is
x cos
E J then

continuous t x EIR
discant at
B
c
only x
non
o
Zero
values
integral
cont at of
x
0
D
only x
2
fix Ex IT is
discontinuous at
A all integers
B except o and I
C 11 11 11 O
D l 1
GIF
Discontinuity of foxy

general
in
discontinuous at
foes is
where
points
fee integer
is an

sink X E Co 252
ex

CEE EQ
x

EL IT
O
EL o
IL o

fix has point

if
local man or min
a
turning
at when
K then need to check
far we
that
discontinuity
at
point
ex fee at X E C 2 2

SEE 0,4

I 0 I 2 3

X O 11 IE

8
ii x E
02 2

FC 2 43 4
lim I 3
a C at

203 G X E 1 2

3
2 6

QI E 2,16
13
pts of discontinuity
 discontinuity of sg food
sgncfc.es
is
expected to be
discontinuous at
points where
f x 0

se x
et syn A font
Sg C x t1
x EIR
Sgm Coe
x O I 1

be l s
gree x x I 1

Q 1
x 2 x tnx
fix sg
1 E X E 3

32K 3.5

find points of discontinuity

x 3
f 3 1

xl3 foes 0

f i O
0
lift
 x 2
0
f 2
him
lim fla O fix
x at x I

l x E In 1 lns
O In 3

he ie Z when x e
lim
x e
0
self 1

K E 9 12 25
x2 10 I1 I 2

x T.ae

limits
2
function defined using

Ho is

find valued a
if
3
of
fees neg gift
is

a 1
2 1 1 1 1 71

for 1 1 1 fix O

I
I I al C 1
fly
1 171 t 1
1 1 1

1 KC 1

fee x I
I I x 1

1 x 1

s
c
1 É
Dirichlet
function
consider
foe 1 K E Q
o x
Q
PT
fax is discontinuous to EIR
consider x 1

slim tea I

x EQ
t
3y Ig Ig ng
 lim far 0
x 1
x4Q
I limit DN E
similarly for any x E IR

consider EQ
too
1 x x Q
find points where food is
continuous X
12

Properties of continuous functions

1 Extreme value theorem

A continuous
a closed function
interval defined
has a
on
maximum
and a minimum value
or it is bounded

said to
a
function fix is
have its maximum at x Xo in
b
a
if froyo I fix txt ask

at
similarly minimum
t
x so
b
feeds fax see a
 f
et y X E C 1 2

max value does not exist

11 11 11
m in it

DC 1 00

IC X C 1 001
fax fei oo
D
KE
Y Ie 1,2

fix is said to be bounded

above interval I
in
if
an

I M e IR s t FIE M
face I

similarly bounded below

t I if
fax
z m x e

a
function which is bounded
above and below is said to be
bounded
a
function
2 Intermediate value property
IVP or I VT
 2 1
yrs 5ft
26 5 5
yes ft
M

Ko I s

let m M be the and

min
values continuous
of
max a
b
function fix on a

Then yo E Em M
given any
I atleast one X E a b s t
feed Yo
Important special case
of
IVI

If food is a continuous function

 in Ka s and flap fi a CO
then I at least one Cece x

s t 0
f
c

Q1 a b c d determine
theif roots the
if x a x c of 2 x G
eqn
Ca d O
are real distinct

2 PT the
eqn
2005

11 2
2005

has atleast one root in 0,2

Gi six b ex d
flop x
1 a c

fca 2 a b Ca d o

Fcb O atleast one root

E a b

to atleastfed one
O o
root Csd
e
2
f x
gox
hea fix gox
23005 2005
Itsy
h o 200460
LC 2 O
hcc o atleast once
CE Co 2
for
Let be a
3
continuous
f Lo i o
Then
i
PT
F some
function
C E O I such that
D Fcc C
I
HD II fcc c

d
y c

hey fax x

h o
f o

040
o if
if f o
then eco o
then
 TI
Lei f D 1

if hence f D l then FED then hoco

1

proved
I atleast one c e CoD
s t h c O or fcc c

4 PT the equation
5
3 has
real
15
root
8 0
exactly
one

IVP atleast root

by in Co 1
one

15C I txt so
fix
has any
odd
atleast
degree
one
polynomial
real root
5 The number solutions
the of of
equi
sees cos x 0 in O E
is 1
 Differentiability
t
to't't
g
at fl to
foot
Varg It at

feta
Ut ftp.fctotst at
to
Tangent curve
a

M2
fg

tangent at P
lip secant PQ

lies on the curve

the
finding slope of tangent
 y fix

Coo th f xo
Mpa f h

slope of tangent at P
ft
ftp.fcothf
fix
let fed then
defn y

dy at a a or
dik a
or
f
a
fling flat h fla
h

et C derivatives first
finding using
principles
f x sink
 f'Coco
h.biz foothff
lim sin Koth sin co
h o h

