IMHOTEP TABLES Design 4

PARKING REQUIREMENTS PARKING REQUIREMENTS CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BY USE
OCCUPANCY REQUIRED PARKING OCCUPANCY REQUIRED PARKING OR OCCUPANCY (RULE VII)
Low income single detached living unit Amusement centers 1 slot/ 50m² of gross floor area GROUP TYPE DIVISIONS ZONES
with individual lots not more 1 slot/10 units
RESIDENTIAL
than 100m² Clubhouses, beach houses, etc. 1 slot/ 100m² of gross floor area A A1, A2 R-1, R-2
DWELLINGS
Factories, manufacturing, mercantile,
Multi-family living units regardless of 1 slot/ 1000m² of gross floor area RESIDENTIALS,
warehouses and storage bin
no. of stories with average living floor 1 slot / 8 units B HOTELS AND B-1, B-2 R-3, R-4, R-5
area of 50m² Tourist bus parking 2 bus slots/ hotel or theater restaurant APARTMENTS
EDUCATION &
Multi-family living units regardless of College and universities 1 slot/ 5 classrooms C C-1, C-2 GI
RECREATION
no. of stories with average living floor 1 slot / 8 units
area of above 50m² to 100m² Hospitals 1 slot/ 25 beds D INSTITUTIONAL D-1, D-2, D-3 R-1, R-2
BUSINESS AND
Multi-family living units regardless of Bowling alleys 1 slot/ 4 alleys E E-1, E-2, E-3 C-1, C-2, C-3
MERCANTILE
no. of stories with average living floor 1 slot/1 unit
area of more than 100m² LOADING REQUIREMENTS F INDUSTRIAL F-1 I-1
STORAGE AND G-1, G-2, G-3,

Hotels 1 slot/ 10 rooms OCCUPANCY LOADING G I-2, UTS,
HAZARDOUS G-4, G-5
ASSEMBLY OTHER
Residential hotels and apartels 1 slot/ 5 units 1 loading slot for every 5000m² of H H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 PRE, CUL
Stores, manufacturing, mercantile, THAN GROUP I
wholesale and the like gross floor area (minimum of 1 truck
Motels 1 slot/ 1 unit loading slot) ASSEMBLY
I OCCUPANT LOAD I-1 CUL, PRE
Shopping centers 1 slot/ 100m² Hotels and hospitals 1 truck loading slot 1000 OR MORE
ACCESSORY /
Markets 1 slot/ 150m² SPECIAL PROVISION J J-1, J-3, J-3 A, AI, PUD
AGRICULTURAL
Restaurants, fast food outlets, bars and 1 accessible parking lot for 50-150 slots and an additional slot for every 100
1 slot/ 30m² of customer area
beerhouses thereafter.
Nightclubs, supper clubs and theater-
restaurants
1 slot/ 20m² of customer area DESIGNATION OF FIRE ZONES (Rule V, Sec. 507)
Office building 1 slot/ 125m² of gross floor area TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION (Rule IV, Sec. 401) NON-FIRE Siting of buildings/structures are permitted without
RESTRICTIVE fire-resistivity measures, often located in the
Pension/ boarding/ lodging houses 1 slot/ 20 beds TYPE I Wood Construction ZONES (Type I & II) country sides or rural areas
Other buildings in business and Wood Construction with protective fire-resistant materials Siting of buildings/structures are permitted within
1 slot/ 125m² of gross floor area TYPE II FIRE
commercial zones (1 Hour) prescribed fire-resistivity measures for exterior
RESTRICTIVE
walls of at least two-hour fire resistivity, located in
Public assembly buildings 1 slot/ 50m² of spectator area TYPE III Masonry and Wood Construction ZONES (Types II, III, IV) suburban areas
Places of worship and funerary parlors 1 slot/ 50m² of congregation area TYPE IV Steel, Iron, Concrete, or Masonry Construction (1Hour) HIGHLY FIRE
Siting of buildings/structures are permitted within
RESTRICTIVE
prescribed fire-resistivity measures for exterior
Elementary schools, secondary ZONES walls of at least two-hour fire resistivity.
1 slot/ 10 classrooms TYPE V Steel, Iron, Concrete, or Masonry Construction (4hours)
schools, vocational and trade schools (Types IV and V)
● JNIPUFQ©2015 ● Page 19 ●
An Act To Enhance The Mobility Of Disabled Persons
BP 344 By Requiring Certain Buildings, Institutions,
Establishments And Public Utilities To Install Facilities
PERSONS / INDIVIDUALS LIABLE FOR ANY BASIC PHYSICAL PLANNING REQUIREMENTS
VIOLATION OF THE ACT
(Accessibility Law) And Other Devices. No group of people shall be deprived of full participation and enjoyment of the
environment or be made unequal with the rest due to any disability. In order to
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS Violator Person Liable / Sanction
achieve this goal adopted by the United Nations, certain basic principles shall be
applied
Seating Capacity For Disabled In PLACES OF ASSEMBLY Corporation, Organization
Officials
4- 50 2 seats or similar entity
The built environment shall be
designed so that it shall be accessible
51-300 4 seats Immediate Deportation after to all people. This means that no
Alien or Foreigner ACCESSIBILITY
service of sentence criteria shall impede the use of facilities
301-500 6 seats
by neither the handicapped or non-
Increase of 100 +1 seat disable citizens
(1) Owner of Operator of the
Building, Establishment or
Seating Capacity For Disabled In PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Structure Provisions shall be adapted and
(2) Contractor introduced to the physical environment
REACHABILITY
Regular Buses Buildings / (3) Architect so that as many places or buildings as
5 seats near exit/entrance doors (4) Engineer
(50 Person Capacity) possible can be reached by all
Establishment /
(5) Building Official or Other Public
Structure Official in-charge with the
First Class/
issuance of Building Permit, The built environment shall be
Air-Conditioned 4 seats near the door designed so that all persons whether
registration, certification and/or USABILITY
(40 Person Capacity) they be disabled or not, may use and
inspection of the Building,
Establishment or Structure enjoy it
Passenger Train 6 seats/car nearest to the door
(1) Owner/Operator of Public Finding a person’s way inside and
2 seats/aircraft Transport
Passenger Airplanes ORIENTATION outside of a building or open space
near the front exit/entrance door (2) Body Builders shall be made easy for everyone
(3) Safety Officers / Engineers /
Jeepneys 2 seats (preferably the front seats) Air, Land and Sea Managers Designing for safety insures that
(4) Drivers / Conductors / SAFETY people shall be able to move about
Transportation Conductresses with less hazards to life and death
20 minute period to embark
Domestic Shipping (5) Public Official in-charge with the
1 hour disembarkation after arrival
issuance of permits, registration, The built environment shall be
certification and inspection of the WORKABILITY & designed to allow the disabled citizens
PUBLIC TELEPHONE 1 / 4 units public transportation EFFICIENCY to participate and contribute to
development goals
CRIMINAL LIABILITY / PENALTIES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ADMINISTRATION AND
As per Section 46 of RA7277 (Magna Carta for Disable d Persons) ENFORCEMENT ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA FOR DISABLED PERSONS
Php 50,000.00 – Php 100,000.00 Secretary of Public Works & Highways +

Length of Wheelchair 1.10 m to 1.30 m
First Violation
6 months – 2 years Secretary of Transportation and Communication Width of Wheelchair 0.60 m to 0.75 m
Subsequent Php 100,000.00 – Php 200,000.00 COMPUTATION OF ACCESSIBLE UNITS Turning Diameter 1.50 m
Violations 2 years – 6 years In the computation for the allocation of accessible units and seating capacity Comfortable Reach (in Wheelchair) 0.70 m to 1.20 m
decimal greater than 0.5 shall be considered as one unit.
Php 5,000.00 – Php 50,000.00 From Room Corners 0.40 m
Abuse of Privileges In all cases a minimum of one (1) accessible unit shall be
6 months provided. Knee and Leg Space under tables 0.70 m
HANDRAILS PARKING AREAS
Establishments And Public Utilities To Install Facilities
(Accessibility Law) And Other Devices.
Both Sides of Ramps and Stairs  As close as possible to building entrances or to
Installation Outer Edges of Dropped Curbs (Not accessible entrances
OUTSIDE AND AROUND BUILDINGS beyond the width of crossing) Location  Perpendicular or to an angle to the road or
circulation
DROPPED CURBS 0.90 m (Straight Paths)  NOT at Ramped or Sloping Areas
Height 0.70 m (Above Steps / Ramps)
Changes in Level By dropped curb 1.00 m to 1.06 m (Great Heights) Width 3.70 m (Min.)
Pedestrian Crossings Extension 0.30 m (Start / End of Ramps / Stairs) Walkway 1.20 m (Between front ends of cars)
Locations
End of walkways of a private street or access road Full Grip 30 mm to 50 mm Dropped Curbs and Cut-Outs @ Raised Walkways
Width Same width of crossing or 0.90 m (Min.) Clearance 50 mm (Walls); 40 mm (Ledges) Pavement Markings, Signs To delineate parking spaces for PWD
Slope 1:12 Towards adjoining curb, 1:20 towards Road SIGNAGES INSIDE BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES
Lowest Point 25 mm (Max.) from Road / Gutter Location Point Conveniently seen by PWD ENTRANCES
CURB CUT-OUTS Contrasting Colors and Contrasting Location Lobby Arrival & Departure Points
Color / Texture Gray Matter to make detection and
When allowed Does not obstruct a walkway or lessen its width reading easy Elevator Access 1 Entrance Level
Width 0.90 m Headroom 2.00 m

Provide if Site Arrival grade is not same level as
Ramps
Entrance Level
Slope / Gradient 1:12 Height 1.60 m (Max.); 1.40 m (Min.)
WALKWAYS AND PASSAGEWAYS Raised Symbols , Letters, Numbers 1 mm; Braille Symbols Included Vestibules 1.80 m (D) x 1.50 m (W)
Material Slip-Resistant CROSSINGS RAMPS
Slope / Gradient 1:20 or 5% Near Perpendicular to Carriageway Width (Clear) 1.20 m (Min.)
Narrowest, Most Convenient Part
Cross Gradient 1:100 Location Gradient 1:12
Close / Contiguous with Normal
Width 1.20 m Pedestrian Desire Line Length (1:12 Gradient) 6.00 m, (if longer add 1.50 m landing)
Gratings 13 mm x 13 mm, 6.5mm (Max.) Projection Central Refuge (10.00m Carriageway) 1.50 m (Min.), 2.00 m (Preferred) Top and Bottom of Ramp 1.80 m (Level Area)
Surface Continuous, 6.5 mm (Max.) High Enough to be felt by shoe sole Handrails Both Sides @ 0.70 m and 0.90 m
Tactile Blocks / Surface Low enough not to cause tripping or
Spaces affect mobility of wheelchairs Curbs 0.10 m (Both Sides)
1.50 m (Min. Dimension)
(Busy / Lengthy
12.00 m (Max. Length)
Walkways Light Controlled Crossing having Rise >0.20 m (To Vehicular Traffic)
Railing
Pedestrian Phases 1.80 m across the full width at lower end
To Guide the Blind Straightforward routes with Right Angle Turns Most Beneficial Form
Synchronized Audible Signals
Headroom 2.0 m (Min.) , preferably higher (prolonged, distinguished, by TEC) THRESHOLDS
OPEN SPACES Flashing Green Period Based on 0.90 m/sec (Not 1.20 m/s) Maximum Height 25 mm, Ramped (Preferred)
Define edges with Planters w/ dwarf walls, or a