ÉÉÉIÉ
Cos Xo

cos X
f Xo
cos
o

x
f x

da
o sine case

ex lux
for
fee
f's big feather
o

alia breathes
 Jim

cites e

king ended 1

sect
E fay x

lim s.ec
h o sedcotqh
cos
In cos too
h

sin
ictd
g.cat
sin
fItEny
ended
h

L g
Ti F
 Time EEE
ÉEtr
T.EE crtrs

MEI
LHD and RHD

RHD
fling feather
LHD h o
d
k
fca
also fca
h

h o
f u
Leo
h

flas flat Flatufa

et lol at O
fix x
 LHD at x 0
lim
h o thief
L the taking 1

RHD t 1

lol not at
X
is
0
differentiable

continuity differentiability
differentiability continuity
at continuous not
differentiable

proof
TP lim fac fla
x a

TP
Gina fca fca o

h x a

TP
fling f ath fla 0

cinder
h
x
 O
Fica Xo 0

continuous at
if fee is x a

then lim
flath fla
h o

at
e
find X
LHD
1
RHD
of Ex

at
fix is
LHD
differentiable
RHD at x a
x a

Iff
both LHD
of then
or
if
one
any
RHD as Cor es
f
not at
is
differentiable x a

LHD
aby flithff
L
as
of
when LHD RHD exist are

finite
but unequal there
is a

sharp turn fee

in
graph of
continuous at
assuming f is
x a
ex consider x 1
face

I
 Reasons differentiability
for
non

atxa_

discontinuous at
1
f is x a

2 LHD RHD

3 both
of RHD
one LHD or
any
are as

alternate derivative
at x a
form of

fca glim toff

LHD at
for RHD
x
Dc at

checking
at
differentiability of
fax x a

1
using first principles
I consider
too
Eta
O K
no

0
 check at 0
diff
x

fix continuous at x 0
if
O
x
lim O
If
o

e o as x o

of
o
shot
to
LHD him
h o ftp.o
at TÉ

Ita o

RHD
fiftieth 1

c'sin I 0
consider
foes O X O
M

fix
G I
1

O X 0

check
LHD
diff 1 at
RHD
x 0
1
2
53
5
2x at
flop x

N D
Cat
3
f x
e e a x e

O X e

at x e
LH D O R H D 1

of tea
a sin
I O

O X 0

him fix 0
x o

him
f fly
o
h so

D N E
fling
sin
f
 I Isin
sin x sin
I
t t t
C H D D
N C

2 him fix
using x a
20
too in
x ICO

1 x o
f
1 x o

him fix I LHD

21 0 RHD 1

e sink K
742
fan
e 3 E
LHD RHD O

ax tb as 1
Q1 fix ax x 2b x 1
 b
findV
a
KER if fed is
diff
6 1
A
Ig
cont at a 1 att a 1 26
6 1

1
f'd
a as

392 1 x 1

A 3 a 1

2 A cos b4
let
B cos let let
C Sin belt lol
I sin let lol

six x xco
c
fix
f Sink X X Z O

1 O
f's
x

Es o

usinggrapt
3
 O

f x
I lmk

food f in

ex yr e
Q 1 Ix 31
2 Sin x

27 1
3 Sin sine
2

Ig i
y

4 cosset coax

5 lx 11 1 21
N D at a 1,2
6 I let 21 21 I 1 O

7 max x 1 1 x 2 1,3
1
min s e
g
8 min tense cate

Mtg Ilia H 11
10 min txt 1 21.2 1 11
 n
2

a
4 cos lost nonsconzo

O ios CLO

A
It

3
I 22 2

X
y y

É3
r
7 n n
9 2 diggin
0,1

a i

61,0

2 I
8 A

theithi

Non
differentiability of fool I

in
general atI feel is nonwhere
differentiable points
0
f x

ex txt I Insel I sinal

There are
exceptions
 i
91 fix l tool oses
x LIKE 2

where not
pts fac
discontinuous
is
diff
1,2
Hg I non
diff EJ
fix
check
Let and
for continuity in
differentiability C 2,2
2
4
for Osx tz 1

2
LEX
C 1 4 1

combination
Differentiability of
of functions
polynomial algebraic Figo
exponential logarithmic
their fns are
domain
differentiable in

f g ft g fg fg fog
c
D D D D D D
D ND ND CS C S C S
ND ND CS CS CS CS
 to

hex fix go

I Ion at
O at se a
diff x a

2
ex 1 1 3
21 1,2
2
2 x 1 1 3
21 2

3 x 1 x
23 Cc 1 Cx 3
I
x
4561 5
3 5

4 2 1712 3
21 cos
14
d
cos lol cosx
5
find points of
non
diff of
fix sin
Ets
a start se x c s

f
stand x IER E I

Ji a tant se I I

6 cos
III TELLS