6 seconds or the crossing distance SWITCHES
To Guide the Blind grass verge, or similar, which provides a texture Steady Green Period
times 0.90 m/s, whichever is greatest
different from the path. Position / Location 1.20 m to 1.30m (H); 0.30 m from Latch
STAIRS GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
Establishments And Public Utilities To Install
(Accessibility Law) Facilities And Other Devices. Tread Surface Slip-Resistant AGENCY OFFICIAL
INSIDE BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES Nosing Slip Resistant / Slanted (AVOID Open Stringers) MMDA Francisco N. Tolentino
DOORS Leading Edge Non-Skid Material with High Contrast Color DPWH Rogelio Singson
0.80 m (Measured from the surface of the fully Hazardous Areas 0.30 m (W) Tactile Strip DENR Ramon Jesus P. Paje
Width (Clear) open door at the hinge to the Door Jamb at the
stop ELEVATORS HLURB Antonio M. Bernardo
4.0 kg (Operable); Location 30.00 m (Max.) from Entrance HUDCC Jejomar C. Binay
Pressure Force
1.0 kg (Closing Device Pressure – Interior Door) Dimension 1.10 m X 1.40 m NHCP Maria Serena I. Diokno
1.50 m X 1.50 m (Before & Beyond) Control Panels 0.90 m to 1.20 m (H) NHA Chito M. Cruz
Clear Level Space
1.20 m if not into a corridor Button Controls 20 mm Ø; 1 mm (D) with Braille-Type Signs NEDA Arsenio M. Balisacan
Out-Swinging Doors Storage Rooms, Closets, Accessible Restrooms SAFETY DOTC Joseph Emilio A. Abaya
Door Knobs / Hardware 0.82m to 1.06 m; 0.90 m (Preferred) FENCING FOR ROADWORKS & FOOTWORKS
Vertical Pull Handles 1.06 m OC (Preferred) Height (Top of Rail) 1.00 m above adjacent surface
Kick Plates 0.30 m to 0.40 m Tapping Rail 0.35 m above adjacent surface
The professional of Architecture calls for
CORRIDORS NO GAPS between adjoining fence lengths, STRONG enough resistance
men of the highest integrity, judgment,
Width (Clear) 1.20 m COVERS FOR EXCAVATIONS business capacity and artistic and
1.50 m X 1.50 m @ 12.00 m Spacing Width 1.20 m with 0.20 m Kickboard technical ability. An Architect’s honesty of
Recess / Turnabout purpose must be above suspicion; he acts
3.50 m @ every Dead End If footway width is reduced to less than 1.20 m, cover will be full width of footway
as professional adviser to his client and his advice must
WASHROOM & TOILETS SIGNAGE FOR ROADWORKS ON CARRIAGEWAY be unprejudiced; he is charged with the exercise
of judicial functions as between client and contractor
Area 1.70 m X 1.80 m Location Verges or Similar
and must act with entire impartiality; he
Turning Space 2.25 m2; 1.50 m (Min. Dimension) Should not reduce the footway width to less than 1.20 m has moral responsibilities to his professional
Number 1 / 20 WC; 2 / >20 WC EMERGENCY EXIT associates and subordinates; and he is engaged in a
profession which carries with it grave
▲ Men’s Washroom,  Women’s Washroom Tablets / Plan Located at Main Lobby
responsibilities to the public. These duties and
Signage
0.30 m Length or Diameter; 7.5 mm Thick Flashing Light / Signs At every change of direction responsibilities cannot be properly discharged unless
his motives, conduct, sense of moral
Water Closet 0.45 m (H); Flush Control @ 1.20 m (H) AUDIBLE & VISIBLE ALARM SYSTEM
values and ability are such as to
0.80 m Height (Max.) Audio-Visual Alarm In all fire sections as per (PD1185) command respect and confidence.
Lavatories 0.60 to 0.70 m Knee Recess Vertical Clearance
0.50 m Depth Vibra-Alarms Deaf or Hearing Impaired Occupants
Urinals Elongated or Through Lip of 0.48 m (H)  NOTHING FOLLOWS 
TABULATION OF DESIGN STANDARDS
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
SUBJECT Fire Code of 1977 Subdivision & Condominium Law Economic & Socialized Housing Accessibility Law
National Building Code Fire Code of 2008
(Repealed by RA9514) OPEN MARKET MEDIUM COST ECONOMIC HOUSING SOCIALIZED HOUSING
COMMUNITY FACILITIES
CS & ES HS TT CS & ES HS TT
No. Of Lots And/or DU NMPC ● NMPC ●
OCC ● ●● ●● ●● OCC ● ●● ●● ●●
10 and below          
11 to 99          
100 to 499          
500 to 999          
1000 to 1499          
1500 to 1999          
2000 to 2499          
2500 and Over          
No. Of Lots And/or DU
% of gross area of subdivision
Per Hectare
● Mandatory Non-Saleable
150 and below ●● Optional saleable but when provided in the plan the 1.0%
151 to 225 same shall be annotated in the title 1.5%
Above 225 2.0%
PARKS / PLAYGROUND
No. Of Lots And/or DU
% of gross area of project % of gross area of subdivision
Per Hectare
20 and below 3.5%
21 to 25 4.0%
26 to 35 5.0%
36 to 50 6.0%
51 to 65 7.0%
Above 65 9.0%
150 and below 3.5%
151 to 160 4.0%
161 to 175 5.0%
176 to 200 6.0%
201 to 225 7.0%
Above 225 9.0%
Min. Gross Saleable
1,000 sqm In no case shall an area allocated for parks and
Area requiring PPG
playgrounds be less than 100 square meters. An addition
10 or more of 1% increment for every 10 or fraction thereof above
Min. Number of
Except when part of a Subdivision Project 225.
Condominium Units
Or PPG 800m (Max. Distance) away without hazards
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
50 sqm
Minimum Area
Add 3.0 sqm for every added DU in excess of 10
Public Accessible Park
800 m
Max. Distance
HEIRARCHY OF ROADS
2.5 and below Maj, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Min, MC, Alley Major, Minor, MC, PW
Above 2.5 - 5 Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Min, MC, Alley Major, Minor, MC, PW
HECTARES
Above 5 - 10 Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Major, Minor, MC, PW
Above 10 -15 Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, PW
Above 15 - 30 Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, PW
Above 30 Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, Alley Maj, Col, Min, MC, PW
ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAY (RROW)
Major Coll Minor Major Coll Minor Major Coll Minor Major Coll Minor
2.5 and below 10 8 10 8 8 6.5 8 6.5
Above 2.5 - 5 12 10 8 10 8 10 6.5 10 6.5
HECTARES
Above 5 - 10 12 10 8 12 10 8 10 8 6.5 10 6.5

Above 10 -15 12 10 8 12 10 8 10 8 6.5 10 8 6.5
Above 15 - 30 15 12 10 12 10 8 12 8 6.5 10 8 6.5
Above 30 15 12 10 15 12 10 15 10 6.5 12 10 6.5
MC Alley MC Alley MC Alley PW MC Alley PW
ROW 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 3
Carriageway 5 2 5 2 5 5
Interior Subdivision 10m (Interconnecting Road)
PLANTING STRIPS & SIDE WALKS
RROW (m) PW SW
30 and above 1.2 (0.6) 1/6 – 1/4
25 - 29 0.6 (0.3) 1/6 – 1/3
20 - 24 0.6 (0.3) 1/6 – 1/3
10 - 19 0.4 (0.2) 1/4 - 1/3
Below 10 Optional 1/4 - 1/3 PS SW PW SW PS SW PW SW
15 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2
12 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2
10 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2
8 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6
6.5 Optional Optional Optional 0.5 Optional 0.5
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
Grass & Shrubs 200mm / side
Trees 300mm / side
Sidewalk SLope 1/50
ROADS
PAVEMENT
Major Concrete / Asphalt
Minor Concrete / Asphalt Concrete / Asphalt
Concrete – 150mm Thick / 20.7Mpa @ 28 days
Motor Court Macadam
Asphalt – 50mm
Sidewalk Sidewalk – 17.2Mpa Macadam
Path Walk / Alley Macadam
INTERSECTIONS
Distance between offset
20m (Min.) 20m (Min.)
intersections
GRADE / SLOPE
Crown Slope 1.5% 1.5% to 9.0%
Grades and Vertical
7.0% to 9.0% As per DPWH
Curbs
MINIMUM LOT SIZES
INT
301.00 sqm
INS 120.00 sqm 100.00 sqm
CL
Single Detached 72.00 sqm 64.00 sqm
TL 365.00 sqm
Price for Saleable lots shall not exceed 40% of the
CTL
Maximum Selling Price of House and Lot Packages
EL 548.00 sqm
INT Basic / Maximum
INS 80.00 sqm / 192.00 sqm
Duplex / Single CL
96.00 sqm 80.00 sqm 54.00 sqm 48.00 sqm
Attached TL 96.00 sqm / 261.00 sqm
CTL
EL 140.00 sqm /378.00 sqm
INT Basic / Maximum
INS 50.00 sqm / 400.00 sqm
CL
Row Houses 60.00 sqm 50.00 sqm 36.00 sqm 28.00 sqm
TL 75.00 sqm / 475.00 sqm
CTL
EL 200.00 sqm /700.00 sqm
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
INT Not Allowed
INS 96.00 sqm
R-4 CL
Individual
Townhouse Lots TL 120.00 sqm
CTL
EL 180.00 sqm
INT Not Allowed PHILIPPIANS 4:6-7
INS 500.00 sqm THE MESSAGE (MSG)
6-7 Don’t fret or worry. Instead of worrying, pray. Let petitions and praises shape your worries into prayers, letting God know your
CL
R-5 concerns. Before you know it, a sense of God’s wholeness, everything coming together for good, will come and settle you down.
TL 540.00 sqm
It’s wonderful what happens when Christ displaces worry at the center of your life.
CTL
EL 945.00 sqm
INT Not Allowed
PROVERBS 16:3
INS 204.00 sqm NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
CL 3 Commit your works to the LORD,
Com-1
TL 238.00 sqm And your thoughts will be established.
CTL
EL Not Allowed
INT Not Allowed JEREMIAH 17:7-8
INS 301.00 sqm LIVING BIBLE (TLB)
7 But blessed is the man who trusts in the Lord and has made the Lord his hope and confidence. 8 He is like a tree planted along
CL
Com-2
TL 365.00 sqm
a riverbank, with its roots reaching deep into the water—a tree not bothered by the heat nor worried by long months of drought.
Its leaves stay green, and it goes right on producing all its luscious fruit.
CTL
EL Not Allowed
INT Not Allowed
Com-3 INS 600.00 sqm
Industrial (I) CL
General
Institutional (GI) TL 813.00 sqm
Cultural (C) CTL
EL Not Allowed
MINIMUM FLOOR AREA
Single Detached
As per PSO
Duplex / Single Attached 42 sqm 30 sqm 22 sqm 18 sqm
Computation
Row Houses
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
LOT FRONTAGES (RESIDENTIAL)
a. Corner Lot 12.00 m 8.00 m
Detached
b. Regular Lot 10.00 m 8.00 m

Single
c. Irregular Lot Based on Classification 6.00 m 4.00 m

d. Interior Lot Type of Occupancy 3.00 m 3.00 m
Duplex/Single Attached 8.00 m 6.00 m
Row Houses 4.00 m 4.00 m 3.50 m
MINIMUM LEVEL OF COMPLETION
Single Detached Complete House Shell House
Complete House
Duplex / Single Attached (based on the submitted (based on the submitted
(based on the submitted specifications)
Row Houses specifications) specifications)
LENGTH OF BLOCK
20 Units per Block Max. = 400m Max. = 400m
ROW HOUSES
100 m Max. Length >250m – PROVIDE 2.0m alley at midlength >250m – PROVIDE 2.0m alley at midlength
OPEN SPACE REQUIREMENTS
50% (A,B,C,D,J) 50% (Residential)
Interior Lot As per PD1096
20% (E,F,G,H,I) 25% (Others)
Inside Lot As per PD1096
15% (E,F,G,H,I) 15% (Others)
Corner Lot As per PD1096
5% (E,F,G,H,I) 15% (Others)
Through Lot As per PD1096
5% (E,F,G,H,I) 15% (Others)
10% (Residential)
Corner-Through Lot 5% As per PD1096
15% (Others)
Corner Lot Abutting 3 Or
5%
More Streets, Alleys, 5% As per PD1096
for all Group Occupancies
Rivers, Etc.
30% - 50%
End Lot (A,B,C,D,E2,H) As per PD1096 As per PD1096
5% (H1,H2,H4,E3)
CEILING HEIGHTS
Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation Artificial Ventilation
2.40 m 2.00 m 2.40 m 2.00 m 2.40 m 2.40 m
Habitable Rooms
Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation
2.70 m 2.70 m 2.70 m 2.70 m 2.70 m 2.70 m
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
2.70 m – 1st Storey
2.40 m – 2nd Storey 2.30 m
Buildings 2.10 m – Succeeding 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m
Storeys
1.80 m – Mezzanine 2.13 m
Mezzanine Floor 1.80m 1.80m (Min.)
LIGHT & VENTILATION
Min. dimension of court 2.00 m 1.50 m 2.00 m 2.00 m
Passageway from Inner
At least 1.20 m At least 1.20 m At least 1.20 m At least 1.20 m
Court
Min. Ht. Clearance from
1.00 m above the roof 1.00 m above the roof 1.00 m above the roof 1.00 m above the roof
Firewall
Headroom Clearance 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m
Less than 50% of total Less than 50% of total Less than 25% of total Less than 25% of total
Sum of Areas of
area of the wall on that area of the wall on that area of the wall on that area of the wall on that
Openings in any Storey
storey storey storey storey
Window Openings At least 10% of the FA At least 10% of the FA At least 10% of the FA At least 10% of the FA
Eaves over required
At least 750 mm
windows
SIZE/ DIMENSION OF ROOMS
Rooms for Human 6.00 sq. m w/ min.
18 sq. m for studio unit
Habitation dimension of 2.00 m
3.00 sq. m w/ min
Kitchen
dimension of 1.50 m
1.20 sq. m w/ min. 1.80m x 1.70m
Toilet & Bath
dimension of 0.90 m 2.25 sq. m
EXITS
Minimum number 1
Occupant Load
< 10 1 At least 2 exits 1 1 1
10-499 2 2
50-300 2
300-600 2
500-999 3 3
600-999 3
1000 (Class A) 4 4 4
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
DISTANCE TO EXITS
WITHOUT Sprinkle
45 m (Max.) 46 m (Max.) 46 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.) 45 m (Max.)
System
WITH Sprinkle System 60 m (Max.) 61 m (Max.) 61 m (Max.) 60m (Max.) 60 m (Max.) 60 m (Max.) 60 m (Max.)
Min. exit door width 900 mm 710 mm 900 mm 800 mm 800 mm 800 mm
Min. exit door height 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m
Min. corridor width 1.10 m 1.12 mm 1.10 m 1.20 m 1.20 m 1.20 m
Max. slope of
1:8 1:8 1:8 1:8
passageway
Dead ends Max. of 6.00 m Max. of 6.00 m Max. of 12.00 m Max. of 12.00 m Max. of 12.00 m 3.50 m
>185.00 sqm / >18.00m
Mezzanine Floors in any dimension
2 stairways
EXIT DETAILS
2
STANDS
(Balcony, mezzanine,
@+0.50m AGL, 2 Exits,
storey)
Open @ Both Ends
3 (>500 to 1000)
>50 persons
4 (>1000)
OPEN AIR STANDS
THRESHOLDS
2 Exits, >300 persons
130mm Dwellings with more than 2 Rooms:
Means of Egress BOILER ROOMS
(Max. Height) 2 (1 of which is a door or stairway)
2 Exits
1/2 Slope >6mm
STAGE
1 Exit, 900mm (W)
Dwellings with more than
1 Exit Stair, 750mm (W)
2 Rooms:
Dressing Rooms
2 (1 of which is a door or
2 Exits, 750mm
stairway)
1 / sleeping room
1 / sleeping room
56cm (Least Dimension)
56cm (Least Dimension)
0.45 sqm (Area)
Outside Window 0.45 sqm (Area)
1.22cm (Above Floor)
1.22cm (Above Floor)
Except if Room has 2
Except if Room has 2 doors
doors
Width of Exit / 710 mm (Min.) 90cm (Min.) – Sleeping Room to Outside
Means of Egress 1220 mm (Max.) 60cm (Min.) – Interior Door
Illumination of Signs 10.7 lux @ FL 0.005 lumens / sqcm 0.005 lumens / sqcm
OCCUPANT LOAD
Auditoriums,
ASSEMBLY
Theaters,
0.65 sqm / person 0.65 sqm / person 0.65 sqm / person
Churches, Dance
Floors,
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
Dining Room.,
Drinking Est.,
1.40 sqm / person 1.40 sqm / person
Exhibit Rm.,
Gymnasia
Reviewing Stands,
Stadia, Waiting 0.65 sqm / person 0.28 sqm / person 0.28 sqm / person
Spaces
Classrooms 1.80 sqm / person 1.80 sqm / person 1.90 sqm / person
Conference
EDUCATIONAL
Rooms, Exhibit 1.40 sqm / person

Rm., Gym
Shops, Labs 4.60 sqm / person 4.60 sqm / person 4.60 sqm / person
Dry Nurseries W/
3.30 sqm / person
Sleeping
Hospitals, Sanitaria 8.40 sqm / person
Nursing Homes,
7.40 sqm / person
INSTITUTIONAL
Children’s Homes,
Home for the Aged
Nurseries for 3.25 sqm / person
Children
Sleeping Area 11.00 sqm / person 11.10 sqm / person 11.10 sqm / person
Treatment Area 22.00 sqm / person 22.30 sqm / person 22.30 sqm / person
RESIDENTIAL 28.00 sqm / person 18.00 sqm / person
Basement
(Covered Walls)
Ground Floor
(Street Floor With 4.30 sqm / person
MERCANTILE
Direct Access, Sales

Floor)
Upper Floors 5.60 sqm / person 5.60 sqm / person
Offices, Storage,
9.30 sqm / person 5.60 sqm / person 9.30 sqm / person
Shipping
Split Level 3.70 sqm / person
Parking Garages 18.60 sqm / person
BUSINESS 9.30 sqm / person
Warehouses, 28.00 sqm / person
INDUSTRIAL
Mechanical
28.00 sqm / person
Equipment Room 9.30 sqm / person 9.30 sqm / person
Aircraft Hangars 48.50 sqm / person
Garages 9.30 sqm / person
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
DOORS
TYPE WIDTH HEIGHT WIDTH HEIGHT WIDTH HEIGHT WIDTH HEIGHT
Main Door 900mm 2000mm 915mm 2000mm 800mm 2000mm 800mm 2000mm 800mm
Service Door 700mm 2000mm 700mm 2000mm
Bedroom Door 700mm 2000mm 700mm 2000mm
Bathroom Door 600mm 1800mm 600mm 1800mm
Mezzanine Door 1800mm 1800mm
Pressure Force 4.0kg / 1.0kg (Closing)
Pull Handles 1.06m above floor
Kick Plates 0.30m to 0.40m
WINDOWS
Habitable Rooms 10% of Floor Area 10% of Floor Area
Bathrooms 1/20 or 5% of Floor Area 1/20 or 5% of Floor Area
STAIRWAYS
OCCUPANT LOAD Class A Class B NEW EX-FIRE
10-below 750 mm (Min.) <2000
10-50 900 mm (Min.) Persons
1120mm
915 mm 600 mm 600 mm
>2000
50 above 1100mm (Min.) Persons
1420mm
200 mm (Max.) The height of every riser 180 mm
and the width of every (Max)
Riser 205 mm 250mm (Max.)
Entrance tread shall be so 100 mm
100mm (2 steps) proportioned that the sum (Min)
of 2 risers and 1 tread,
250 mm (Min.) exclusive of its nosing
Tread Entrance projections is not less 280 mm 230 mm 200mm (Min.)
300mm (2 steps) than 60.00 cm nor more
than 63.50 cm
Headroom 2000 mm 2000 mm 2000 mm 2000 mm
Height Between
3.60 m (Max.) 2.75m 3.70m 3660mm 3.60 m
Landings
Equal to the width of the
Dimension of Landings stairway
1.12 m 600 mm Equal to the width of the stairway
in the direction of travel 1.20m (Max. – Straight
Run)
Maximum Variation in
Height of Risers and 5mm 5mm
Width of Run
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
FIRE EXIT STAIRS
EX EX-SB
Width (Min.) 55.9 cm 45.7 cm 60cm
Landing (Hor. Dim.) 55.9 cm 45.7 cm 60 cm
Rise (Max.) 22.9cm 30.5cm 23 cm
Tread (Min.) (ex. Nosing) 22.9 cm 15.25 cm 23 cm
Nosing Projection (Min.) 2.5cm NR
Solid,
Flat Metal Solid, 13mm Ø
Tread Construction 13mm Ø
Bars perforation
perforation
Max. Height Between
3.66m NR 3.66 m
Landings
Headroom (Min.) 2.13m 1.98m 2.00 m
61 cm X1.98 m 61 cm X1.98 m
(Door or casement (Door or casement
Access to Escape windows) windows)
76.20cm X 91.44 cm 76.20cm X 91.44 cm
(double hung windows) (double hung windows)
Not over 30.50 cm above Not over 30.50 cm above
Level of Access Opening
floor; steps if higher floor; steps if higher
Swinging
Swinging
stair
Discharge to Ground stair Swinging stair section
section or
section
Ladder
38 persons
/ unit
45 persons
(Winders or
/ unit 45 persons / unit
Ladders
(Door) (Door)
Capacity from
20 persons 20 persons / unit
Balcony)
/ unit (Window)
5 persons /
(Window)
unit
(Window)
GUARD AND HANDRAILS
760-865 mm 760-865 mm 800mm (Min.)
800-900 mm 700-900 mm
Handrails (Height) above the surface of above the surface of 1200 mm (Max.)
from the nosing from the floor
thread thread above the surface of thread
106cm 106cm
Guards (Height) 91cm (Interior Balconies & 91cm (Interior Balconies &
Mezzanines) Mezzanines)
Clearance from Wall 50mm 38mm 38mm 38mm 50mm
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
Clearnce from Ledges 40mm
Intermediate Handrails 223cm width,
Vertical Balusters
15.25cm 15.25cm
(Spacing)
WIDTH OF RUN / THREAD DEPTH
150mm (narrow edge) 150mm (narrow edge)
Winding and Circular 150mm (narrow edge)
200mm @300mm from 280mm @305mm from
Stairs 200mm @300mm from narrow edge
narrow edge narrow edge
280mm @305mm from
side
Curved Stairs
Smallest Radius is not
less than Stair Width
Spiral Stairs 280mm
RAMPS
Class A Class B
Wdth 122cm 76-122cm 1120mm 150mm / 6in 1.20 m
6.00m (Max.)
Length If longer, provide 1.50m
(Min.) landings
Slope 1:8 (Max) 8-10% 10-17% 1:12 300mm 1:12 (Max.)
Cross Slope 1:48 300mm
Max. Rise for a single
No Limit 3.66m 760mm
Run
Capacity - Down 60 45
Capacity - Up 45 45
FIREWALLS
Thickness 150 mm / 6in
Vertical Extension 400 mm 300 mm
Horizontal Extension 600 mm 300 mm
SETBACKS
Low Density Residential 4.50 m Front
(R-1) 2.00 m Side
2.00 m Rear
Basic / Maximum As per PD1096 (NBCP)
Medium Density
3.00 m / 8.00 m Front
Residential
2.00 m Side
(R-2)
2.00 m Rear
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
Basic / Maximum
1.50 m Front 1.50 m Front
High Density Residential 3.00 m / 8.00 m Front
1.50 m Side 1.50 m Side
(R-3) 2.00 m Side
2.00 m Rear 2.00 m Rear
2.00 m Rear
Subdivision 3.0m (Depth) x 5.0m (Length) from Main Public Road
DISTANCE BETWEEN BUILDINGS / CLEARANCE BETWEEN ROOF EAVES
1 ot 2 storeys 4.0m / 1.50m

3 to 4 storeys 6.0m / 2.0m
More Than 4 Storey 10.0m / 6.0m
Blank Walls /
2.0m / 1.0m
No Openings
SIDEWALKS & ARCADES
1/6 of R.O.W
Min. of width of sidewalk 0.60m to 1.00m 0.60m to 1.20m 0.50m to 1.20m 0.50m to 1.20m 1.20 m
0.60m to 1.00m
0.20m to 1.20m
Planting Strip 800 mm for sidewalks 0.20m to 1.20m 0.40m to 1.30m 0.40m to 1.30m 0.40m to 1.30m
 2.00 m in width
DRIVEWAYS, ENTRANCES & EXITS
Slope of entryway 1:3 or 1:4 1:3 or 1:4
1:12
1:8 (Exit Coutrts) 1:12 (Max.)
Max. slope of ramps 15% 15% Max. length 6.00 m
1:10 (Exit Passageway) 1:48 (Max. Cross Slope)
w/o landing
Minimum Width of
1120 mm
Ramps
Maximum Rise for a
760 mm
single Ramp Run
ISAIAH 41:9-10
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
You whom I have taken from the ends of the earth, And called from its farthest regions, And said to you,
‘You are My servant, I have chosen you and have not cast you away: Fear not, for I am with you;
Be not dismayed, for I am your God
I will strengthen you, Yes, I will help you,
I will uphold you with My righteous right hand.’
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
PARKING REQUIREMENTS
2.50 x 5.00 m
(Perpendicular & Diagonal)
2.15 x 6.00 (Parallel)
2.50 x 5.00 m 2.50 x 5.00 m
3.60 x 12.00 m
(Perpendicular & Diagonal) (Perpendicular & Diagonal)
Size of Parking Slot (Standard Truck) 3.70 x 5.00 m
2.00 x 6.00 m 2.15 x 6.00 m
3.60 x 18.00 m
(Parallel) (Parallel)
(Articulated Truck)
3.00 x 9.00 m
(Jeepney / Shuttle)
Multi-Family Dwelling &
1 / 8 living units
Condominiums
Off-Site Parking 200m 100m away
Low-income single
Pooled Parking Pooled Parking Pooled Parking Pooled Parking
detached living units
1 slot / 10 units 1 slot / 10 units 1 slot / 10 units 1 slot / 10 units
Lot Size = 100 sq. m
50 sq. m below 1 slot / 8 units 1 slot / 8 units
50-100 sq. m 1 slot / 4 units 1 slot / 4 units
1 slot / 20 units 1 slot / 20 units
100 sq. m above 1 slot / 1 unit 1 slot / 1 unit
AISLES
WIDTH >60 Seats ≤ 60 Seats
Serving 1 Side 800mm 915mm 760mm
Serving Both Sides 1.00m 1220mm
Side Aisles 1.10m
Dead End Aisle 6.1m (Length)
1 pair / 5 rows
Exit Doors
1.70m Width
Distance between seats
1.00m
back to back
Slope 1:8 (12.5%) 12.5% (Max.)
SEATS
SEAT SPACING
STANDARD
840 mm 830 mm
Back-to-Back
≤ 18 Seats 450 mm
CONTINENTAL
Unoccupied
≤ 35 Seats 500 mm
≤ 45 Seats 525 mm
≥ 46 Sets 550 mm
PD 1096 PD 1185 RA 9514 PD 957 BP 220 BP 344
450 mm (Min.)
Width
480 mm (Max.)
ROW SPACING
Without Back Rest 600mm
830mm (Max.)
With Backrest 750mm
680mm (Min.)
Chair Seating 850mm
Back to Front 300mm 300mm
RISE Between Rows 400mm
Seats Between WALL &
7 Seats 7 Seats
AISLE
14 Seats 14 Seats
May be increased to 30 if May be increased to 30 if
Seats Between AISLES
doors are provided along doors are provided along
each side each side
SPACING BETWEEN SEAT & AISLE
Open Air without backrest 15 (Max.)
Within Buildings
6 Seats
Without Backrest
Open Air with backrest 6 Seats
WATER REQUIREMENT
Average Daily Demand
150 Liters / Capita / Day (LCPD) 150 Liters / Capita / Day (LCPD)
(ADD)
Water Tank Capacity 20% ADD + Fire Reserve
ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENT
Per Pole if 50 m Distance Per Pole if 50 m Distance
Street Lighting
@ every other Pole if <50m Distance @ every other Pole if <50m Distance
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Communal or Individual
Individual as per PD856
Septic Tank as per PD856
(Sanitation Code of the Philippines)
(Sanitation Code of the Philippines)
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Minimum Diameter of
30cm 300mm
Drainage Pipe
Location Underground Underground
Minimum Drainage
Reinforced Concrete Pipes (RCP) Concrete lined canal with load bearing cover
System
GARBAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Type Independently or LGU Garbage Collection
VERNACULAR TERMS VERNACULAR TERMS VERNACULAR TERMS VERNACULAR TERMS VERNACULAR TERMS
VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNACULAR ENGLISH VERNACULAR ENGLISH
Kalinya Aligned Kontratista Constructor Guililian, Sepo, Kuling Girder Bolada Overhung, Projection Bahada Slope
Asintada Alignment Kanto Corner Sepo (Kapatas) Girt De Bandeha Panel Door Hinang Solder
Uno-Sin-Otra Alternate Hiero Kanalado Corrugated G.I. Sheet Canal Groove Dispensa, Pantry Biento Spacing
Unosinotra Alternate/Staggered Patio, Courtyard Alulod, Kanal Gutter Dingding Partition Biento Spacing/Gap
Liyabe Anchor Escondro Crushed Stone Caida Hall Plantilya Pattern, Sched Hagdan Stair
Caida Ante-Sala From Stairs Pie De Gallo Diagonal Brace Gabay Handrail Piketa Pick Work Estaka Stake
Batidura Astragal Comedor, Dining Room Quatro Aguas Hip Roof Hiero Liso Plain G.I Sheet Bodega, Storeroom
Balcon Balcony Bangguerahan Dish Rack Pabalagbag, Palitada Plaster/Stucco Hardinera Stringer (Open)
Horizontal Stud
Barandillas Baluster Batidora Door Fillet Or Astragal Trabe Anzo Kusturada Plastered Course Latero Tinsmith
Trankilya Barrel Bolt Sumbrero Door / Window Head Quadra, Horse Stable Tapon Plug Letrina Or Comun, Toilet
Rodapis Baseboard Hamba Door / Window Jamb Pulgada Inches Hulog Plumb Bob, Plumbline Tahilan Top Chord
Baño Bath Abang Dowel Hiero Iron Poste / Haligi Post Baytang Tread
Banyera Bath Tub Tubo De Banada Downspout Pendulum, Tabike King Post Reostra Purlin Pergola Trellis
Biga Beam Sepillado Dressed Lumber Cocina, Kitchen Masilya Putty Kilo Truss
Cuarto, Alcoba, Escombro Earth Fill Prigadero Kitchen Sink Media Cana Quarter Round Monyeka Varnish
Bedroom
Dormitorio Sibe, Alero Eave Piyon Laborer Prases Queen Post Entresuelo, Vault
Pierno Bolt Tabike Exterior Siding Mesa, Mesita Landing Vaciad, Basiador Rabbet Pilarete Vertical Stud
Barakilan , Tirante Bottom Chord Senepa Fascia Board Lababo Lavatory Kilo Rafter Planchuelo W.I Strap
Tirante Bottom Chord Piye Feet Asinta Laying Of Chb Andamio Ramp Asolejo, Asolehos Wainscoting Tile
Bisagra Butt Hinge Tambak Fill Sibe Lean-To Roof Kabilya Reinforcing Bars Bagad Wall Post
Espolon Cabinet Hinge Batidura Fillet Sala, Living Room Caballet, Kaballete Ridge Roll Pitsa Washer
Okum Calikum Soleras Floor Joist Dulang Low Table Takip Silipan Riser Chapa Washer (Iron)
Media Agua Canopy, Awning Guililan Floor Sill Pierno Pasante Machine Bolt Rimatse Rivets Aljibe, Water Cistern
Tubo Pundido Cast Iron Pipe Dotal Floorboards Kanteria lastilyas Mansory Lastillas Sand And Gravel Inodoro Water Closet
Estopa Caulk Cotton Suelo Flooring Lastilyas Mansory Fill Plancha, Andamiyo Scaffolding Pasamano Window Sill
Kisame Ceiling Alahado Flush Kantero Mason Batak Scrapped Filler Poleya Wiring Knob
Kostilyahe Ceiling Joist Fundacion Footing Suban Metal Work, Temper Rebokada Scratch Coat Haspe Wood Grain
Landrilyo Cement Brick Zaguan, For Caroza Kanto Mesa Miter Joint Tuerka Screw Nut Tabla Wood Plank
Baldosa Cement Tile Kapatas, Paupo Mortar Roskas Screw Thread Plantsuela Wrought Iron Strap
Foreman
Baral De Kadena Chain Bolt Maestro De Obra Kustura Mortar Joint Poso Negro Septic Vault
Madre De Escalera Closed Stringer Balangkas Frame Work Muldura Moulding Dutcha Shower
Sinturon Collar Plate Balangkas Framework Punsol Neil Setter Ducha Showerhead
Poste Column Tubo Galbanisado G.I. Pipe Estanyo Nicolite / Soldering Bar Pendulon Siding (Ext)
Larga Masa Concrete Slab Lingueta G.I. Sheet Strap Truerka Nut Guililan, Sepo Sill
Alulod- Conductor Dos Aguas Gable Roof Azotea, Open Terrace Krokis Sketch Plan
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS
Concrete & Concrete Works CONCRETE HARDENERS Applied on concrete surface to increase hardiness and toughness.
Made from materials which must contain the proper proportions of lime, silica, alumina TWO TYPES OF CONCRETE HARDENERS
PORTLAND CEMENT
and iron components. liquids containing silicofluorides or fluosilicates and a wetting agent
CHEMICAL
which reduces the surface tension of the liquid and allows it to
SPECIAL CEMENTS HARDENERS
penetrate the pores of the concrete more easily.
WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT same materials as normal Portland except in color
are specially processed and graded iron particles which are dry-
FINE METALLIC
Designed to produce better mortar than that made with normal Portland cement or with a mixed with Portland cement, spread evenly over the surface of
MASONRY CEMENT AGGREGATE
lime-cement combination. freshly floated concrete, and worked into the surface by floating.
AIR-ENTRAINING Small amounts of this is added to the clinker and ground with it to produce air-entraining WATER REDUCING Material used to reduce the amount of water necessary to produce a concrete of given
PORTLAND CEMENT cements, effective use for resistance to severe frost. ADMIXTURES consistency or to increase the slump for a given water content.
OIL WELL CEMENT Special Portland cement used for sealing oil wells. Materials used to reduce or stop the penetration of moisture through the concrete.
DAMPROOFERS
Reduces permeability.
WATERPROOFED Normally produced by adding a small amount of stearate, usually calcium or aluminum to
PORTLAND CEMENT the cement clinker during the final grinding. BONDING AGENTS
TYPES OF AGGREGATES USED IN CONCRETE PASTE SLURRY

Often applied to such an old surface immediately prior to pouring new concrete to
increase the amount of paste.
Artificial stone made by binding together particles of some inert material with a paste
CONCRETE
made of cement and water. These inert materials are the aggregate. TWO TYPES OF BONDING AGENTS
Sand, gravel crushed stone, cinder, crushed furnace slag, burned clay, expanded Iron particle are larger, but with same materials as the permeability
AGGREGATE METALLIC
vermiculite, and perlite. reducer. Bonding takes place through the oxidation and
AGGREGATE
subsequent expansion of the iron particles.
SAND Found in riverbeds, free of salt and must be washed.
SYNTHETIC
FINE AGGREGATE Smaller than ¼” diameter stones. Consists of highly polymerized synthetic liquid resin dispersed in
LATEX
water.
COURSE AGGREGATE Bigger than ¼” diameter stones. EMULSION
Prevent the cement paste from bonding to the surface aggregate but will not interfere
CONTROL OF CONCRETE MIXES: SET-INHIBITING AGENTS
with the set throughout the remainder of the pour.
When freshly mixed concrete is checked to ensure that the specified slump is being
Materials sometimes used in structures where it s desirable to avoid high temperature or
SLUMP TEST attained consistently. A standard slump cone is 12 inches high (0.30) and 8 inches (0.20)
in structures exposed to seawater or water containing sulfates. Pozzolans may be added
in diameter at the bottom and 4 inches (0.10) on top which is open on both ends. POZZOLANIC ADMIXTURES
to concrete mixes-rather than substituting for part of the cement to improve workability,
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH impermeability, and resistance to chemical attack.
Common quality-control test of concrete, based on 7 and 28 day curing periods.
TEST
made of lightweight and heavyweight materials for use in exterior and interior load-
CONCRETE PRODUCTS
Materials often added to the concrete or applied to the surface of freshly placed concrete bearing walls, firewalls, curtain and panel walls, partitions etc.
CONCRETE ADDITIVES
to produce some special result.
CONCRETE BLOCK
An admixture which is used to speed up the initial set of concrete. Such a material may
ACCELERATORS be added to the mix to increase the rate of early-strength development for several HOLLOW LOAD-BEARING an 8” x 8” x 16” will approximately weigh 40 to 50 lb. Made with heavyweight aggregate
reasons. CONCRETE BLOCK and 25 to 35 lb. when made with lightweight aggregate.
RETARDERS to delay or extend the setting time of the cement paste in concrete. SOLID LOAD BEARING Defines as one having a core area of not more than 25% of the gross cross-
BLOCK sectional area.
Air-entrained concrete contains microscopic bubbles of air formed with the aid of a group
of chemical called surface active agents, materials that have the property of reducing the HOLLOW; NON-LOAD
AIR-ENTRAINING AGENTS
surface tension of water intended for use when better resistance to frost action is BEARING CONCRETE One in which the core area exceeds 25% of the cross-sectional area.
concerned. BLOCK
CONCRETE BUILDING TILE Used on the inside of exterior walls to provide air spaces for insulation to prevent the
FURRING TILE passage of moisture and to provide a suitable plastering surface. Classified as non-load
COMMON SIZES bearing.
CONCRETE BRICK 4” x 8” x 16” for non-load bearing partitions Structural steel must be insulated in fireproof construction. One method of doing this is to
FIREPROOFING TILE
cover it with fire-proofing tile.
6” x 8” x 16” for load bearing walls
Manufactured in both load-bearing and non-load bearing grades in standard thickness
HAND MADE backyard industry FLOOR TILE
raging from 3 to 12 inches in standard length and widths of 12 inches.
MACHINE MADE commonly sold Unglazed tile and may have either a smooth or a rough textured finish. They are
QUALITY STRUCTURAL CLAY FACING
designed to used as exposed facing material on either exterior or interior walls and
Manufactured by big and nationally known factories for load TILE
partitions.
STEAM CURED bearing walls. Usually specified for government and multi-
storey buildings. STRUCTURAL GLAZED Produced from high-grade light burning clay which is suitable for the application of
FACING TILE ceramic or salt glaze.
Lightweight block which is outstanding in thermal and sound insulation qualities. Basic
CELLULAR CONCRETE
ingredients are cement-made from silica-rich sand and lime-water, and aluminum Means “fired earth” is a clay product which has been used for architectural decorative
BLOCKS
powder. purposes, since ancient Greece and Rome. Modern terracotta is machine-extruded and
TERRA COTTA
molded or pressed. The machine-made product is usually referred to as ceramic veneer,
Ceramics And Clay Products and is a unit with flat face and flat or ribbed back.
BRICK Basic ingredient in clay. TWO TYPES OF CERAMIC VENEER
THREE PRINCIPAL FORMS Held to the wall by the bond of the mortar to the ceramic veneer back and to the backing
ADHESION TYPE
wall.
SURFACE CLAY Found near the surface of the earth
ANCHOR TYPE Are held y mortar and by wire tiles between the terracotta and the wall behind.
SHALE Clay which have been subjected to high pressure until they have become relatively hard.
FIRE CLAY Found at deeper levels and usually have more uniform physical and chemical qualities. Building Stones, Gypsum And Lime
TWO CLASSES OF CLAY BUILDING STONES Stones usually blocks or pieces of the basic material rock.
CALCAREOUS Contains about 15 percent calcium carbonate and burn to a IGNEOUS Formed as a result of the cooling of molten matter.
CLAYS yellowish color. Formed by the action of water either by depositing materials at the
THREE GENERAL SEDIMENTARY
Composed of silicate of alumina, with feldspar and iron oxide. bottom of a water body or depositing them on the earth’s surface.
NON-CALCAREOUS CATEGORIES
These clays burn buff, red or salmon depending on the iron Rocks changed from their original structure by the action of
CLAYS METAMORPHIC
oxide content which vary from 2 to 10 percent. extreme pressure, heat, or various combinations of these factors.
STANDARD BRICK SIZE 2 ¼ x 3 ¾ x 8 inches includes rough fieldstone which may merely have been broken into
Are hollow units as opposed to brick which is sold. Tiles are made from the same suitable sizes, or it may include irregular pieces of stone that have
STRUCTURAL CLAY TILES RUBBLE
material as brick, but all clay tiles are formed by extrusion in the stiff-mud process. been roughly cut to size, usually used for and filling material.
(escombro and lastillas)
TYPES OF TILES
DIMENSION Consists of pieces that have been cut or finished according to a set
CLASSIFIED (CUT STONE) or drawing. (for facing walls)
used for bearing walls of light buildings, the height usually
LOAD BEARING ACCORDING TO FORM
restricted to four stories. Structural load bearing wall tile are Consists of thin pieces (1/2 in. and up which may or may not have
WALL TILE FLAGSTONE
made in 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in thickness. had their face dimensions cut to some particular size. (for walks
(FLAT SLABS)
PARTITION TILE non-load bearing and floors)
Intended for use in both bearing and non-bearing walls which will be faced with brick or CRUSHED Consisting of pieces varying I size from 3/8 to 6 in. and is used to a
BACK-UP TILE ROCK large extent in concreting.
facing tile.
BUILDING STONE Specially cut stones which are built into and project from a masonry
AS CORNICES
wall near the top to provide the appearance of a cave.
One formed d\from clay, commonly dark-blue with faint shades of green, used for floor
ARGILITE tile, stair treads, coping stones, interior wall base, interior window stools of exterior AS LINTELS Stones which bridge the top of door and window openings.
window sills.
AS STONE Made to fit over an inclined concrete slab or to cap steps cast in
Igneous origin and composed of quartz, feldspar, hornblende and mica. Its generally STEPS concrete.
GRANITE
very hard, strong durable and capable of taking a high polish.
AS AN ARCH Cut to form some particular type of arch over a door or window
A sedimentary rock which is either oolitic, or calcite cemented calcareous stone formed STONE opening.
LIMESTONE of shells fragments, particularly non-crystalline in nature, it has no cleavage lines and
Walks and patios, made by covering a base of stone concrete, brick or
uniform in structure and composition. AS STONE
tile with flagstones, trimmed flagstone, trimmed rectangular and
FLOORING
A sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate. It has been formed at the square.
TRAVERTINE
earth’s surface through the evaporation of water from hot springs.
A soft mineral consisting of a hydrated calcium sulfate from which gypsum plaster is
GYPSUM
Metamorphic rock, one that has been changed from its original structure in this case, made (by heating); colorless when pure used as a retarder in Portland cement.
MARBLE
limestone and dolomite have been recrystallized to form marble.
Wood And Wood Products
Igneous rock with the mineral serpentine. The mineral is olive green to greenish black,
SERPENTINE
but impurities may give the rock other colors. a traditional building material, it is easily worked, has durability and beauty. It has great
ability to absorb shocks from sudden load. In addition, wood has freedom from rust and
A class of rock composed of cemented silica grains. Colors include gray, buff, light brown WOOD
SANDSTONE corrosion, is comparatively light in weight, and is adaptable to countless variety of
and red. purposes.
Formed by metamorphosis of clays and shales deposited in layers. A unique
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
SLATE ROCK characteristic of the rock is the relative ease with which it may be separated into thin
tough sheets, called slates, ¼” or more thick. HARDWOODS ‘Deciduous’ trees that have broad leaves which are normally shed in the winter time.
STONE CONSTRUCTION SOFTWOODS ‘Conifers’ trees that have needles rather than leaves and that bear their seeds in cones.
Consists of using slabs of stone cut to dimension and thickness to cover backup walls MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD
PANELING
and provide a finished exterior.
Expressed as a percentage of the oven-dry weight and can be determined by the oven-dry method or by an electric-moisture
Work requires the use of cut stone and includes broken ashlars, irregular coursed meter method.
ASHLAR
ashlars, and regular coursed ashlars.
THREE CATEGORIES OF LUMBER
Used as random when no attempt is made to produce either horizontal or vertical course
RUBBLEWORK lines. Small spaces are filled with spalls, small stones and used as course rubble work, used for ordinary light construction and finishing work and consists of 1 and 2 inches
horizontal course lines are maintained but no vertical course lines used. material manufactured into common boards, shiplap, shelving dimension lumber, center
YARD LUMBER
match, flooring, roof plank, siding, v-joint, trim and molding of all kinds. These are usually
Involves use of stones cut for a specific purpose and include Quoin – stones laid at the
TRIM found in retail lumberyards.
intersection of two walls.
Usually left in 1 and 2 inches rough thickness often containing knots or defects not
AS JAMBS Stones which form the sides of window and door openings.
ordinarily permissible in other categories. It is intended for use in shops or mills making
SHOP LUMBER
AS SILLS stones which form the bottom of window and door openings sash, doors and cabinets where it will be cut into relatively short pieces and the defective
material discarded.
special stone courses which are built into a wall for a particular
purpose. One reason is to provide architectural relief to a large wall of In intended for use in heavy construction for load-bearing purposes and is cut into
AS BELTS STRUCTURAL LUMBER timbers of large size than yard lumber, 3 inches or more thick and 4 inches or more wide.
one material or to provide a break I the vertical plane of the wall,
another reason is to hide a change in the wall thickness. It is made from the heartwood of the log.
one which is cut fit on the top of a masonry wall. It prevents the FINISHES OF WOOD
AS COPINGS passage of water into the wall, sheds water to either inside or outside,
and gives a finished appearance to the wall. S1S surfacing or planning of one side
S2S two sides planed Made by bonding together thin layers of wood in a way that the grain of each layer is at
PLYWOOD
right angles to the grain of each adjacent layer.
S4S four sides planed
VENEER each layer of plywood
ROUGH as sawn and not planed
a method of cutting wood veneer in which a log is fixed in a lathe
WOOD GRAIN ROTARY
and rotated against a knife so that the veneer is peeled from the log
CUTTING
in a continuous sheet.
EDGE GRAIN Annual rings run approximately at right angle to the face.
HARDBOARD Made from processed wood chips.
FLAT GRAIN When the annual rings run more or less parallel to the surface.
ANGLE GRAIN When the annual rings are at about 45 degrees to the face. THREE GRADES OF BOARD
STANDARD flexible to be quite easily bent

SEASONING OF LUMBER
TEMPERED Made by impregnated standard board with a tempering compound
Lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation. This allows air to circulate around HARDBOARD of oils and resin and baking it to polymerize the tempering material.
AIR-DRYING
every piece while the sloping allows water to run off quickly.
LOW-DENSITY
More expensive lumber which is required for more refined uses so as wood will not Not as strong and durable as standard hardboard.
KILN-DRYING HARDBOARD
move, such as furniture. Flooring and general interior use.
Made from three types of fiber – wood, sugar cane, and asbestos, and binder, formed
PRESSURE TREATED When lumber is subjected to pressure and injected with chemicals or salts to insure it INSULATING FIBERBOARD
into a board.
LUMBER from rots.
A large class of building board made from wood and particles and a binder, often faced
SPECIFICATION WHEN BUYING LUMBER CHIPBOARD
with veneer.
Indicate no. of pieces, thickness, width, length, total bd. Ft. kind of lumber and finish. PARTICLE BOARD Hardboard made from relatively small particles.
Example: 6-2” x 8” x 14’-0” = 112 bd. Ft. tanguile S4S GYPSUM BOARD A wall board having a gypsum core.
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER Hardboard made of compressed wheat straw, processed at 350 to 400 degree
STRAW BOARD
Fahrenheit and covered with a tough craft paper.
term used to describe a wooden member built up of several layers of wood whose grain directions are all substantially
parallel, and held together with glue as fastening commonly used for beams, girders, posts, columns, arches, arches, A dense, rigid board containing a high proportion of asbestos fibers bonded with Portland
ASBESTOS-CEMENT BOARD
bowstring truss chords, usually softwoods are commonly used because of their low cost, lightness and strength. cement, resistant to fire, flame, and weathering, has low resistance to heat flow.
GLUE USED IN LAMINATING From the outer bark of the cork oak tree, cork granules is mixed with synthetic resin,
CORKBOARD compressed and formed into sheet from 1 to 6 inches thick and baked under pressure
CASEIN GLUE Satisfactory for use in dry locations not exposed to rain or water. into rigid boards.
UREA-FORMALDEHYDE- Cheap and well cure at from 70 degrees Fahrenheit up. Will withstand soaking in cool Made into two different types: a paper pulp pressed into boards 3/16, or ¼ in. thick, 4 ft.
RESIN water. wide, and 6, 7 or 8 ft. long. Usually one surface is primed for easier finishing. The other is
PAPERBOARD
a layer of stiff paper folded into corrugated from and faced on both sides with a thick
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE- Not usually recommended because of the high temperature needed to cure them. Useful paper backing, cemented to the core.
RESIN GLUES for combining timber and plywood and are very water-resistant.
Thick mats of mineral fibers, usually glass or rock wool are covered with a backing of stiff
RESORCINOL-PHENOL- Resin glues are expensive but have excellent qualities of durability and water resistance. MINERAL FIBERGROUND paper on one or both sides to form rigid boards, ranging in thickness from ½ to 2 in. The
FORMALDEHYDE usual board size is 24 x 48 inches.
Recycled Waste Products, Building Boards And Papers Polystyrene and polyurethane plastics are formed by a patented process to about 40
PLASTIC FOAMBOARDS times their original volume. Used for perimeter insulation for concrete floor slabs, for wall
a group of sheets of building materials often faced with paper or vinyl, suitable for use as and roof deck insulation, and for roof decks when properly supported.
BUILDING BOARDS
a finished surface on walls, ceiling, etc.
BUILDING PAPERS
KINDS OF BUILDING BOARDS
In building construction, paper is used for sheathing, roofing and insulation, in making asphalt shingles, laminated and
corrugated building products, and concrete form materials, as a moisture and vapor barrier; as cushioning material; as A solid or semi-solid residue produced from partial evaporation or fractional distillation of
PITCH
wallpaper; as an envelope or sheath for other materials; and as a fireproofing material. tar.
TYPE OF WOOD PULP COAL-TAR PITCH Most common material of this kind of pitch.
Or ground wood, is produced by grinding blocks of wood against a revolving abrasive Dark brown or black solids or semi-solids which are found in the natural state and are
MECHANICAL PULP ASPHALTS
stone or by grinding steamed wood chips in a grinding mill. also produced by the refining of petroleum.
Produced by digesting wood chips in various chemicals to free the cellulose fibers from LIQUID PAVING ASPHALTS Liquid asphalts used for paving are cutbacks.
CHEMICAL PULP
the liquid binding.
ASPHALT PAVING CEMENTS Used as binders for more expensive asphalt pavements.
Wood chips are first subjected to a mild chemical treatment and then mechanically
SEMI-CHEMICAL PULP
disintegrated in rotating disk refiners. Ferrous And Non-Ferrous Materials
TYPES OF PAPER FERROUS metal in which iron is the principal element
SHEATHING PAPER used to provide an airtight barrier over walls, floors, etc. NON-FERROUS Containing no, or very little iron.
ROOFING used in making a built-up roof and are usually produced in 36 in. FERROUS METAL
FELTS wide rolls, in various weights from 3 to 20 lb/square.
A malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by smelting and refining pig iron and/or
ROOFING PAPER STEEL
A heavy, mineral surfaced paper used as a final roof covering, scrap steel, graded according to the carbon content.
ROLLED
made 18 and 36 in. wide, in various weights from 45 to 120
ROOFING Used to make cast iron which is high in compressive strength but low in tensile strength,
lb/square. PIG IRON
and has little use for construction.
Used to secure bulk and entrapped air with as much strength as possible. Insulating
INSULATING PAPER Produced when pig iron is melted in such a way as to remove nearly all of the carbon and
papers are made from both wood-fiber insulating paper and asbestos fibers. WROUGHT IRON
other impurities.
Similar to wood-fiber insulating paper, but less attention is paid to strength. Its chief use
CUSHIONING PAPER Made by containing other elements with the molten steel. Nickel, chromium copper and
is for cushioning under linoleum, carpets, or slate roofing. ALLOY STEELS
manganese are used.
VAPOR BARRIER PAPER Intended to prevent the passage of moisture vapor through walls, ceilings and floors.
Stronger than carbon steel and is used to make structural members for building
NICKEL STEEL
A special, high strength kraft paper made for use in the production of plastic laminates. chromium steel is very hard and corrosion-resistant.
LAMINATING PAPER The thin, strong paper is impregnated with liquid plastic resin and several sheet are
laminated together under heat and pressure to form the base for the plastic sheet. Made with chromium or a combination of nickel and chromium used in buildings for
STAINLESS STEELS exterior wall panels, frames for doors, expansion joints, flashings, copings, fascia and
Made from strong kraft paper in the form of a spiral tube and boxlike from made from gravel stops.
CONCRETE FORM PAPER
corrugated container paper.
Bearing steel has high resistance to corrosion and is used for making sheet steel and
COPPER
WALLPAPER Paper from which decorative wallpaper is made. metal lath.
Used as an outer covering or envelope for a number of building materials. One of these Offers great resistance to abrasion and finds important use in the cutting edges of heavy
MANGANESE STEEL
ENVELOPE PAPER is gypsum board, composed of a layer of calcined gypsum covered in both sides by a digging tools.
sheet of craft paper.
Recently developed grade of steel. It forms its protection against atmospheric corrosion
WEATHERING STEEL
Made from asbestos fibers, since this is an incombustible material. This material maybe and thus requires no painting.
FIRE PROOFING PAPER in the form of matted paper, similar to asbestos insulating or roofing paper, or it may be in
the form of a cloth woven from thread spun from asbestos fibers. NON-FERROUS METAL
A lustrous, silver-white nonmagnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable; has good
Bituminous Marterials ALUMINUM
thermal and electrical conductivity; a good reflector of both heat and light.
A generic name applied to a semisolid mixture of complex hydrocarbons, derived from ALUMINUM FOIL Used as a vapor barrier on walls and ceilings and as reflective insulation.
BITUMEN
coal or petroleum, as a coal-tar pitch or asphalt.
a lustrous reddish metal, highly ductile and malleable; has high tensile strength; is an
The resulting condensate when destructive distillation is carried out on such materials as COPPER
TAR excellent electrical and thermal conductor; is available in a wide variety of shapes; widely
wood coal, shale, peat or bone.
used for downspout, electrical conductors, flashings, gutter, roofing, etc. dials.
A soft, malleable, heavy metal; has low melting point and a high coefficient of thermal GLASS PRODUCTS
LEAD expansion. Very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces. Used
for roofing, flashing and spandrel wall panels. Comparable in many ways to unit masonry but have the added feature of transmitting
GLASS BLOCKS
light.
A lustrous white, soft and malleable metal having a low melting point; relatively
TIN unaffected by exposure to air; used for making alloys and solder and in coating sheet Also made to admit light into a building, because of its solid construction, it offers greater
metal. SOLID GLASS BRICK protection against vandalism than conventional window glass or glass blocks. The ability
of the brick is to allow undistorted passage of light.
Glass And Glazing
Plastics And Related Products
A hard, brittle inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or translucent; produced by
GLASS a large group of synthetic materials which are made from a number of common
melting a mixture of silica, a flux and a stabilizer.
substances such as coal, salt, oil, natural gas, cotton, wood and water. From these,
TYPES OF GLASS PLASTICS relatively simple chemicals known as monomers, which are capable of reacting with one
another are produced. These are then built up into chainlike molecules of high molecular
Used to control glare and reduce solar heat. It the product of a glass-coating process weight called polymers.
which is carried out in a large, rectangular vacuum chamber. Manufactured in two types,
REFLECTIVE GLASS
silver and gold, the glass can be specified in any one of three nominal light transmittance TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
of 8, 14, or 20 %.
Become soft when heated and hard when cooled, regardless of the number of times the
Used where clear vision is not required, such as by factory roofs and walls, windows for process is repeated. Include in the thermoplastics are acrylic cellulosis, polyethylene,
ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST halls and staircases, skylights, and partitions in offices. Cast glass diffuses light, and THERMOPLASTICS polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polysterene, polyallomers polycarbonates, polyimide,
GLASS because of its low reflecting and absorption index, transmits 90 to 93 percent of light rays polypropylene, polysulfone, phenylene oxide, nylons, methyl pertenes, ionomer,
striking it. fluoroplastics, acetal and acryonitrile butadieniene styrene (ABS).
CATHEDRAL AND FIGURED Manufacturing is similar to rolled and rough-cast glasses. However, they contain a Set into a permanent shape when heat and pressure are applied to them during the
GLASS pattern or texture impressed usually on one surface by a patterned roller. THERMOSETTING PLASTICS forming stage. Thermosetting group includes phenolics, aminos (urea and melamine)
epoxies, polyesters, polyurethane, alkyd silicones and diallyl phthalate (DAP).
WIRED GLASS Simply a rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted during the process of manufacture.
HEAT –ABSORBING PLATE Made by adding ingredients to the mix used in making regular slate glass so that the PRODUCTION
GLASS finished product is pale bluish-green or gray.
Plastics products are formed by a number of methods which include:
Three to five times as strong as regular plate of the same thickness – and area in
TEMPERED PLATE GLASS INJECTION MOLDING Measured amount of powder or granules is heated and when flowing forced through the
resisting compressive forces and fracture due to strain or thermal shock.
PROCESS nozzle of the barrel into a shaped cavity, where it cools of solidities.
Polished plate glass can be heat-strengthened and coated on one side with vitreous color
VITREOUS COLORED PLATE An extruder extrudes a hollow tube which is captured between the two halves of a hollow.
which is fire-fused to the surface.
BLOW-MOLDING PROCESS As the mold closes, air is blown into the tube and expands it to fit inside surface of the
LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS Widely used in the automotive industry and transportation, but now finding some uses in mold.
(BULLET PROOFING) the building industry, like glass that can withstand firearm attack and explosions.
Used to form hollow units with complex shapes and heavy walls, a premeasured amount
ROTATIONAL MOLDING
Consists of two sheets of plate or sheet glass, separated by an air space, and joined of powder or liquid resin is placed at the bottom half of a cold mold which is then closed.
INSULATING GLASS
around the edges to produce a hermitically sealed unit.
A process used to produce light weight products of polysterene foam, small granules of
EXPANDABLE BEAD
CLASSIFICATION OF SHEET GLASS polystyrene with a small amount of an expanding agent are placed in a rolling drum and
MOLDING
steam heated.
Used for glazing windows doors and storm sash in residential buildings where good light
WINDOW GLASS A measured quantity of powder in a heated mold, which is then closed. Heat and
and vision are required at moderate cost. COMPRESSION MOLDING
pressure are applied to the powder which melts and flows to all parts of the mold.
Used for glazing windows and doors where greater strength is required but where slight
HEAVY SHEET GLASS Similar to compression molding except that the powder is heated and liquefied outside
distortion is not objectionable.
TRANSFER MOLDING the mold and injected into the mold under heat and pressure, where the forming and
PICTURE GLASS Used for covering pictures, photographs, maps, charts projector slides and instrument setting takes place.
Are made by expanding agent with either granules or powder and then heating. Heat GRANULAR made from expanded minerals such as perlite and vermaculite or
FOAMED PLASTICS melts the plastic and causes the formation of a gas which expands the molten material INSULATION from ground vegetable matter such as granulated coork.
into foamed structure.
FIBROUS used to insulate walls of buildings that have been built without
Made by mixing the appropriate resin with a curing agent and an expanding agent and LOOSE FILL insulation.
THERMOSET FOAM
then heating them in a mold.
are graded into four sizes, 1, (3/8 in. to no. 16 sieve) and sizes 2
Used for mass-produced materials which have a constant cross section, and it is done in (no. 4 to no. 30 sieve) used as loose-fill insulation for sidewalls and
EXTRUSION FORMING two ways by forcing of semi-liquid plastic through a die of the proper size and shape in a GRANULES ceilings over suspended ceilings, between wood sleepers over a
manner similar to that used for forming brick by extrusion. concrete floor slab, as fill for the cores of concrete blocks, and sizes
3 (no. 8 to no. 100 sieve) size 4 (no. 16 to 100 sieve).
Sheet plastic is heated until soft and then forced by air pressure against a cold and
THERMOFORMING PROCESS
hardens in shape. made from some fibrous materials such as mineral wool, wood fiber, cotton fiber, or
animal hair, manufactured in the form of a mat, 16, 20 or 24 in. width, in 8 ft. lengths or
Consists of impregnating sheets of paper, glass fiber, or cloth with a thermosetting liquid BLANKET INSULATION
put up in rolls of from 40 to 100 linear feet, with controlled thickness of 1, ½, 2, 3 and 4
LAMINATING PROCESS resin and then applying heat and pressure to a number of sheets to form a laminated inches.
product.
similar to blankets but they are restricted to 48 inches in long or less they are always
A simple process in which liquid plastics, with their appropriate curing agent, are poured BATTS
CASTING covered with paper, and made especially for installation between stud spacings.
into molds and set, with or without heat.
STRUCTURAL INSULATION Made from organic fiber-wood, cane, straw or cork. The wood and cane raw material is
Plastic is fed to revolving rollers which turn out a thin sheet or film the thickness of the BOARD first pulped, after which it is treated with water proofing chemicals.
CALENDARING PROCESS product is determined by the roller spacing, and the surface of the sheet may be smooth
or matted, depending on the roller surface. made from carefully selected straw, fused under heat and pressure
STRAWBOARD
into a panel 2 inches thick and 4 ft. wide.
Consists of three or more layers of material bonded or laminated together with plastic
PLASTIC LAMINATES
adhesive under high pressure. made from granulated cork mixed with resin and pressed into
CORKBOARD sheets of several thickness, depending on the use to which they will
Adhesives And Sealants be put.
COHESIVENESS The ability of particles of a material to cling tightly to one another. BLOCK or RIGID SLAB Type of insulation is so called because the units are relatively stiff and inelastic. In most
INSULATION cases inorganic materials are used in their manufactures.
ADHESIVENESS The ability of a material to fix itself and cling to an entirely different material.
Made from such materials as aluminum or copper foil or sheet metal, with bright surfaces
Products which are used to seal the surface of various materials against the penetration REFLECTIVE INSULATION
that reflect heat rather than absorbing it.
SEALERS of water or other liquids or in some cases to prevent the escape of water through the
surface. FOAMED-IN-PLACE
This is polyurethane product made by combining a polyisocyanate and a polyester resin.
INSULATION
Insulating Materials Materials used are polyurethane foam asbestos fiber mixed with inorganic binders,
SPRAYED-ON-INSULATIONS vermiculite aggregate with a binder such as Portland cement or gypsum and perlite
THREE WAYS OF HEAT TRANSFER aggregate using gypsum as binders.
the inside of a concrete wall which has one side exposed to outside winter temperatures Usually made from paper foamed into shapes that produce enclosed air pockets. One
CONDUCTION feels cold to the touch. Heat is being conducted from the side of higher temperature to type is produced by shaping heavy paper into a series of small regular semicircular
that lower temperature. CORRUGATED INSULATION
corrugations and covering a both sides with a sheet of flat paper to give strength and
RADIATION From this point, it is transferred to the outside air by radiation. produce the air pockets.
When air is heated, it expands and begins to circulate, during the circulation it comes in Building Protection
CONVECTION contact with cooler surface; some of its heat is given up to them. It is therefore important
to try to prevent air currents from being set up in the walls and ceiling of our buildings. WATERPROOFING a method of protecting surfaces against the destructive effects of water
KINDS OF THERMAL INSULATION Protection from the outside is provided by water repellent materials which turn water
DAMP-PROOFING
aside and force it to return to the earth.
Made from mineral woolrock wool, glass wool, or slag wool – or
LOOSE FILL FIBROUS TYPE SOIL POISONING It is important to poison the soil against anay in order to stop the anay from infesting the
vegetable fiber – usually wood fiber.
main posts, walls and flooring. exudation of the lac insect of India and Southeast Asia, deposited on the branches of the
tree.
A chemical liquid painted and applied to lumber to preserve it for years. It protects wood
WOOD PRESERVATIVE against powder post beatles (buk-bok), powder post termite (unos), decay causing fungi A new product made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish for clear
such as sap stain and dry rot. finishes. The ingredients are dissolved in a mixture of volatile solvents which evaporate,
LACQUERS
leaving a film to form the protective coating. When another class of material, “pigments”
A clear liquid applied easily on wood, plywood, lumber and other board that retains the are added to clear lacquer, the result is lacquer enamel, available in wide range of colors.
FIRE- PROOFING natural beauty, gives added strength and protects materials against fire, weather, decay,
insects and warping. Materials used to apply color to wood surfaces. They are intended to impart color without
STAINS
concealing or obscuring the grain and not to provide a protective coating.
A method of protecting rooms against the intrusion of rats and other small destructive
RATPROOFING animals from gnawing the wooden parts of the house, habitating on ceilings and floors of Finishing materials which are used on wood surfaces, particularly those with open grain,
houses and buildings. FILLERS to fill the pores and provide a perfect smooth, uniform surface for varnish or lacquer. It is
also used to impart color to the wood pores and so emphasize the grain.
A method of protecting the ferrous materials like steel, iron from rusting or
RUSTPROOFING to seal the surface of the wood and prevent the absorption of succeeding finish coats. It
corrosion.
SEALERS may be applied to bare wood in essentially the same way as paste filler but has much
A cement-based, heavy-duty, easy to apply, water proof sealant and coating. Thoroseal less filling capacity.
THOROSEAL
is ideal for basement walls.
Used on all non-painted concrete, synthetic finishes, rubble, brick, and wash-out finishes
Are materials which effectively retard or stop the flow of water vapor and normally are SILICONE WATER
VAPOR BARRIERS as a protection from absorption of water and prevent moss, alkali, fungi to destroy the
produced in sheets or thin layers. REPELLANT
surface.
Paints And Protective Coatings Hardware

a mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without coloring pigments, adjusted HARDWARE Metal products used in construction, such as bolts, hinges, locks, tools. Etc.
and diluted with correct amounts and types of additives and thinners, which when applied
PAINT
on a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection, decoration, CLASSIFICATION OF HARDWARE
sanitation, identification and other functional properties.
hardware such as hinges, catches, etc. that has a finished appearance as well as
COMPONENTS OF AN OIL BASE PAINT FINISHING HARDWARE function, especially that used with doors, windows, and cabinets, maybe considered part
of the decorative treatment of a room or building.
that solid, finely ground material which gives a paint the powder to hide,
BODY In building construction, hardware meant to be concealed, such as bolts, nails, screws,
as well as color a surface. ROUGH HARDWARE
spikes, rods, and other metal fittings.
a nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended. The
VEHICLE vehicle should consist of from 85 to 90 percent drying oil and the TYPES OF DOORS
remainder thinner and drier.
A smooth surface door having faces which are plane conceal its rails and stiles or other
FLUSH
PIGMENT material which give the paint its color structure when used inside, it is of hollow core when used for exterior, it is of solid core.
are volatile solvents, materials which have a natural affinity for the A door having stiles, rail and sometimes muntins, which form one or more frames around
PANEL DOOR
THINNERS vehicle in the paint. They cause the paint to flow better. Most common recessed thinner panels.
thinner is turpentine.
OVERHEAD SWING-UP
A rigid overhead door which opens as an entire unit.
organic salts of various metals such as iron, zinc, cobalt, lead DOOR
DRIERS manganese, and calcium, which are added to the paint to accelerate the
oxidation and hardening of the vehicle. OVERHEAD ROLL-UP A door which, when open, assumes a horizontal position above the door opening, made
GARAGE DOOR of several leaves.
a group pf more-or-less transparent liquids which are used to provide a protective surface
VARNISHES coating, at the same time they allow the original surface to show but add a lustrous and A door made up of small horizontal interlocking metal slats which are guided in a track;
glossy finish to it. ROLL-UP DOOR the configuration coils about an overhead drum which is housed at the head of the
opening, either manual or motor-driven.
ENAMELS When pigment is added to a varnish, the result is enamel.
ACCORDION DOOR A hinge door consisting of a system of panels which are hung from an overhead track.
SHELLAC The only liquid protective coating containing a resin of animal origin. The resin is an
One of two or more doors which are hinged together so that they can open and fold in a FLUSH BOLT A door bolt so designed that when applied it is flush with the face or edge of the door.
BI-FOLD DOOR
confined space.
A device attached to a door and its jamb limits the door opening to the length of the
CHAIN DOOR FASTENER
An exterior door consisting of four leaves which pivot about a common vertical axis within chain.
REVOLVING DOOR a cylindrically shape vestibule, prevents the direct passage of air through the vestibule,
thereby eliminating drafts from outside. a complete lock system including the basic locking mechanism & all the accessories,
LOCKSET
such as knobs, escutcheons, plates, etc.
SLIDING DOOR A door mounted on track which slides I a horizontal direction usually parallel to one wall.
A simple fastening device having a latch bolt, but not a dead bolt containing no provisions
LATCH
A sliding door which slides to cover a fixed door of the same width or another sliding for locking with a key, usually can be open from both sides.
BY-PASSING SLIDING DOOR
door.
A type of door latch which fastens a door by means of a pivoted bar that engages a hook
LIFT LATCH
SLIDING POCKET DOOR A door which slides inside a hollow of the wall. on the door jamb, a lever which lifts the pivoted bar used to unfasten the door.
A hinge door which is divided into two. The upper part can be opened while the lower BUTTON A small rejecting member used to fasten the frame of a door or window.
DUTCH DOOR
portion is closed.
KNOB A handle, more or less spherical usually for operating a lock.
EXAMPLE OF FINISHING HARDWARE:
ESCUTCHEON A protective plate surrounding the keyhole of a door switch or a light switch.
a movable joint used to attach support and turn a door about a pivot, consists of two
PLATES a thin flat sheet of material
HINGE plates joined together by a pin which the door and connect it to its frame, enabling it to
swing open or closed. A metal plate or box which is et in a door jamb & is either placed or recessed to receive
STRIKES
the bolt or latch of a lock, fixed on a door.
TYPES OF HINGES
The projection from the side of a strike plate which the bolt of a lock strikes first, when a
Consists of two rectangular metal plates which are joined with a pin. In large hinge, the LIP STRIKE
BUTT HINGE door is closed; projects out from the side of the strike plate to protect the frame.
pin is removable, in small hinges, it is fixed.
A fastening device consisting of a loop or staple and a slotted hinge plate normally
FAST PIN HINGE A hinge I which the pin is fastened permanently in place. HASP
secured with a padlock.
FULL SURFACE HINGE A hinge designed for attachment on the surface of the door and jamb without mortising. KEY-PADLOCK A device which fastens in position maybe operated by a key.
A door hinge having two knuckles, one of which has vertical pin that fits in a HASP LOCK A kind of hasp that has a built-in locking device which can be opened only with a key.
LOOSE JOINT HINGE corresponding hole in the other, by lifting the door up, off the vertical pin, the door maybe
removed with unscrewing the hinge. FRICTION CATCH Any catch which when it engages a strike, is held in the engaged position by friction.
LOOSE PIN HINGE A hinge having a removable pin which permits its two parts to be separated. MAGNETIC CATCH A door catch flat that uses a magnet to hold the door in a closed position.
PAUMELLE HINGE A type of door hinge having a single joint of the pivot type, usually of modern design. A fastener which holds a door in place by means of a projecting spring actuated steel hall
BULLET CATCH
which is depressed when the door is closed.
OLIVE KNUCKLE HINGE A paumelle hinge with knuckles forming an oval shape.
A handle for opening a hospital door without the use of hands, by hooking an arm over
A hinge containing one or more springs, when a door is opened, the hinge returns it to HOSPITAL ARM PULL
SPRING HINGE the handle.
the open position automatically, may act in one direction only, or in both directions.
Fire exit bolt a door locking device used on exit doors; the door latch releases when a
VERTICAL SPRING PIVOT A spring hinge for a door which is mortised into the heel of the door, the door is fastened PANIC EXIT DEVICE
bar, across the inside of the door is pushed.
HINGE to the floor and door head with pivots.
EYE BOLT A bolt having its head in the form of a loop or eye.
EXAMPLE OF ROUGH HARDWARE
A plastic, wood fiber or metal usually leads plug either built in a wall or ceiling or inserted
CONCRETE INSERT
CW Common wire nails with head and for strength; box nail also used for strength. by drilling, used as an anchor or support to hold attached load.
FIN Finishing nail without head; casing nail also without head. HOOK BOLT A bolt having one end in the form of a hook.
SCREWS Classified by gauge (diameter), length, head-type, and metallic make-up. DOOR STOPPER To prevent the door with its lockset from harming the wall or tiles.
Have threaded shafts that receive nuts. To use them, a hole is drilled, pushing the bolt
BOLTS
through and adding a nut.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS & EQUIPMENT ELEVATORS WITH MACHINE ROOM
REFRIGERANTS Elevators are devices that move people and goods vertically within a dedicated  Have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which
shaft that connects the floors of a building. They became commonplace in the drives the wheel that moves the ropes
R-12 Di-chloro-di-fluoro-methane 1850s as steel and iron structural frames allowed taller construction; however it  Capable of travel speeds up to 500 ft / minute
was Elisha Otis's safety mechanism that prevented the car from falling that Geared
R-22 Di-chloro-mono-fluoro-methane  Max. Travel Distance : 250 ft (approx)
made elevators popular. In almost all modern multi-floor buildings, elevators are  Medium initial cost, ongoing intial cost, and energy
R-114 Di-chloro-tetra-fluoro-methane required to provide universal access. consumption
R-11 Tri-chloro-monofluoro-methane There are three main types of elevators commonly used: traction with a machine  Have the wheel attached to the motor
room, machine-room-less traction, and hydraulic; however, there are
 Capable of travel speeds up to 2000 ft / minute
DESIGN DETAILS variations on each type.
Gear-Less  Max. Travel Distance : 2000 ft (approx)
Air Handling Unit (AHU) 5% of GFA / floor HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS  High initial cost
 Medium ongoing maintenance costs
Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that  More energy efficient than geared traction elevators
 Located at Basement Floor (Chillers & Pumps)
Refrigeration Equipment pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid
 3.96 m – 5.488 m high MACHINE-ROOM-LESS (MRL)
Room into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve releases the fluid from the
 1.35% of GFA
piston. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and  Do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft
travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for  The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the
Cooling Tower 4% of Building GFA hydraulic elevators is located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft. elevator cab
 Low initial cost  Control Boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator
AIR CONDITIONING STANDARDS / AIR CHANGES  Ongoing maintenance cost are lower compared to other types shaft on the highest landing and within 150 ft of the machine
SUMMER COOLING  Uses more energy than other types  Capable of travel speeds up to 500 ft / minute
Cooling And  Major Drawback: Hdraulic fluin can sometimes leak and cause a serious
Temperatures of 68° to 74° F and 50%  Max. Travel Distance : 250 ft (approx)
De-Humidifying environmental hazard
relative humidity are a frequent design average  Medium initial cost and ongoing intial cost
 Low energy consumption compared to geared elevators
WINTER COOLING  Have a sheave that extends below the floor of the pit,  Most popular choice for mid-rise buildings
Heating And Temperatures 70° to 75° F and relative which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator  Energy efficient
Conventional
Humidifying humidity of 30% to 35 % are found most descends  Requires less space
satisfactory  Max. Travel Distance : 60ft (approx)  Operation reliability are on par with gear-less traction elevators
Air Velocity should average 4.57m to HISTORY

 Have a piston on either side of the cab fixed at the
Air Motion 7.60m per minute measured 36” above base of the pit
the floor Hole-Less Elisha Graves Otis Elevator Safety Brake (1853)
 Telescoping pistons: 50ft TD
NON-SMOKING ROOMS  Non-Telecoping: 20ft TD
Installed the First Passenger Elevator
5ft3 to 7.5ft3 of air / minute / person E.V. Haughwout Building
(23 March 1857)
 Use a combination of ropes and a piston
SMOKING ROOMS Roped
 Max. Travel Distance : 60ft (approx)
25ft3 to 40ft3 of air / minute / person Counterbalance-type, Traction-Method Elevator
Air Supply Frost and Strutt
called the “Taagle” (1853)
TRACTION ELEVATORS
ASHRAE Recommendations
15ft3 to 20ft3 of air / minute / person Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an Felix Leon Edoux Hydraulic Elevator (1867)
0.42m3 to 0.57m3 of air / minute / person electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise
For MOST applications applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A Siemens Electric Power Elevator (1880)
counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have to move as much weight. Wegster DC Motor
Conditioning Engineers) is an organization devoted to the advancement of  Have height restrictions governed by the length and weight of cables or ropes Norton Otis First direct-connected geared electric elevator
indoor-environment-control technology in the heating, ventilation, and air  New materials that are stronger and lighter, such as carbon fiber, will allow
conditioning (HVAC) industry. traction elevators to achieve new heights. Mitsubishi Electric Corp. Leader in the elevator industry
DEGREE OF INCLINATION SLOPE AND LAND USE MONSOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
SLOPE DESCRIPTION SLOPE DESCRIPTION MONSOON: LARGE SCALE SEASONAL CURRENTS
0 - 3% Broad to level to nearly level or flat < 1% Do not drain well  Northeast (NE) Monsson
3 - 5% Gently sloping with land sloping in one general direction < 4% Usable for all kinds of activities  Winter Monsoon
AMIHAN  Appears in October
Gently undulating and rolling; land sloping in more than one 4% to 10% Suitable for movement and informal activities
5 - 8% (A-NE-NA)  Attains maximum strength in January
general direction >10% Can be actively used only for hill sports or free play  Gradually weakens in March
 Disappears in April
Moderately undulating and gently rolling land sloping in more Approaches the limit that an ordinary loaded vehicle can
8 - 15% 17%
than one direction climb for any sstained period
 Southwest (SW) Monsoon
15 - 18% Steeply undulating and rolling land sloping in many directions Normal limit of climb for pedestrians without resorting to  Summer Monsoon
20% to 25%  Apears early May
>18% Very steeply sloping and rolling land in many directions stairs HABAGAT
(HA-SW-MO)  Maximum flows during August
Permitted Angle of Slope > 50% May require terracing or cribbling  Disappears gradually in October
TYPE OF LAND USE
MINIMUM MAXIMUM SOLAR CONTROL DEVICES  Persists from November to December
Streets and Drives 8% 1:12 1% 1:100 N & S – Horizontal AIR MOVEMENT WITHIN BUILDINGS
Segmental shaped shading mask
Parking Areas 5% 1:20 1% 1:100
 Overhangs, Canopy, Light Shelf,  Positive pressure (+)
Main Footpaths (Bitumen)
Main Ramp on Footpath (Short)

8%
14%
1:12
1:07
5% 1:20
# ═ # Lovers, Shutters & Awnings
WINDWARD
 Air enters through openings located in the
positive pressure zone and lower level
E & W – Vertical openings
║ ║
Enrance Area 4% 1:25 1% 1:100 Sectoral shaped shading mask  The direction upwind from the point of refernce
 Fins & Lovers
═
Minor Footpaths 14% 1:07 5% 1:20  Negative pressure (-)
 Air exits through openings located at the
Terrace (Paved)
Lawns
2%
5%
1:50
1:20
1%
1%
1:100
1:100
# # NE – NW, SE – SW – Eggcrate
Composite of the Vertical and
LEEWARD negative pressure zon and at higher level
openings
Horizontal  The direction downwind (or downward) from the
Mown Grass Banks 33% 1:03 point of reference
Planted Slopes 50% 1:02 OTHER DESIGN FACTORS (Examples) WIND SHADOWS
Ramps for Vehicles 5% 1:20 8% 1:12 Beside the Building Palm Tree Well-Foliage
Approximately 2 times the Height of the tree (2H)
PEDESTRIAN RAMPS Relatively Safe Coconut Tree Tree
Playgrounds 4% 1:25 15% 1:06 Shallow Roots Acacia Row is 4 times the Height of the tree (4H) can
Sitting Areas 1% 1:100 4% 1:25 Hilltop Protruding Eaves / Balcony have a wind shadow of 3 times it’s height (3H)
A Row of Closely
Paved Playlots 50% 1:02 2% 1:50 Coastal Area Roof Deck Spaced Tree
Row is 8 times the Height of the tree (8H) can
ENTRANCE RAMPS Heavy Forested Area Steep Gable Roof have a wind shadow of 6 times it’s height (6H)
Pedestrian 1% 1:100 4% 1:25 100% Ventilation Jalousie
Grassed Playlots 50% 1:02 4% 1:25 For Tropical Awning

Lawn 1% 1:100 25% 1:04 95% Ventilation Louvers with 150mm blades
CITY CLASSIFICATION Major Theories In URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES
The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) classifies all cities into one of three categories: STRUCTURE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION
 Cities with a minimum population of two hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants, The city grows in a radial expansion from the
center to form a series of concentric zones or
HIGHLY as certified by the National Statistics Office, and with the latest annual income of at least
CONCENTRIC ZONE circles such as in Chicago. As the city grows,
URBANIZED five hundred million pesos (₱500,000,000) based on 2008 constant prices, as each ring invades and overtakes the next ring
certified by the city treasurer. THEORY E. W. Burgess out – a process called Invasion/ Succession
INDEPENDENT
(Monocentric) (thus, Concentric Theory is sometimes
CITIES  There are currently 35 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines, 16 of which are referred to as Invasion/ Succession
located in Metro Manila. Theory”).
High-density residential, commercial, and

 Cities of this type are independent of the province, and as such their charters ban industrial uses radiate out from the central
INDEPENDENT residents from voting for provincial elective officials. Cities with a minimum population of business district (CBD) in “sectors” that follow
major transportation routes. More expensive
COMPONENT 150,000 and annual income of at least 350 million pesos (₱350,000,000) SECTOR THEORY Homer Hoyt housing also radiates out from the CBD
CITIES based on 2008 constant prices, as certified by the City Treasurer. – Towards large open spaces and higher
 There are five such cities: Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. ground. Less expensive housing takes
whatever land is left over.
 Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in Cities tend to grow around not one but several
COMPONENT which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the Chauncy Harris distinct nuclei.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI Certain land uses group together to take
CITIES boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which and
it used to be a municipality. THEORY advantage of unique facilities (e.g.
Edward Ullman universities), specializations, co-
(Polycentric)
“The Nature of Cities” dependencies, or externalities. This theory is
CREATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU) often applied to cities with more than one CBD
LEGISLATIVE
AREA BODIES The preceding three theories apply primarily to
LGU POPULATION INCOME cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many
(Square Kilometers) (create, merge, abolish, or INVERSE CONCENTRIC
alter boundaries of LGU) Friedrich Engels cities in the LDCs follow somewhat different
ZONE THEORY patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric
zone pattern.
₱20M for the last
two (2) consecutive
PROVINCE 2,000 250,000 Congress
years based on 1991
constant prices It explains the reasons behind the distribution
Walter Christaller patterns, size, and number of cities and towns
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
₱100M for the last (Developed)
(i.e. Polders of Netherlamds; the Fens of Tested in Southern Germany and came to the
two (2) consecutive Paul Peterson
CITY 100 150,000 Congress East Anglia, UK) conclusion that people gather together in cities
years based on 2000 (Advanced in “City Limits0) to share goods and ideas.
constant prices
₱2.5M for the last

Congress
MUNICIPALITY 50 25,000 two (2) consecutive ARMM Regional
years based on 1991 The center of the city contains the agora
Assembly (market place), theaters, and temples. Public
constant prices GRID / GRIDIRON MODEL / rooms surround the city’s public arena.
5,000 (Metro Manila HIPPODAMIAN PLAN Hippodamus of Miletus
Congress / ARMM The plan can be laid out uniformly over any
and Highly Urbanized Regional Assembly (i.e. The City of Priene)
kind of terrain since it is based on angles and
BARANGAY NONE Cities) NONE Sangguniang measurements
2,000 (rest of the Panlalawigan (Bayan) /
country) Panglunsod
NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE AND ELEMENTS

STREET PATTER TYPES Criteria For
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
by Ian Bentley, et. al
 Relates to the way that a design

affects where people can go and
cannot go within a city district
PERMEABILITY  Urban designer must consider this
first because it involves pedestrian
and vehicle circulation within the city
district as a whole
 The range of users that a place

provides
VARIETY
 i.e. housing, shopping, employment,
recreation and so forth
 Relates to the ease with which

LEGIBILITY people can understand the spatial
layout of a place
 Describes building and outdoor

spaces the design of which does not
ROBUSTNESS limit users to a single fixed use but,
rather, supports many different
purposes and activities
VISUAL  The way in which the design

physically can make people aware
APPROPRIATENESS of the choices the place provides
 Involves ways to increase the

choice of sense experience that
users can enjoy (experiences of
RICHNESS touch, sound, light, taste, and so
forth)
 Refers to design that encourage

people to put their own mark on the
PERSONALIZATION places where they live and work

FRONTAGE TYPES WIND EXPOSURE CATEGORY
EXPOSURE DESCRIPTION
Large city centers with at least 50 percent of

the buildings having a height in excess of 70
feet (21 336 mm). Use of this exposure
category shall be limited to those areas for
which terrain representative of Exposure A
prevails in the upwind direction for a distance of
A at least 0.5 mile (0.8 km) or 10 times the height
of the building or other structure, whichever is
greater. Possible channeling effects or
increased velocity pressures due to the building
or structure being located in the wake of
adjacent buildings shall be taken into account.
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or

other terrain with numerous closely spaced
obstructions having the size of single-family
B dwellings or larger. Exposure B shall be
assumed unless the site meets the definition of
another type exposure.
Open terrain with scattered obstructions,

including surface undulations or other
irregularities, having heights generally less than
30 feet (9144 mm) extending more than 1,500
feet (457 m) from the building site in any
quadrant. This exposure shall also apply to any
C building located within Exposure B type terrain
where the building is directly adjacent to open
areas of Exposure C type terrain in any
quadrant for a distance of more than 600 feet
(183 m). This category includes flat open
country, grasslands and shorelines in hurricane
prone regions.
Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind

flowing over open water (excluding shorelines
in hurricane prone regions) for a distance of at
least 1 mile (1.61 km). Shorelines in Exposure
D include inland waterways, the Great Lakes,
and coastal areas of California, Oregon,
D Washington and Alaska. This exposure shall
apply only to those buildings and other
structures exposed to the wind coming from
over the water. Exposure D extends inland from
the shoreline a distance of 1500 feet (457 m) or
10 times the height of the building or structure,
whichever is greater.

METRO MANILA MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES
CITY/ POPULATION AREA DENSITY INCORPORATED
MUNICIPALITY as of 2010 (sq. km.) (per sq. km.) (City)
Manila 1,652,171 38.55 42,858 1571
Caloocan 1,489,040 55.80 26,685 1962
Las Piñas 552,573 32.69 16,903 1997
Makati 529,039 21.57 24,527 1995
Malabon 353,337 15.71 22,491 2001
Mandaluyong 328,699 21.26 15,461 1994
Marikina 424,150 21.52 19,710 1996
Muntinlupa 459,941 39.75 11,571 1995
Navotas 249,131 10.77 23,132 2007
Parañaque 588,126 47.69 12,332 1998
Pasay 392,869 13.97 28,122 1947
Pasig 669,773 31.00 21,606 1995
Pateros 64,147 2.25 28,510 Municipality
Quezon City 2,761,720 166.20 16,619 1939
San Juan 121,430 5.95 20,408 2007
Taguig 644,473 53.67 12,008 2004
Valenzuela 575,356 47.02 12,236 1998
WIND LOADS
ZONE SPEED
I (NE) 250 kph
II (NW) 200 kph
III (SW) 125 kph

TEN MOST POPULOUS CITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
POPULATION
RANK CITY DESCRIPTION
(2010)
Former capital of the country (1948–1976). Largest city in Metro Manila in population and land area. Hosts the House of Representatives of the Philippines at the Batasang
1 Quezon City 2,761,720
Pambansa Complex and the metropolis' largest source of water, the La Mesa Reservoir.
Capital of the country (from 1571-1948 and 1976–present). Historically centered on the walled city of Intramuros, by the mouth of the Pasig River. Host to the seat of
2 Manila 1,652,171
the chief executive, the Malacañang Palace. By far the most densely populated city in the country.
Historic city where Andrés Bonifacio and the Katipunan held many of its meetings in secrecy. Much of its territory was ceded to form Quezon City, resulting in the formation of two non-
3 Caloocan 1,489,040 contiguous sections under the city's jurisdiction. Caloocan is the third most densely populated city in the country, lying immediately north of the city of Manila. It serves as an industrial and
residential area inside Metro Manila.
The largest city in Mindanao. Davao City is also the largest city in the Philippines in terms of land area and is also known as "the City of Royalties"
4 Davao City 1,449,296 because of home of some of the prestigious kings and queens in flora and faunas like the durian and the Philippine. It is also the Eco Adventure Capital in the Philippines. The City Mayors
Foundation ranks Davao as the 87th fastest growing city in the world and the only Philippine city to make it in top 100 in the year 2011
Popularly nicknamed as "The Queen City of the South". First capital of the country. Capital of the province of Cebu and regional center of Region VII. Most
5 Cebu City 866,171 populous city in the Visayas. Core of Metro. Cebu City has been honored as the 8th Asian City of the Future owing to its expansive business districts, premier entertainment destinations, and
its pristine waters which attracts tourists worldwide. The city is home to the most popular Sinulogfestival celebrated every January which attracts tourists and Filipinos alike.
Nicknamed "Ciudad de las Flores" and marketed by its city government as "Ciudad Latina de Asia" for its substantial Spanish-Derived Creole-speaking population
6 Zamboanga City 807,129 called "Zamboangueño", the largest in the world. Former capital of the Moro Province and of the undivided province of Zamboanga. Former regional center of Zamboanga Peninsula. Former
Republic (1899–1903) under the leadership of President General.
Nicknamed "City in the Sky" for its location on the hills immediately east of Metro Manila. Well-known pilgrimage and tourist center, being host to a Marian shrine and the Hinulugang
7 Antipolo 677,741
Taktak National Park. Most populous city in Luzon outside of Metro Manila.
Hosts most of the Ortigas Center. Part of the province of Rizal until 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila. Formerly hosted the capitol and other government buildings of that
8 Pasig 669,773
province.
9 Taguig 644,473 Currently exercises fiscal jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio. Was part of Rizal Province until 1975, when it was incorporated into Metro Manila. Lies on the western shores of Laguna de Bay.
Known as the "City of Golden Friendship" and famous for its whitewater rafting or kayaking adventures, that has been one of the tourism activities being promoted in the
10 Cagayan de Oro 602,088
Cagayan. Regional center of Northern Mindanao. Provincial capital city of the province of Misamis Oriental.
HABAKKUK 3:17-19
NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
A HYMN OF FAITH
17 Though the fig tree may not blossom, Nor fruit be on the vines;
Though the labor of the olive may fail, And the fields yield no food;
Though the flock may be cut off from the fold,
And there be no herd in the stalls— 18 Yet I will rejoice in the Lord, I will joy in the God of my salvation.
19 The Lord God is my strength; He will make my feet like deer’s feet,
And He will make me walk on my high hills.
To the Chief Musician. With my stringed instruments.

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PARKING REQUIREMENTS PARKING REQUIREMENTS CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BY USE

OCCUPANCY REQUIRED PARKING OCCUPANCY REQUIRED PARKING OR OCCUPANCY (RULE VII)

STORAGE AND G-1, G-2, G-3,

Php 50,000.00 – Php 100,000.00 Secretary of Public Works & Highways +

Width 0.90 m Headroom 2.00 m

Material Slip-Resistant CROSSINGS RAMPS

Define edges with Planters w/ dwarf walls, or a

Above 5 - 10 12 10 8 12 10 8 10 8 6.5 10 6.5

b. Regular Lot 10.00 m 8.00 m

c. Irregular Lot Based on Classification 6.00 m 4.00 m

Rooms, Exhibit 1.40 sqm / person

Direct Access, Sales

1 ot 2 storeys 4.0m / 1.50m

TYPES OF AGGREGATES USED IN CONCRETE PASTE SLURRY

STANDARD flexible to be quite easily bent

Paints And Protective Coatings Hardware

Air Velocity should average 4.57m to HISTORY

Main Ramp on Footpath (Short)

Pedestrian 1% 1:100 4% 1:25 100% Ventilation Jalousie

Grassed Playlots 50% 1:02 4% 1:25 For Tropical Awning

High-density residential, commercial, and

₱2.5M for the last

● JNIPUFQ©2015 ● Page 100 ●

 Relates to the way that a design

 The range of users that a place

 Relates to the ease with which

 Describes building and outdoor

VISUAL  The way in which the design

 Involves ways to increase the

 Refers to design that encourage

● JNIPUFQ©2015 ● Page 101 ●

Large city centers with at least 50 percent of

Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or

Open terrain with scattered obstructions,

Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind

● JNIPUFQ©2015 ● Page 102 ●

I (NE) 250 kph

II (NW) 200 kph

III (SW) 125 kph

● JNIPUFQ©2015 ● Page 104 ●

And He will make me walk on my high hills.

To the Chief Musician. With my stringed instruments.

● JNIPUFQ©2015 ● Page 105 ●

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